英語句型結構

英語中的五種基本句型結構一、句型1： Subject (主語) Verb (謂語) 這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞，所謂不及物動詞，就是這種動詞后不可以直接接賓語。常見的動詞如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午發(fā)生的。2）Spring is coming.二、句型2：Subject (主語) Link. V(系動詞) Predicate(表語)這種句型主要用來表示主語的特點、身份等。其系動詞一般可分為下列兩類：(1)表示狀態(tài)。這樣的詞有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.這種食物吃起來很可口。2) He looked worried just now.剛才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示變化。這類系動詞有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天氣變得越來越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.這棵樹比以前長得高多了。三、句型3：Subject(主語) Verb (謂語) Object (賓語)這種句型中的動詞一般為及物動詞, 所謂及物動詞，就是這種動詞后可以直接接賓語，其賓語通常由名詞、代詞、動詞不定式、動名詞或從句等來充當。例：1) He took his bag and left.（名詞） 他拿著書包離開了。2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代詞)當我遇到困難時，李雷總能給我?guī)椭?) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即將到來的“五一”外出旅游。4) I dont know what I should do next. (從句)我不知道下一步該干什么。注意：英語中的許多動詞既是及物動詞，又是不及物動詞。四、句型4： Subject(主語)Verb(謂語) Indirect object(間接賓語)Direct object (直接賓語)這種句型中，直接賓語為主要賓語，表示動作是對誰做的或為誰做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名詞來充當；間接賓語也被稱之為第二賓語，去掉之后，對整個句子的影響不大，多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔。引導這類雙賓語的常見動詞有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸給她買了一本詞典作為生日禮物。2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人經(jīng)常給孩子們講述長征途中那些英雄的故事。 上述句子還可以表達為：1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.五、句型5： Subject(主語)Verb (動詞)Object (賓語)Complement(補語)這種句型中的“賓語 補語”統(tǒng)稱為“復合賓語”。賓語補足語的主要作用或者是補充、說明賓語的特點、身份等；或者表示讓賓語去完成的動作等。擔任補語的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、動詞不定式等。如：1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你應該讓屋子保持干凈整潔。（形容詞）2) We made him our monitor.(名詞)我們選他當班長。3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父親告訴他不要在街上玩。英語句型結構 一簡單句： 英語基本句型-1 主系表結構：本結構是由主語+系動詞+表語組成，主要用以說明主語的特征，類屬，狀態(tài)，身份等。 系動詞有: 1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand; 3.表示狀態(tài)變化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; eg: Our English teacher is thirty years old. The cake tastes delicious. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Deep water stays still. He was at work. She is in good health. It is beyond my ability. I was at a loss. You are under arrest. 英語基本句型-2 主謂結構：本結構是由主語加不及物的謂語動詞構成, 常用來表示主語的動作。 如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 主語可有修飾語-定語，謂語可有修飾語-狀語。 如: 1. The red sun rises in the east. 2. They had to travel by air or boat. 3. She sat there alone. 4. He came back when we were eating. 5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。 英語基本句型-3 主謂賓結構:本結構是由主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語構成。賓語成分的多樣化使得這一結構異常復雜。 如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 英語基本句型-4 雙賓語結構：此結構由“主語+及物謂語動詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（事物）”組成。如： He brings me cookies every day. 2 但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me. 用to側重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。 用for 側重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。 常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等； （需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。 英語基本句型-5 復合賓語結構: 此結構由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構成。賓語補足語用來補充和說明賓語的性質(zhì)和特點，若無賓語補足語，則句意不夠完整?？梢杂米鲑e補的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式，分詞等。 如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. They made Tom monitor. He used to do his homework with his radio on. My mother asked me to clean my room. The teacher made all students finish their homework on time. 用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結構平衡，是英語常用的句型結構方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 也可以說 I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它們的區(qū)別在于第一個是簡單句第二個是復合句，意思都是一樣的。 英語基本句型-6 There be 句型： 此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構成，用以表達存在關系可以稱“有”。 它其實是全倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導詞，并無實際語意。此句型有時不用be動詞，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)量上一致，有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如： 現(xiàn)在有 there is/are 過去有 there was/were 將來有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 過去曾經(jīng)有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 3 Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 二并列句。 結構： 1.由分號連接。 eg. Some people cry; others laugh. Lets start early; we have a long way to go. 2.由并列連詞及詞組連接-and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /bothand/not onlybut also/as well as/ or else/ eitheror/neithernor/notbut等。 eg: Id like to, but I have lots of homework to do. Ive got a cold, so Im going to bed. Both my father and mother are teachers. Its very good, yet I dont like it. 三、復合句 構成：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成。