[英語學習]從語篇分析看商務(wù)英語翻譯策略

Shanxi UniversityThesis for 2008 Masters DegreeDiscourse Analysis andBusiness English Translation StrategyNameSupervisorMajorField of ResearchDepartmentResearch DurationLu JingxinZheng YangchengEnglish Language and LiteratureEST and TranslationSchool of Foreign LanguagesSeptember,2005-June, 2008June,2008山西大學2008屆碩士學位論文從語篇分析看商務(wù)英語翻譯策略作者姓名:指導教師:學科專業(yè):研究方向:培養(yǎng)單位:學習年限:盧晶鑫鄭仰成教授英語語言文學科技英語及翻譯外國語學院2005年9月一2008年6月二00八年六月AbstractEver since its emergence in the 1960s, the discipline of ESP, having experienced a comparatively full development both in theory and practice, has by far acquired the status of a international lingua franca in almost every field of study, for on the one hand the success of the English language along with its frequent use has turned it into a vehicle for international communication; on the other hand the orientation of linguistic studies toward language as communication in social contexts has largely promoted the dignity of ESP studies in the theory that English in different fields bears particular features and calls for special techniques.Business English is an area of ESP that is relatively poorly researched. Rigorous linguistic analysis is fragmented and is more frequently based on the written forms of language such as correspondence, annual reports, and articles in business journals. Some kind of analysis has been carried out with respect to the language of meetings and discussions. With the fulfillment of the reform and opening policy in China, especially since China joined WTO in 1997, the communications between China and the abroad have been strengthened. Business English is an effective tool in fulfilling internationalcooperation and communication exist in hi-tech and trade economy fields. The international business cant operate without BE. BE will play more and more important a role which is worthy of much more researches. While students in colleges or universities gain their knowledge of business largely from books and, as a result, such knowledge will be incomplete and theoretical rather than practical. They will be less aware of their language needs in terms of communicating in real business situations. Business English (BE) is now attracting more and more attention from the whole society. In the last two decades, Business English has attracted increasing interest and awareness. Business English courses are offered by many language schools worldwide. Yet despite this enormous interest,Business English is an area often neglected by linguistic researchers, who prefer to work on other- more easily defined- areas of special English. BE ( Business English ) is currently the fastest growing form of ESP. It shares the important elements of needs analysis, syllabus design, course design, and materials selection and development which are common to all fields of work in ESP. So it must be seen in the overall context of ESP Business English implies the definition of a specific language corpus and emphasis on particular kinds of communication in a specific context. However, Business English differs from other varieties of ESP in that it is often a mix of specific content (relating to a particular job area or industry), and general content (relating to general ability to communicate more effectively, albeit in business situation). In actual use, the previous concerns on Business English are effective communication and negotiation, technical and business writing, work place idioms and vocabulary, and business customs and culture. When "its translation is concerned, some research has been done discussing how different cultures make effects on translation. While in its discourse, Business English has its specific features, which attract us to pay attentions to seek the links between discourse analysis and translation strategy. With the translation theory, contrastive linguistics and discourse analysis growing immensely in the last twenty years or so, translation research has been given a new perspective, a tentative studey on the relationship between Business Englishdiscourse analysis and translation equivalence is justified. The present