2019-2020年高考英語 基礎(chǔ)知識練習(xí) 詞匯辨析 介詞辨析的講解與訓(xùn)練.doc
2019-2020年高考英語 基礎(chǔ)知識練習(xí) 詞匯辨析 介詞辨析的講解與訓(xùn)練介詞辨析常用介詞用法辨析主要重難點(diǎn)在于以下方面:1)above,over,on, below,under與beneath 辨析a.over,above和on的區(qū)別:above和over都表示“在上方”,above指在上方的任意一點(diǎn),表示在某物上的高低位置,不接觸,其反義詞是below;over一般指垂直方向,其反義詞是under。on表示“在上面”,且互相接觸。如: There is a pen on the desk桌子上有一支鋼筆。 Theres a bridge over the river河上有座橋。 The moon is now above the trees in the east月亮這時已在東邊樹林的上空。另外,above還可指溫度、數(shù)量、年齡等。如:The temperature will stay above zero in the daytime白天溫度將在零度以上。 above只表示上下位置,而over則表示“越過,通過”以及“籠罩,蓋起來”或 “遍及全面”的意思。如: The sun rose above the horizon.太陽升過地平線上了。b. below, under, beneath皆可表示在之下。below表示非垂直并不與表面接觸的下方;under表示垂直并不與表面接觸的下方;beneath表示在某物之下,幾乎接觸或接近。如: There is a lake below the mountain.此山下有個湖。below,在之下(非垂直) I want to have a rest under the tree.我想在樹下休息一會兒。under表示(垂直)在之下 I found an ant beneath the rock.我在巖石下找到了一只螞蟻。beneath,在之下(幾乎接觸)2)across, cross, over, through與past辨析across是介詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)從一定范圍的一邊到另一邊,且在物體表面上或沿著某一條線的方向而進(jìn)行的動作,其含義常與介詞on有關(guān),常和表示“走”一類的動詞(如:walk,run,fly,jump等)連用。如:Go across the bridge,and youll find the park.越過這座橋,你就會找到公園。cross是動詞,表示“穿過、越過、渡過”。如:The old man is crossing the road.這位老人正在穿過馬路。through是介詞,表示從某一范圍的一端到另一端,但它表示的動作是在內(nèi)部空間進(jìn)行的,往往指穿過沙漠、森林、窗戶等。 The river runs through the city.這條河從這座城市中間流過。 Can you see it through this hole?你能透過這個洞看到它嗎?over是介詞,用作“穿過、通過”時,表示到達(dá)高的障礙物(如樹、墻、籬笆和山脈等)的另一側(cè)。如: He jumped over the wall.他跳過了墻。 The horse jumped over the fence.馬跳過柵欄。past也是介詞,指從某物旁邊經(jīng)過,意思是“走過某處、經(jīng)過”。 He walked past me without saying“Hello”.他沒打招呼就從我身邊走過。注 意:如果不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作,只說明處于墻、籬笆或山等障礙物的另一側(cè)時,over和across也可互換。如:If we can be over/across the mountain before 8 oclock,we can be helped.如果我們八點(diǎn)前能到達(dá)山那邊,我們就能獲救。3)in, to與on 表示地點(diǎn)與時間辨析表示某個地方的地理位置時,用be,lie 以及 be located 的意義是一樣的,可以互換使用。介詞 in,on,to 都可以用來表示某個位置的方向,它們的意義不同,故表示的方向及范圍也不同: in 表示方位,含義是“在之內(nèi)”,即一個小地方處在一個大地方的范圍(疆域)之內(nèi)。 on 表示方位,相鄰或接壤。to 表示方位,互不接壤,互不管轄。尤其當(dāng)兩個地方相隔較遠(yuǎn),且有湖泊、大海等區(qū)域相隔時,通常用 to。例如:China is in the east of Asia. 中國在亞洲東部。(中國是亞洲的一個國家,處于亞洲的范圍之內(nèi)) Taiwan lies in the east of China. 臺灣在中國的東部。(臺灣是中國東部的一個省份,是中國的領(lǐng)土,在中國的疆域之內(nèi)) Guangdong Province is on the southeast of Guangxi. 廣東省在廣西的東南邊。(廣東省與廣西在地理位置上是連在一起的,即兩者相鄰) China faces the Pacific on the east. 中國東臨太平洋。(中國與太平洋相鄰) Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中國的東面。(日本在中國范圍之外,且有日本海分隔) Taiwan is to the southeast of Fujian Province. 臺灣在福建省的東南面。(臺灣在福建省的范圍之外,且兩者之間有臺灣海峽分隔) 把河流、山脈、鐵路等事物當(dāng)做兩地的分界線或基點(diǎn),通常使用介詞 to,譯為“以(方向)”。