2019-2020年高中英語基礎(chǔ)知識 數(shù)詞的講解與訓(xùn)練.doc
2019-2020年高中英語基礎(chǔ)知識 數(shù)詞的講解與訓(xùn)練數(shù)詞 有關(guān)數(shù)詞,我們需要了解基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)詞、倍數(shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、年月日、鐘點(diǎn)、年齡、序號等的基本用法及其與其它詞的特殊搭配形式等。 知識要點(diǎn)1. 數(shù)詞的分類 (1)表示數(shù)目的詞為基數(shù)詞,它的構(gòu)成如下:范 圍特 點(diǎn)舉例112沒有規(guī)律 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve1319以teen為結(jié)尾 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen2090以ty結(jié)尾 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety2199十位與個(gè)位之間要加連字符 “-” twenty-five, sixty-five, ninety-nine101999百位與十位之間通常用and three hundred and twenty-five(美國英語中常將and省略)千以上百位與十位之間通常用and,前面多用逗號分開 6275six thousand, two hundred and seventy-five;1200twelve hundred,2262788two million, two hundred and sixty-two thousand, seven hundred and eighty-eight(2)表示順序的數(shù)詞為序數(shù)詞,它的構(gòu)成如下:范 圍特 點(diǎn)舉例13 特殊情況first, second, third419詞尾為thfourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, fifteenth, nineteen nineteenth。(注意:少數(shù)序數(shù)詞的特殊變化。)20,3090把y變i后加ethtwentieth, fortieth, ninetieth21以后多位數(shù)最后一個(gè)數(shù)用序數(shù)詞,其余用基數(shù)詞21st twenty-first, 110th one hundred and tenth2. 數(shù)詞的功能: (1)基數(shù)詞的句法功能 基數(shù)詞在句中可作主語、賓語、定語、表語、同位語。如:Thetwohappilyopenedthebox(作主語) Ineedthreealtogether(作賓語) Fourstudentsareplayingvolleyballoutside(作定語)(2)序數(shù)詞的句法功能。序數(shù)詞在句中可作主語、賓語、定語和表語。 ThesecondiswhatIreallyneed.(作主語)Hechoosethesecond.(作賓語) Wearetocarryoutthefirstplan(作定語) 疑難突破數(shù)詞的用法:表達(dá)時(shí)刻A.表示幾點(diǎn)鐘用基數(shù)詞加可以省略的oclock 5:00讀作fiveoclock或five 。B.表示幾點(diǎn)過幾分。在分鐘后加past,再加小時(shí) fivepastseven七點(diǎn)過五分。 halfpastsix六點(diǎn)半。aquarterpasteight八點(diǎn)過一刻。C.表示幾點(diǎn)差幾分。在分鐘后面加to,再加小時(shí) tentoeight差十分八點(diǎn)。aquartertotwelve十二點(diǎn)差一刻。在日常生活中,常用下列簡單方法表示時(shí)間。 以小時(shí)、分種為單位分別讀出數(shù)字。6:31讀作sixthirty-one。10:26讀作tentwenty-six。 14:03讀作fourteenothree 。16:15讀作sixteenfifteen。18:30讀作eighteenthirty 23:55讀作twenty-threefifty-five。 注:時(shí)刻表上的時(shí)間大多采用24小時(shí)表示法,這樣就不需要用a.m.表示上午,p.m.表示下午了。 表達(dá)年月A.世紀(jì)可以用定冠詞加序數(shù)詞加世紀(jì)century表示,也可以用定冠詞加百位進(jìn)數(shù)加/s表示 thesixth(6th)century公元六世紀(jì)。 theeighteenth(18th)century公元十八世紀(jì)。 B.年代用定冠詞及基數(shù)詞表示的世紀(jì)加十位整數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式構(gòu)成 inthe1930s /s(inthethirtiesofthetwentiethcentury或inthenineteenthirties) 在二十世紀(jì)三十年代。 C.表達(dá)某年代的早期、中期和晚期。 即可以在定冠詞后,年代前添加early,mid-,late 。intheearly1920s /s在二十世紀(jì)二十年代早期。inthemid-1950s /s在二十世紀(jì)五十年代中期。 D.表達(dá)年、月、日。a年份用基數(shù)詞表示,一般寫為阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字,讀時(shí)可以以hundred為單位,也可以以世紀(jì)、年代為單位分別來讀。如:1949讀作nineteenhundredandforty-nine或nineteenforty-nine 。1800讀作eighteenhundred ;253讀作twohundredandfifty-three或twofifty-three ;1902讀作nineteenhundredandtwo或nineteenotwo 表示在哪一年,一般在年數(shù)前加介詞in,使用year時(shí),year放在數(shù)詞之前。intheyeartwofifty-threeB.C.在公元前253年。 