主句和從句都有完整的主謂結構，但主句是全局的主體，從句只是全句中的一個成分，不能獨立存在。從句通常是用引導詞來引導的，引導詞起連接主句和從句的作用。 分類：名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句），形容詞性從句（定語從句），副詞性從句（狀語從句）。 1. 主語從句(Subject Clause) 一個句子在復合句中充當一個主語,那么這個句子就是主語從句. 1）常規(guī)主語從句，句子在復合句中充當主語 That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. What caused the accident remains unknown. Whatever you did is right. Whose watch was lost is unknown. What we need is time. 小結: （1)引導主語從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等 （2)連詞位于句首不能省略 （3)主語從句大多數(shù)情況下視為三人稱單數(shù)。 注意：為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在主語位置，真正主語擱置于句末 It is certain that he will win the match. It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. 4 It is strange that he should do that. It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. It is suggested that the work should be done with great care. It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film) It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there) 小結: （1)以that 引出的主語從句,常以形式主語it引導. It is +形容詞/名詞/某些動詞ed + that 從句. （2) 在有些that從句中要用虛擬語氣 (should+do/should+have done) 2.表語從句 定義： 表語從句就是用一個句子作為表語。 The problem is puzzling. 主語 連系動詞 形容詞作表語 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 主語 連系動詞 一個句子作表語-表語從句 連接表語從句的連接詞有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how. He has become a teacher. He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. She has remained there for an hour. She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour. His suggestion is good. His suggestion is that we should stay calm. The question is confusing. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Why he cried yesterday. How I can persuade her to join us in the party. 注意： 1.表語從句一定要用陳述語序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 2.不用if，而用whether 連接表語從句(as if 例外）。 False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question. 3.像賓語從句，在有表語從句的復合句中，主句時態(tài)和從句時態(tài)可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday. 4.that 在表語從句中不能省掉。 3. 賓語從句 在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句. 構成:帶有賓語從句的復合句就是用連接詞把一個主句和一個賓語從句連接在一起。連接詞有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how. He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day. 賓語 He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm. 間接賓語 直接賓語 He told me where he was going to travel that summer. 間接賓語 直接賓語 He told that he would go to the college the next year. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. Do you know who has won Red Alert game? I dont know whom you should depend on. The book will show you what the best CEOs know. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? He didnt tell me when we should meet again. Could you please tell me how you read the new book? None of us knows where these can be bought. 注意： 1.用形式賓語it代替的賓語從句 動詞find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有賓語補足語的時候,則需要用it做形式賓語而將that賓語從句后置. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 有些動詞帶賓語從句時需要在賓語與從句前加it 這類動詞主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. He will have it that our plan is really practical. We take it that you will agree with us. 2.介詞的賓語從句 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 有時候except,but,besides三個介詞后可見到that引導的賓語從句 I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 3.形容詞的賓語從句 常用來引導賓語從句的形容詞有: sure, certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the exam. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.3 Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 二并列句。 結構： 1.由分號連接。 eg. Some people cry; others laugh. Lets start early; we have a long way to go. 2.由并列連詞及詞組連接-and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /bothand/not onlybut also/as well as/ or else/ eitheror/neithernor/notbut等。 eg: Id like to, but I have lots of homework to do. Ive got a cold, so Im going to bed. Both my father and mother are teachers. Its very good, yet I dont like it. 三、復合句 構成：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成。主句和從句都有完整的主謂結構，但主句是全局的主體，從句只是全句中的一個成分，不能獨立存在。從句通常是用引導詞來引導的，引導詞起連接主句和從句的作用。 分類：名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句），形容詞性從句（定語從句），副詞性從句（狀語從句）。 1. 主語從句(Subject Clause) 一個句子在復合句中充當一個主語,那么這個句子就是主語從句. 1）常規(guī)主語從句，句子在復合句中充當主語 That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. What caused the accident remains unknown. Whatever you did is right. Whose watch was lost is unknown. What we need is time. 小結: （1)引導主語從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等 （2)連詞位于句首不能省略 （3)主語從句大多數(shù)情況下視為三人稱單數(shù)。 注意：為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在主語位置，真正主語擱置于句末 It is certain that he will win the match. It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. 