此外,表示一個地方離另一個地方有多遠(yuǎn),也用 to。例如: Land to the east of the Urals is called Asia; land to the west, Europe. 烏拉爾山脈以東的陸地稱為亞洲;以西的陸地稱為歐洲。 The village lies to the south of the hill. 那座村莊在山的南面。 On表示“在-表面上”,at表示“在-小地點(diǎn)或-傍邊”,in表示“在-范圍內(nèi)”。如: On the ground.在地上;at the foot of the hill. 在山腳;At the gate.在門口; In the room.在房間里。 on,in,at表示時間 on用于在具體某一天;還表示“當(dāng)某時”,放動名詞,arrival或death等名詞前。in一般用于“在上、下午或晚上”,用于“在某月、某季、某年”。at是個時間點(diǎn),用于“在某時刻/點(diǎn)鐘”,“在工作”、“在某時刻”與“在圣誕”。 如:We got used to getting up at six. 我們習(xí)慣于6點(diǎn)起床。in the morning在早上, at noon在中午, See you on Monday morning. 星期一早上見。 On a cold afternoon in January, I met her in the street. 在1月的一個寒冷的下午,我在街上遇到了她。Children feel happy at Christmas. 孩子們過圣誕節(jié)非常高興。習(xí)慣用語at noon(night),in the day。 注:on表示在具體某一天及具體某一天的上午、下午和晚上。 如: On mothers Day, we should send flowers to our mother. 母親節(jié),我們應(yīng)該送花給我們的母親。 On my arrival home,I found he had gone already當(dāng)我到家時,我發(fā)現(xiàn)他已經(jīng)走了。 當(dāng)early,late用于句首修飾介詞短語時,盡管表示具體某一天的上午、下午、晚上,都要用in,泛指一般的上、下午,晚上也用in。 如: Early in the morning of National Day,I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo 國慶節(jié)一清早,我便起床去趕到動物園的第一班公共汽車。 My father begins work at 8:00 in the morning and stops work at 4:00 in the afternoon 我父親上午8點(diǎn)上班,下午4點(diǎn)下班。 用于將來時態(tài)表示“過一段時間后”及表示“在期間” 和“在某個季節(jié),某年、某月” 都用in。 如:I hear hell be back in a month我聽說他將于一個月后回來。 In the course of the last lesson in French,little Franz was listening to the master very attentively在那最后一堂法語課中,小弗朗茲非常用心地聽著老師講。 Xiao Ming was born in December of 2004. 小明生于2004年12月。 4)before,in front of與in the front of辨析Before與 in front of都有“在.之前”的意思,當(dāng)表示“在某種位置前”時,兩者可以通用。如:You cant buy them in the shop before eight oclock.八點(diǎn)之前你在商店里買不到那些東西。How many students stand in front of the class? 有多少學(xué)生站在同學(xué)們面前。in the front of是指“在-前面的部分(里面)”They are standing in front of/before the blackboard.他們正站在黑板的前面。當(dāng)表示“在某段時間”,“某一事件”之前時,用before,不用in front of。例如:Before liberation he lived a poor life.解放前他過著貧窮的生活。Please e to see me before Sunday.請?jiān)谛瞧诹郧皝砜次摇?)by, in, with, through表示方式辨析by, in, on, with, through, over在作為介詞講時,都可以表示工具、手段或者方式。它們所表示的含義,也都是“用”。 by, in, on, through, over等介詞多用于無形的工具或者方式手段之前,如:He moved the huge stone by hand.他用手移動了那塊大石頭。Please retell the fairy story in English.請用英語復(fù)述這篇童話故事。We have spoken on the phone.我們在電話上交談過。Then I watched the moon through the telescope.然后我通過望遠(yuǎn)鏡看了月亮。I heard this piece of music the other day over the radio.我前天在收音機(jī)里聽到過這首曲子。注意事項(xiàng):(1)如果使用材料、原料或者語言時,則用介詞in表示。