thesis, basing on discourse analysis, studies Business English-Chinese translation and answers how the translation strategy will be affected. It aims at making a tentative study on the relationship between Business English discourse analysis and translation strategy. This is just the authors intention of focusing on the subject as her graduation thesis topic. Roughly speaking, discourse analysis refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause, and therefore to study larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. Its a branch of linguist. In recent years, interdisciplinary research began to be carried out between linguistics and translation fields. Doing discourse analysis without a contrastive base is as incomplete as doing contrastive analysis without a discourse base and that translation is an optimally appropriate framework within which the entire enterprise of languages in contrast may be usefully dealt with. A careful consideration of what actually happens to a given text when someone attempts to mediate in communicating its import across both linguistic and cultural boundaries is one way of making sure that we do not settle for a partial view of what goes on inside that text. To bring entire systems of mother-tongue linguistic as well as rhetorical conventions to bear on the act of textual transfer and to match them with those of another language, which is precisely what happens in a process such as that of translating, can only be illuminating and rewarding. Translation can thus add depth and breadth both to contrastive linguistics and to discourse analysis. In this thesis, the author gives detailed concepts of discourse and discourse analyses, and describes the links between discourse analysis and translation. All the relative research theories in both China and the west are also explained. By analyzing Business English discourse features, the corresponding translation strategies can be concluded. What is also analyzed are from the aspects of coherence and cohesion. On the whole, supported by the data and literatures collected, this thesis is expected to serve as an aid for Business English practitioners. It is in the meanwhile assumed to be of an unprecedented significance to fill up a gap in this field in China, so that the specific purpose will be likely accomplished, consequently offering some constructive guidance for BE practice. Of course what is covered in this thesis is far from enough. A further development, the application of contrastive text linguistics to translation studies, is long overdue. The combination of the two perspectives is only just beginning.Key Words: Business English translation; Discourse analysis; Translation strategy 中文摘要 二戰(zhàn)后，新技術(shù)革命蓬勃興起，經(jīng)濟全球發(fā)展，國際交流日益頻繁，英語這門語言因英、美兩國在世界領(lǐng)先的科學技術(shù)和強大經(jīng)濟實力而成了國際間交流的通用語言，稱為“混合國際語言(lingua franca)"。在不同領(lǐng)域涉及到的英語言語表達具有該領(lǐng)域獨特的語言風格與特點，要求人們掌握不同的技巧和達到一定的水平。二十世紀六十年代，“專門用途英語ESP”應(yīng)運而生，開始在各行各業(yè)發(fā)揮重要作用，并迅速發(fā)展成為一門新興、實用、革命性的學科。近四十年來，這一學科不僅在理論而且在實踐上全面、快速發(fā)展，在各個領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著重要作用。然而據(jù)調(diào)查，近年來，在中國外語界，盡管人們己經(jīng)開始意識到英語的重要性，英語教學界關(guān)于外語教學理論的專著不少，但對ESP的研究尚未達到完善的地步，仍然缺少與之相關(guān)的比較全面、系統(tǒng)的研究與有效的應(yīng)用。 商務(wù)英語在ESP中較少被涉足研究，在以往不多的研究中，僅僅以信函、報告及商務(wù)期刊的書寫模式被關(guān)注，或就商務(wù)會議、談判進行某些分析。隨著中國改革開放政策的實施，特別是1997年中國加入wT0，與國外的聯(lián)系日益頻繁，在進出口貿(mào)易、旅游、廣告中商務(wù)英語的使用越來越廣泛，至此商務(wù)英語開始得到社會各界的關(guān)注。但是商務(wù)英語的學習者大多從書本獲取商務(wù)及語言的相關(guān)知識，這些知識是很不足夠的，而且重理論遠遠大于實踐，在實際的商務(wù)交往中，領(lǐng)會語言所傳達的意圖是至關(guān)重要的，這是一個難以把握的關(guān)鍵點。因此商務(wù)英語的翻譯關(guān)鍵在于完整無誤地傳達筆者意圖?？紤]到語言交際發(fā)生的實際場景，語言自身的規(guī)則以及各國的文化差異，為確保交際內(nèi)容的準確傳達，商務(wù)英語的翻譯研究勢在必行。 然而據(jù)本文作者調(diào)查，我國對商務(wù)英語的翻譯研究大多從國家之間的文化差異著手，本篇文章將獨辟蹊徑，以語篇分析為基礎(chǔ)，通過對商務(wù)英語特有的語篇特征進行分析，以大量的商務(wù)英語文本示例，探討商務(wù)英語的翻譯策略，這也是作者著手此篇文章的動力所在。 簡單講，語篇分析是指對于會談或書面文本，學習其高于句子或短語層面的語言結(jié)構(gòu)，即以更大的語言單位為研究對象。本文從商務(wù)英語的總體語篇特征、以及語篇中發(fā)生的銜接、連貫等著手，佐以實際的例證，并且從商務(wù)英語傳達意圖的幾大特性，去分析針對商務(wù)英語的語篇特征，分別采取相應(yīng)的翻譯策略，并且不同的翻譯策略與商務(wù)英語翻譯中的動態(tài)對等的相互關(guān)系。 總之，該文作者旨在突破、彌補中國商務(wù)英語翻譯研究方面的一個空白，在查閱研讀了諸多相關(guān)翻譯理論文章后，從理論入手，以相應(yīng)的實例，盡可能綜合全面地展示商務(wù)英語語篇特征的細節(jié)以及對翻譯策略的影響因素，從而促進商務(wù)英語翻譯不僅在英語教學領(lǐng)域，而且在真正的操作實踐中真正得到發(fā)展和提高。 