但是,通常采用in加表示年份的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字。 b. 月份,在哪個(gè)月,通常用介詞in加第一個(gè)字母大寫的月份詞表示。例如:inMay在五月;inJuly在七月。為了簡便起見,月份與日期連用時(shí),月份常用縮寫形式表示。縮寫形式除May,June,July外,其它的月份都由其前三個(gè)字母表示,但September除外。如:JanuaryJan一月FebruaryFeb二月 MarchMar.三月AprilApr四月 c. 日期用定冠詞the加序數(shù)詞表示。在哪一天要添加介詞on。 NationalDayisonOct.1. 國慶節(jié)是十月一日。(讀作Octoberfirst) 此句也可以表示為NationalDayisonthe1stofOctober E.表示不具體、不確切的時(shí)間。如世紀(jì)、年代、年份、月份時(shí),用介詞in表示,表示具體確切的某一天用介詞on表示通常情況下morning,afternoon,evening等詞前用介詞in。但是,當(dāng)這些詞前后有一修飾限定的詞作為定語,把它們限定為某一天早晨、下午或晚上時(shí),介詞in應(yīng)改為on。這里的修飾限定詞可以是介詞短語、名詞、形容詞、定語從句等。 Onacoldmorning,theoldmandiedlonelyinhishouse 在一個(gè)寒冷的早晨,這個(gè)老人孤獨(dú)地死在自己的房子里。表達(dá)加減乘除A.“加”用plus,and或add表示;“等于”用is,make,equal等詞表示。2+3=?可表示為:Howmuchistwoplusthree? 二加三等于多少?2+3=5 Twoplusthreeisfive Twoandthreeisequaltofive Twoandthreemakefive TwoaddedtothreeequalsfiveIfweaddtwoto/andthree,wegetfive 二加三等于五。 B.“減”用minus或takefrom表示 。如106?Howmuchistenminussix? 10-6=4 TenminussixisfourTakesixfromtenandtheremainderisfour. Six(taken)fromtenisfour十減去六等于四 。C.“乘”用time(動(dòng)詞)或multiply表示: 3 x 4?Howmuchisthreetimesfour? 3 x 4=12 Threetimesfouris/aretwelveMultiplythreebyfour,wegettwelve.Threemultipliedbyfourmakestwelve三乘以四等于十二 。D.“除”用divided by表示:164=?Howmuchissixteendividedbyfour?1644 SixteendividedbyfourisfourSixteendividedbyfourequals/gives/makesfour十六除以四等于四。表達(dá)分?jǐn)?shù)A.分?jǐn)?shù)是由基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞一起來表示的?;鶖?shù)詞作分子,序數(shù)詞作分母,除了分子是“1”以外,其它情況下序數(shù)詞都要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:3/4threefourths?;騮hreequarters ,1/3onethird或athird ,24/25twenty-fourtwenty-fifths 。B.當(dāng)分?jǐn)?shù)后面接名詞時(shí),如果分?jǐn)?shù)表示的值大于1,名詞用復(fù)數(shù);小于1,名詞用單數(shù)。 11/2hours一個(gè)半小時(shí)(讀作oneandahalfhours) 23/4meters二又四分之三米(讀作twoandthree-fourthsmeters)。C.表示“n次方”的說法:指數(shù)用序數(shù)詞,底數(shù)用基數(shù)詞。 10的7次方:the seventh power of ten(tentotheseventhpower)。表達(dá)小數(shù)A.小數(shù)用基數(shù)詞來表示,以小數(shù)點(diǎn)為界,小數(shù)點(diǎn)左首的數(shù)字為一個(gè)單位,表示整數(shù),數(shù)字合起來讀;小數(shù)點(diǎn)右首的數(shù)字為一個(gè)單位,表示小數(shù),數(shù)字分開來讀;小數(shù)點(diǎn)讀作point,o讀作zero或oou,整數(shù)部分為零時(shí),可以省略不讀。如: 0.4zeropointfour或pointfour零點(diǎn)四。10.23tenpointtwothree十點(diǎn)二三 。25.67twenty-fivepointsixseven二十五點(diǎn)六七。 B.當(dāng)數(shù)字值大于1時(shí),小數(shù)后面的名詞用復(fù)數(shù),數(shù)字值小于1時(shí),小數(shù)后面的名詞用單數(shù)。 1.03meters一點(diǎn)零三米;0.49ton零點(diǎn)四九噸;l.5tons一點(diǎn)五噸 。表達(dá)數(shù)量A.表示長、寬、高、面積等,用基數(shù)詞+單位詞(meter,foot,inch,kilogram等)+形容詞(long,wide,high等)表示,或者用基數(shù)詞+單位詞+in+名詞(length,width,height,weight等)表示。如:twometerslong或twometersinlength2米長;threefeethigh或threefeetinheight 3英尺高;The city wall of Xian is 12meterswideand12metershigh.西安城墻是12米寬,12米高。 B.表示時(shí)間、距離時(shí),使用含數(shù)詞的名詞所有格形式作定語。 fiveminutes/walk 步行五分鐘(的距離)。表示溫度時(shí),用belowzero表示零下溫度,溫度用基數(shù)詞+degree(s)+單位詞(centigrade攝氏或Fahrenheit華氏)表示。thirty-sixdegreescentigrade或36攝氏36度 fourdegreesbelowzerocentigrade或-4攝氏零下4度。C.