如果表達(dá)“用方式/方法”時,則選用的介詞為:by means of; by this/that means; with this/that method; in this/that/the same way如果with 用于有形的工具或者身體某些器官之前,其后的名詞則多被冠詞、物主代詞等修飾。例句:We can see with our eyes. We can hear with our ears. smell taste.我們可以用我們的眼睛來看。 我們可以用我們的耳朵來聽。 聞、嗅品嘗。6)except,besides,but,except for, except that/when與apart from 等,表示“除了以外”的介詞有 besides, except, except for, but, apart from 等。 besides 表示“除 以外,(還,也)”,相當(dāng)于 in addition to. 例如: Besides English, they also study math, physics and chemistry 除了英語以外,他們還學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué),物理和化學(xué)。 注意: 不要將besides和beside 混淆。beside是“在旁邊”的意思。 except 表示“除外,(沒有)”,常與all,every,no, none, nothing 等含有整體肯定或否定意義的詞連用。except 是英語中少數(shù)用法最為活躍的介詞之一, 其后除了可跟名(代)詞外, 還可跟另一介詞短語、動詞不定式短語或 that 引導(dǎo)的從句 。例如: He answered all the questions except the last one. 除了最后一個問題外,所有的問題他都回答了。 I went nowhere except to the library. 除了圖書館以外,我哪兒都沒有去。 試比較: We all went except him. 除了他(沒去)以外,我們都去了。 Three others also went besides him. 除了他(去了)以外, 還去了三個人。 except 與 except for區(qū)別 except for 也表示“除 以外”,但是和 except 不同的是: 與 except 連用的整體詞和 except 所跟的詞常常是同類的,是指整體除去一部份; 而與 except for 連用的整體詞與 except for 所跟的詞往往不是同類的,是指整體中除去 一個細(xì)節(jié)。例如: Your position is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了幾處拼寫錯誤以外, 你的作文寫得很好。 Except for an old lady, the bus was empty. 除了有一個老太太以外, 這輛公共汽車是空的。 apart from 表示“除 之外”。根據(jù)上、下文的不同,它既可用作 besides, 也可用作 except 和 except for。例如: Apart from them, I had no one to talk to. (= except) 除了他們以外, 我沒有人說話。 Apart from other considerations, time is also a factor. (=besides) 除了別的考慮之外,時間也是一個因素。 (It is) Good work apart from a few slight faults. (= except for) 除了幾個小毛病以外,這是一篇佳作。 即學(xué)即練1. This shop will be closed for repairs _ further notice.A. with B. until C. for D. At2. With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be take _ color. A. by B. for C. with D. In3.Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you _ the tough years.A. through B. up C. with D. From4.When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men. A. in terms of B. in need of C. in favor of D. in praise of5. Im sorry I didnt phone you, but Ive been very busy_ the past couple of weeks A.beyond B. with C. among D. Over6. Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek_ food safety problem. A.in B. to C. on D. After7. I always wanted to do the job which Id been trained _. A. on B. for C. by D. Of8. _ regular exercise is very important, its never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime. A.It B. As C.Although D.Unless9.The form cannot be signed by anyone _ yourself. A. rather than B. other than C. more than D. better than10.Try_ she might, Sue couldnt get the door open. A. if B. when C. since D. As11. To be great, you must be smart, confident, and, _, honest. A. therefore B. above all C. however D. After12. Someone wants you on the phone. _nobody knows I am here. A. Although B. And C. But D. So 直擊高考1.