語篇分析是語言學的一部分，近些年，跨學科研究開始在翻譯學與語言學兩個領(lǐng)域建立，將這兩個視角融合在一起，是一個良好的開端。今后，以篇章進行對比的翻譯理論成果還將會不斷應(yīng)用于翻譯中，跨學科研究還有待更深地展開。 當然，由于作者站在特定的角度，難免對某些問題或某個方面疏漏或理解不深入透徹，還值得進一步深入、廣泛的探索研究。關(guān)鍵詞:商務(wù)英語翻譯;語篇分析;翻譯策略 ContentsAbstract in English.iAbstract in Chinese.vChapter 1 Introduction.1Chapter 2 Discourse Analysis.3 2.1 lts History and Developments. .3 2.1 .1 The Concept of Discowse and Text.3 2.1.2 The Concept of Discowse Analysis.4 2.1.3 The Superiority of Discourse Analysis over Traditional Grammar Studies. .4 2.2 The Up-to-date Studies on Discourse Analysis.5 2:2.1 Studies on Discourse Analysis in the West.5 2.2.2 Studies on Discourse Analysis in China.6Chapter 3 Discourse Analysis&Translation Research.8 3.1 Links between Translation Research and Linguistics.8 3_2. Discourse Analysis and Translation.9 3.2.1 Roles and Factors of Translation.9 3.2.2 Phases of the Translation Process.10 3.2.3 The Need for Discourse Analysis in Translation.11 3.2.4 Development of the Research on Relationship between Discourse Analysis and Translation. . 12 3:2.5 Superiority. 15Chapter 4 The Roles of Business English and Its Translation.17 4.1 The Roles of Business English.17 4.1 .1 The Importance of Business English.17 4.1.2 The Importance of Business English Translation18 4.2 The Business English-Chinese Translation Research in China.19Chapter 5 Business English Discourse Analysis and Translation Strategy.20 5.1 Business English Text Proper. .。.20 5.2 Business English Translation Strategy.。.，.，.25 5.2.1 Coherence&cohesion .25 5.2.1.1 Coherence.。.，.25 5.2.1.2 Cohesion.27 5.2.2 Business English Translation Equivalence. . .29Conclusion.33Bibliography.35Articles Published During the Academic Years for the Postgraduate Degree.37Acknowledgements.,.38目錄英文摘要.i中文摘要.vi第一章 引言.1第二章 語篇分析.3 2.1歷史及發(fā)展. . . 3 2.1.1“語篇”與”文本”的概念.3 2.1.2“語章分析”的概念.4 2.1.3語篇分析比較語法分析的優(yōu)勢. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 2.2語篇分析的研究現(xiàn)狀.5 2.2.1西方研究狀況.5 2.2.2中國研究狀況. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6第三章語篇分析與翻譯研究.g 3.1翻譯研究與語言學的關(guān)聯(lián)二。. . 8 3.2語篇分析與翻譯.9 3.2.1翻譯的要素.。.。 3.2.2翻譯的過程，.，.，.，.，.10 3.2.3翻譯研究中語篇分析的必要性.、.、，.、11 3.2.4語篇分析與翻譯研究結(jié)合的發(fā)展歷程.12 3.2.5將語篇分析應(yīng)用于翻譯研究的優(yōu)勢.。，.15第四章商務(wù)英語的作用及翻譯現(xiàn)狀.17 4.1商務(wù)英語的作用二，.17 4.1.1商務(wù)英語的重要性.，.17 4.1.2商務(wù)英語翻譯的重要性，.，.，.。二18 4.2商務(wù)英語與漢語互譯研究現(xiàn)狀.19第五章商務(wù)英語語篇分析及翻譯策略. 20 5.1商務(wù)英語語篇特征. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.2商務(wù)英語翻譯策略. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.2.1連貫與銜接.25 5.2.1.1連貫.。.。.25 5.2.1.2銜接.25 5.2.2商務(wù)英語翻譯中的對等策略. . . . . . . . . . .29結(jié)論.33參考文獻.35研究生在讀期間取得的研究成果.37致獻.:.38Chapter 1 Introduction The present thesis aims to make a tentative study on the relationship betweendiscourse analysis and the translation strategy of Business English, so as to offer anoverall perspective to people possibly concerned, and to lead them to consciously applycorresponding rules to solve some problems arising from Business English translationpractice. Business English is an effective tool in fulfilling international cooperation andcommunication exit in hi-tech and trade economy fields. Students in colleges oruniversities gain their knowledge of Business English largely from books and, as a result,such knowledge will be incomplete and theoretical rather than practical. In the last twodecades, Business English has attracted increasing interest and awareness Yet despite thisenormous interest, Business English is an area often neglected by linguistic researchers,who prefer to work on other-more easily defined-areas of special English. In actual use, the previous concerns on Business English are most effectivecommunication and negotiation, technical and business writing, workplace idioms andvocabulary, and business customs and culture. When Business English translation isconcerned, more discussion is about how different cultures make effects on translation.With the translation theory, contrastive linguistics and discourse analysis growingimmensely in the Iast twenty years or so, translation research has been given a newperspective (discourse analysis). Business