由數(shù)詞和其他名詞構(gòu)成的名詞性短語作定語時(shí),其中的名詞用單數(shù)形式,名詞性短語中各部分間要用連字符“-”來連接。如:It/safive-minutewalkfromthelibrarytotheplayground D.表示“比大(或)幾倍”的說法。如: Thisroomistwotimesbiggerthanthatone這個(gè)房間比那個(gè)(房間)大兩倍。表達(dá)百分?jǐn)?shù)百分?jǐn)?shù)用基數(shù)percent表示 如:50fiftypercent百分之五十 這里的percent前半部per表示“每一”,cent這一后半部分表示“百”,所以百分之幾中percent不用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 注意:考試命題熱點(diǎn)一般在于數(shù)詞表達(dá)倍數(shù)的句型、概數(shù)表達(dá)及數(shù)詞加名詞構(gòu)成形容詞等的用法。即學(xué)即練 1. Peters jacket looked just the same as Jacks, but it cost_his.A. as much twice as B. twice as much asC. much as twice as D. as twice much as2.According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer _ a woman. A. than B. such C. so D. as 3.It is reported that the floods have left about _ people homeless. A.two thousand B.two-thousands C.two thousands D. two thousands of 4. She went to the bookstore and bought _.A. dozen books B. dozens booksC. dozen of books D. dozens of books5.It took us quite a long time to get there. It was a_journey A.three-hours B.three hour C.three-hour D.three hours6.Peters jacket looked just the same as Jacks, but it cost his. A. as much twice as B. twice as much as C. much as twice as D. as twice much as 7.Ten years ago the population of our village wasthat of theirs.A.as twice large as B.twice as large asC.twice as much asD.as twice much as8.It is reported that the floods have left aboutpeople homeless.A.two thousand B.two-thousandsC.two thousandsD.two thousands of9.She went to the bookstore and bought.A.dozen books B.dozens booksC.dozen of books D.dozens of books10.It is reported that the United States usesenergy as the whole of Europe. A.as twice B.twice muchC.twice much asD.twice as much數(shù)詞即學(xué)即練 1.B。考查數(shù)詞表倍數(shù)與as-as句型結(jié)構(gòu)。習(xí)慣是A+be+倍數(shù)+as+形容詞原級+as+B形式。Twice是倍數(shù),應(yīng)該放在第一個(gè)as之前,選B符合該句型。2.D。本題考查數(shù)詞表倍數(shù)與as-as-結(jié)構(gòu),習(xí)慣是A+be+ as +形容詞原級+ as +B, 注意句中的more than 只是修飾twice。3.A??疾閿?shù)詞用法。thousand表達(dá)確切數(shù)字時(shí)不用復(fù)數(shù)。4.D。考查dozen的用法。dozen有兩種用法:第一,表示“一打,十二個(gè)”,本身就是名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般不加”s”,e.g. a dozen books, two dozen books;第二,表示“許多”,通常用作dozens of +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。5.D。考查數(shù)詞與名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞的用法。.three-hour意為“三小時(shí)的”。6.B??疾閍sas同級比較前的修飾語位置。twice應(yīng)該放在第一個(gè)as之前,選B符合題意。7.B。由句式結(jié)構(gòu)看該題考查倍數(shù)句型的同級比較形式。其正確語序應(yīng)為:倍數(shù)詞+as+形容詞/副詞原級+as+其他。8.A。本題考查數(shù)詞的用法。hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score等指具體數(shù)字時(shí),不用復(fù)數(shù)形式;指大約數(shù)字時(shí),常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:one hundred,two thousand,three million,hundreds/thousands/millions/billions/dozens/scores of。9.D。dozen與數(shù)詞或many,several連用時(shí)其后不加s;dozen前有基數(shù)詞表示確切數(shù)字時(shí),其后一般不與of連用。10.D。本題考查as.as與倍數(shù)詞的位置。由句型A+ be +倍數(shù)+as + adj./adv.+ as可知。