(xx浙江卷1)- I am going to Spain for a holiday soon. -_. A. Its my pleasure. B. Never mind C. Leave it alone D. Good for you2. (xx浙江卷3)An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year, making _ the driest year since California became a state in 1850. A. each B. it C. This D. one3.(xx安徽卷26)Terry, please _ your cell phone when grandma is talking to you. A.look up from B.look into C.look back on D.look through4.(xx安徽卷28) When the sports hero_ at our party, he was weled with openarms. A.turned up B.left off C.moved on D.got away5.(xx浙江卷4)Joe is proud and _, never admitting he is wrong and always lookingfor some else to blame. A. strict B. sympathetic C. stubborn D. sensitive6.(xx浙江卷5) I didnt bee a serious climber until the fifth grade, _ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. A. when B. where C. which D. why7.(xx浙江卷6) We most prefer to say yes to the _ of someone we know and like. A. attempts B. requests C. doubts D. promises8.(xx浙江卷7) Last week a tennis ball hit me on the head, but I tried to _ the pain, believing that it would go away sooner or later.A. share B. realize C. ignore D. cause9.(xx浙江卷10) While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the village without asking for anything _. A. in return B. in mon C. in turn D. in place10.(xx浙江卷13)The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others _. A. blindly B. unwillingly C. closely D. carefully11.(xx全國大綱卷31) Caroline doesnt have a gift for music, but she _ it with hard work. A. goes back on B. takes away from C. makes up for D. catches up with12.(xx福建卷33)As a grassroots singer, she reads everything she can _ concerning music, and takes every opportunity to improve herself. A.catch sight of B.get hold of C.take charge of D. make mention of13.(xx江蘇卷30)Dad, I dont think Oliver the right sort of person for the job. I see. Ill go right away and _. A.pay him back B.pay him off C.put him away D.put him off14.(xx江西卷27) Anyway, were here now, so lets _ some serious work. A. e up with B. get down to C. do away with D. live up to15. (xx陜西卷18)Ralph W. Emerson would always _ new ideas that occurred to him. A. set off B. set about C. set up D. set down16.(xx天津卷13)The two countries are going to meet to _ some barriers to trade between them. A. make up B. use up C. turn down D. break down17.