English has its specific characteristics in itsdiscourse, which attract us to pay attentions to seek the links between discourse analysisand translation strategy, and a tentative study on the relationship between BusinessEnglish discourse analysis and translation strategy is justified. For the convenience of presentation, the organization of this thesis goes as thefollowing. A general description of the concept of discourse and discourse analysis, andthe situation of the discourse analysis studies at home and abroad, reveals and justifies theresearch objective as well as the reason for the research into Business English translationoutlined here, i.e. to deal with the question of Why the study on discourse analysis. All the factors in translation and the translation processes are all given descriptions on the basis of discourse. Meanwhile, representative advocators/scholars, their works combinedwith the characteristics are taken into account and correspondingly illustrated in a possiblydetailed way. The links between translation and discourse analysis explains why weshould introduce discourse analysis into Business English translation studies. The author collects lots of examples in practical problems and offers possiblesolutions accordingly. Under the consideration of different communicative situation,different examples are described. This will be an aid in practical Business Englishtranslation. In general, this thesis is intended to be informative, and practical to as many peopleas possibly being involved in this area. Whats more, some practical questions and modesare supplied, and are expected to be useful and valuable to whoever lays his fingers on itand help the author obtain the original intention to supply a gap in the world of BusinessEnglish translation studies.Chapter 2 Discourse Analysis2.1Its History and Developments2.1.1Concepts of Discourse and Text The concepts of Discourse and text aroused much disputes among scholars. Someclassified discourse and text into being oral and written, while others disagreed withthat. Translation Terminology gives the explanations as the following, Discourse is a connected series of utterances or a text. In contrast to language itself,which is the raw material involved. discourse defines an interaction between two subjects(the author and the target audience) that takes place under specific circumstances and witha specific objective. In oral discourse, the author and the target audience are each in thepresence of the other, and find themselves in the same communication situation. In writtendiscourse, production and reception almost always take place at two different times andplaces. Both the author and the addressee are mental representations rather than concreterealities. A text seen from the point of view is of the conditions under which it wasproduced and its reception in a given socio-cultural context. Text is a written document of variable length that constitutes a whole when viewedfrom a semantic perspective.” In a penetrating study of ideological structures in discourse, Kress(1985:27-28)defines discourse as a mode of talking. In essence it points to the fact that socialinstitutions produce specific ways or modes of talking about certain areas of social life-That is, in relation to certain areas of social life that are of particular si娜ficance to asocial institution, it will produce a set of statements about that area that will define,describe, delimit, and circumscribe what it is possible and impossible to say with respectto it, and how it is to be talked about. Different definitions have been given from different perspectives. In this essay,discourse is seen as a concept beyond text in an abstract sense and it consists of one ormore texts. Its a hyponym of text.2.1.2Concept of Discourse Analysis Linguistic communication always appears in textual form ( Wilss 1982:112 ).The textcan only be understood and analyzed within and in relation to the framework of thecommunicative act-in-situation. Discourse analysis can be defined as the analysis of textsbeyond and above the sentence-the attempt to find linguistic regularities in discourse.Th