4 It is strange that he should do that. It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. It is suggested that the work should be done with great care. It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film) It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there) 小結: （1)以that 引出的主語從句,常以形式主語it引導. It is +形容詞/名詞/某些動詞ed + that 從句. （2) 在有些that從句中要用虛擬語氣 (should+do/should+have done) 2.表語從句 定義： 表語從句就是用一個句子作為表語。 The problem is puzzling. 主語 連系動詞 形容詞作表語 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 主語 連系動詞 一個句子作表語-表語從句 連接表語從句的連接詞有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how. He has become a teacher. He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. She has remained there for an hour. She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour. His suggestion is good. His suggestion is that we should stay calm. The question is confusing. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Why he cried yesterday. How I can persuade her to join us in the party. 注意： 1.表語從句一定要用陳述語序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 2.不用if，而用whether 連接表語從句(as if 例外）。 False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question. 3.像賓語從句，在有表語從句的復合句中，主句時態(tài)和從句時態(tài)可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday. 4.that 在表語從句中不能省掉。 5 3. 賓語從句 在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句. 構成:帶有賓語從句的復合句就是用連接詞把一個主句和一個賓語從句連接在一起。連接詞有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how. He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day. 賓語 He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm. 間接賓語 直接賓語 He told me where he was going to travel that summer. 間接賓語 直接賓語 He told that he would go to the college the next year. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. Do you know who has won Red Alert game? I dont know whom you should depend on. The book will show you what the best CEOs know. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? He didnt tell me when we should meet again. Could you please tell me how you read the new book? None of us knows where these can be bought. 注意： 1.用形式賓語it代替的賓語從句 動詞find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有賓語補足語的時候,則需要用it做形式賓語而將that賓語從句后置. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 有些動詞帶賓語從句時需要在賓語與從句前加it 這類動詞主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. He will have it that our plan is really practical. We take it that you will agree with us. 2.介詞的賓語從句 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 有時候except,but,besides三個介詞后可見到that引導的賓語從句 I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 3.形容詞的賓語從句 常用來引導賓語從句的形容詞有: sure, certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the exam. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 6 He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 4. if,whether在賓語從句中的區(qū)別 whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在不定式前只能用whether. I cant decide whether to stay. 避免歧異時,我們常用whether而不用if. 5.賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移 動詞是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主語是第一人稱而且為一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的否定詞一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來,其反義疑問句一般與賓語從句一致. I dont think he will come to my party.而不能說成I think he wont come to my party. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he? 6.賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序 當主句為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r的時候,賓語從句的時態(tài)一般不受主句的時態(tài)所影響. 當主句為過去時的時候,從句用相應的過去時態(tài) I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in. He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in. He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already. The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 如果從句是一個客觀真理,那么從句的時候不根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)而變化 The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 當賓語從句的引導詞是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑問時,不能按正常語序安排,經(jīng)常將這類引導詞置于句首 Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year? 7.建議 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 決定 decide; 命令 order、command; 堅決主張 insist;等動詞后跟賓語從句，用（should）+v（虛擬語氣） eg I suggested that you（should）study hard He ordered that we should go out at once 4.同位語從句 一、在復合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。如： I heard the news that our team had won I had no idea that you were here 二、可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如： Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 7 三、英語中引導同位語從句的詞通有連詞 that，whether，連接副詞 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引導同位語從句。）如： l have no idea When he will be back He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 四、有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city