(xx浙江卷19)How could you _ such a fantastic job when you have been out of work for months? A.turn off B.turn in C.turn down D.turn to18.(xx江西卷23)_ can be good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it.A. Anybody B. Everybody C. Nobody D. Somebody19.(xx 遼寧卷29)To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then _ of her colleagues. A. that B. one C. ones D. those20.(xx山東卷21) Ive lived in New York and Chicago, but dont like _ of them very much. A. either B. any C. each D. another 21.(xx陜西卷22)Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years, she lost _ of her enthusiasm for life. A. some B. neither C. none D. all22.(xx四川卷2).The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than_ on the small ones.A. one B. this C. that D. it介詞和連詞即學(xué)即練1.B。考查介詞。句意:在另行通知前,這家店將停止整頓。until further notice表示“在另行通知前”。 until “直到-之前”合題意。2. D??疾榻樵~的用法。In color使用彩色。固定搭配。句意:隨著科技的發(fā) 展,水下溝壑的圖片可以做成彩色的。3.A??疾榻樵~的用法。句意:一年中,畢業(yè)的時候是感謝那些曾經(jīng)幫助過你的最好時機(jī)。through“經(jīng)過;完成”合題意。4. C??疾旖樵~詞組的用法。句子意思是,當(dāng)在問及對這個學(xué)校的校長有什么看法時很多老師寧愿避開談校長而贊揚(yáng)年輕人。in praise of表揚(yáng),in terms of就而言,in need of需要。in praise of表揚(yáng),合題意。5.D??疾楣潭ń樵~搭配。通過前半句“Ive been very busy”現(xiàn)在完成時,可知搭配用的時間狀語為“在過去的幾周里”,固定搭配用介詞“over the past couple of weeks=in the past couple of weeks”. 句意為:很抱歉沒給你打電話,可是這幾個星期我一直很忙。6. B??疾榻樵~的用法辨析。句意為:有時不容易找到解決食品安全問題的適宜的辦法。本題考查名詞后的介詞的固定搭配。此句中主語為answers,意為“解決辦法”,作此意時后跟介詞to或towards,故選B項(xiàng)。7. B。考查介詞辨析。句意:我經(jīng)常想做我之前為之受過培訓(xùn)的工作,for表 示目的,意為“為了”,符合題意。8.C??疾檫B詞辨析。although盡管;As 如; Unless 除非。句意為:盡管有規(guī)律的運(yùn)動很重要,但是在睡前運(yùn)動不是一個好主意。C合句意。9.B??疾爝B詞用法。句意:表格除了你以外別人不能簽字。A. rather than是而不是 ;B. other than除之外;C. more than 比更; D. better than比好。據(jù)題意選B。10. D??疾檫B詞辨析。題目前半句說,她試過;后半句說Sue不能打開門, 明顯前后兩句意思相反。As表示雖然,盡管。11B??疾檫B詞用法。句意:為了成為偉大的人,你必須聰明、自信;最重要的是要誠實(shí)。A. Therefore因此;B. above all 最重要的是; C. However然而;D. After-之后;所以B合語境。12.C??疾檫B詞用法。前半句為:有人給你打電話;后半句為:沒有人知道我在這兒,根據(jù)句子意思可知前后兩句明顯為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,因此選C。直擊高考1.D。本題考點(diǎn)為情景交際。 前文意思為:我馬上要去西班牙度假了,后文回答:真不錯啊。A選項(xiàng)意為“我的榮幸”;B選項(xiàng)“不要緊;沒關(guān)系”,常用于回答:對不起;C選項(xiàng)意為“離我遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)”。故據(jù)題意選D。2.B。本題考點(diǎn)為代詞。句意:去年一年加利福尼亞平均降雨量僅為18.75厘米,成為了它自1850年成為州以來最干旱的一年。 要用代詞it指代的last year?!军c(diǎn)評】本題比較基礎(chǔ)。注:代詞考點(diǎn)中,it一般作為形式主語或形式賓語的考題較多,作為同類同物指代的考題較少。3.A。考查動詞短語辨析。look up from從抬頭往上看;look into調(diào)查;look back on回顧,回頭看;look through仔細(xì)檢查。句意:特里,祖母和你說話時,不要看著手機(jī)。故選A。4.A。考查動詞短語辨析。turn up出現(xiàn),露面;leave off停止,戒掉;move on出發(fā),離開,繼續(xù)前進(jìn),對采取行動;get away逃離,出發(fā)。句意:當(dāng)那位體育明星出現(xiàn)在我們聚會上時,人們張開雙臂歡迎他。故選A。5.C。考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)后面半句“從來不承認(rèn)他的錯誤,總是找別人來指責(zé)”,兩個關(guān)鍵詞“never”,“always”,可以得出Joe是個驕傲和stubborn頑固的人。本題所考詞匯比較基礎(chǔ)。B選項(xiàng)sympathetic(有同情心的) 為選修七unit 2的sympathy的形容詞形式。筆者在課堂上特別強(qiáng)調(diào)此詞為閱讀理解作者態(tài)度題的重點(diǎn)選項(xiàng)詞。6.A。本題考點(diǎn)為定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞副詞。答案為A。主句完整,后面為定語從句,分析定語從句,基本成分完整,排除C,再看先行詞為the fifth grade(五年級),在從句中作時間狀語,故用關(guān)系副詞when.【點(diǎn)評】本題考查定語從句的關(guān)系副詞,同學(xué)做題時可能會容易被句子的具體意思干擾,實(shí)際上做這類題目重點(diǎn)在于分析從句中的基本成分是否完整,無需字對字精確翻譯。如從選項(xiàng)入手,有三個選項(xiàng)為關(guān)系副詞,直接排除關(guān)系代詞C的可能性比較大。7.B。本題考點(diǎn)為名詞辨析。 “say yes to”可譯為“答應(yīng)”,答應(yīng)我們所熟知和喜歡的人的“requests”請求。8.C。本題考查動詞辨析。答案為C。ignore不理會;忽視。譯文:上周有個網(wǎng)球擊中了我的頭部,但是我努力不去理會疼痛,以為疼痛遲早會消除的。9.A。本題考查介詞詞組辨析。in retu(作為回報)合題意。句意:當(dāng)James住在村子里的時候,他無私地分享了他在村子里擁有的東西,沒有要求任何回報。B選項(xiàng)為“有共同之處”, C選項(xiàng)為“反過來;依次”, D選項(xiàng)為“適當(dāng)?shù)摹薄?jù)句意選A。10.A??疾楦痹~辨析。blindly (盲目地)合題意。教育的宗旨是教會年輕人自己思考,而不是盲從別人。11C??疾?動詞短語辨析。句意:卡羅琳沒有音樂天賦,但她用努力學(xué)習(xí)彌補(bǔ)了她的不足。此處make up for意為“彌補(bǔ)”。根據(jù)句意選C。12.B??疾閯釉~短語辨析。句意:作為一名草根歌手,她閱讀她能得到的與音樂相關(guān)的所有資料,并且利用每一次機(jī)會去提高自己。catch sight of 看見,發(fā)現(xiàn);get hold of把握,抓住,得到;take charge of負(fù)責(zé),接管;make mention of提到,提及。根據(jù)句意可知選擇B項(xiàng)。13.B??疾閯釉~短語辨析。句意:-爸爸,我認(rèn)為Oliver不是這項(xiàng)工作的合適人選。-我明白了,我現(xiàn)在就付清工資解雇他。pay back償還,報答 ; pay off還清,付清工資予以解雇;put away處理,放好;put off推遲,延期。根據(jù)語境可知B項(xiàng)正確。14.B??疾閯釉~短語辨析。句意:不管怎么說,我們現(xiàn)在在這兒,因此讓我們著手做一些重要的事情吧。e up with想起;get down to著手做;do away with廢除;live up to實(shí)行,不辜負(fù)。據(jù)語境選B。15.D。考查動詞短語辨析。set off意為“出發(fā),動身”;set about意為“開始,著手”,后跟動詞v.ing形式;set u p意為“設(shè)立,建立”;set down意為“記下,寫下,卸下”。句意:Ralph W. Emerson總是記下出現(xiàn)在他頭腦中的新想法。故選D。16. D??疾閯釉~短語辨析。make up 組成,構(gòu)成,編造,虛構(gòu),和解;use up用完;turn down 拒絕,關(guān)??;break down掃除(障礙),清除(困難)。根據(jù)句中的關(guān)鍵詞barriers,可知是掃除障礙,故選D。句意:兩個國家將舉行會面以掃除兩國之間的貿(mào)易障礙。17.C。考查動詞詞組辨析。句意:你已經(jīng)失業(yè)好幾個月了,怎么還要拒絕這么好的工作呢? turn down表示“拒絕”,符合語境。turn off關(guān)掉;turn in轉(zhuǎn)入,上交;turn to轉(zhuǎn)向。據(jù)語境答案選C。18.C。根據(jù)句意,不可能會有人40年都擅長一個事情,如果他不喜歡的話。故答案選C。19.A。根據(jù)句意:先贏得了學(xué)生的信任,然后贏得了同事的信任;此處用于替代不可數(shù)名詞trust,應(yīng)用that;如果替代可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用those或the ones。20.A。根據(jù)句意:我在紐約和芝加哥都居住過,但這兩個地方我都不是很喜歡。短語not.either=neither(兩者都不),故答案選A。21.C。根據(jù)句意:雖然Rosemary這些年患上了一種嚴(yán)重的疾病,但是她并沒喪失對生活的一點(diǎn)熱情,可知選否定詞,排除AD;而neither指兩者,應(yīng)予以排除,故選C。22.C。本題考查比較句型中比較對象的替代,通??梢杂胻hat替代不可數(shù)名詞、those替代可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。比較對象the traffic為不可數(shù)名詞,故使用that來替代,答案為C。