2019-2020年高中英語基礎(chǔ)知識 詞匯辨析 形容詞和副詞辨析的講解與訓(xùn)練.doc
2019-2020年高中英語基礎(chǔ)知識 詞匯辨析 形容詞和副詞辨析的講解與訓(xùn)練 知識要點(diǎn)高考英語詞匯辨析一般在于同義詞、近義詞的詞義和用法辨析、反義詞之間的意義差別、詞組(短語)的用法異同點(diǎn)以及一些習(xí)慣用法和固定搭配等。常見的有形容詞與副詞辨析、名詞及其用法辨析、動詞及其短語辨析、代詞及其用法辨析、介詞和連詞等用法辨析。 疑難突破1. 高中階段易混形容詞和副詞辨析 1) 易混形容詞和副詞難點(diǎn):(1)在具體語境中形容詞和副詞語義的辨析同源副詞wide,widely;close, closely ;high,highly等,這兩種副詞形式不同,含義也略有差別,但是當(dāng)它們被翻譯成漢語時用詞也很接近。所以使用時很容易混淆,所以在具體語境中要注意辨別。這類詞含義及用法上的主要特點(diǎn)是:不帶-ly的副詞表示具體的行為和動作,說明的動作或狀況有可測 量性和可見性;而 以-ly結(jié)尾的同源副詞所表達(dá)的常常是抽象性的行為和狀況。試作如下比較:a.Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看見那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飛舞著?The distinguished guests were highly praised.貴賓們受到了高度贊揚(yáng)。 b.He flung the door wide open.他猛地把門開得大大的。We were widely different on many questions.我們在許多問題上分歧很 大。c.She stood close against the wall.她緊挨著墻站著。The police were watching him closely.警察在密切監(jiān)視他。-ed形容詞與-ing形容詞的區(qū)別。前者ed形式的形容詞都是指人的心理活動;后者ing形式的形容詞都是指事物的特征。如: interested“感興趣的”;interesting “有趣的”;surprised“感到驚奇的”;surprising “令人驚奇的”;大家在具體的語境中要注意區(qū)別詞意。例句:The story is very interesting.這故事很有趣。Tom is interested in the story.湯姆對這故事很感興趣。The news is surprising.這消息是令人驚奇的。Im surprised at the news.我對此消息感到很驚奇。(2)so 和such 的用法。主要從其習(xí)慣搭配構(gòu)成的句型結(jié)構(gòu)上辨析:常用結(jié)構(gòu):so that (如此,以至于); 與such that (如此,以至于)的區(qū)別。 so + 形容詞 / 副詞 + that 如:He spoke so fast that we couldnt understand him. 他說得太快,我們都未能聽懂他的話。This book is so interesting that I have read it three times. 這本書如此有趣,我已經(jīng)看了三遍。so + 形容詞 + a(n)+ 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that 如:It was so hot a day that nobody wanted to do anything. 天氣很熱,誰都不想干活。so + many / much / little / few + 名詞 + that 如:There were so many people that we could hardly move on. 這么多人,我們簡直無法繼續(xù)往前走。such + a(n)+ 形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that 如:She is such a pretty girl that everyone likes her. 她是個很可愛的小姑娘,大家都喜歡她。such + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 + that It is such sweet milk that we all want to drink it. 這么香的牛奶,我們都想喝。such + 形容詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + that They are such delicious cakes that I want to eat another two. 這么可口的蛋糕,我還想再吃兩塊。注意:下列結(jié)構(gòu)中只能用so不可用such,當(dāng)名詞前有many、much、little、few等表示“多、少”的詞修飾時,如: so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。但當(dāng)little表示“小”時用such。如:These are such little boys that they cant dress themselves.下列so的用法是錯誤的:so a difficult problem, so difficult problems, so hot weather。so與such都有“如此、這么、那么”的意思,可進(jìn)行同義改寫,但用法不同。so是副詞,修飾形容詞和副詞;而such是形容詞,修飾名詞。它們后面接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時,詞序不同。so的詞序?yàn)椋簊o+ adj. + a(an) + n.such的詞序?yàn)椋簊uch +a(an) +adj. + n.它們可以表達(dá)同樣的意思,因此它們可以進(jìn)行同義改寫。so nice a coat =such a nice coat 這么漂亮的一件外套so interesting a book = such an interesting book 那么有趣的一本書注意:后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞時,只能用such,而不能用so.如:such beautiful flowers 這么美麗的花such clever children 如此聰明的孩子但是,復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前有many,few,much,little修飾時,只能用so而不能用such,這是一種固定用法。如:so many books 這么多書so few people 這么少的人;so much money 那么多的錢;so little milk 那么少的牛奶(3)由as /so組成的形容詞和副詞短語辨析。so . as .一般用在否定句中,not so . as .表示“不如”;as . as .既可用于肯定句也可用于否定句。 so much as和so much as 都是指“和.一樣 ;和同樣程度;甚至,連也”;前者much后跟不可數(shù)名詞;后者many后跟可數(shù)名詞。如:He had not so much as his fare home.他甚至連回家的車費(fèi)都沒有。(沒有那么多)As many as 500 workers work on the farm.在這個農(nóng)廠干活的工人多達(dá)500人。(多達(dá))My father loves me as much as my mother does.我父親和我母親一樣愛我。(和同樣程度)As many as thirty people have already departed. 有30多人已經(jīng)離開了。(多至;達(dá)程度)Take as many as yon please. 你要取多少就取多少。(和一樣,正如)as-as一種結(jié)構(gòu)多種意義。as long as有兩種意思(只要, 如果;和.一樣長/久),要注意在具體語境中區(qū)別。如:As long as do not rain! 只要不下雨就行! This wall is as long as that one.這堵墻與那堵墻一樣長。 as far as有兩種意思(據(jù), 就;遠(yuǎn)到.),要注意在具體語境中區(qū)別。如:As far as I know, he is a great writer.據(jù)我所知,他是一位了不起的作家。 Yesterday, Mary went hiking as far as the foot of Tai shan mountain. 昨天瑪麗徒步走到泰山腳下。2)易混形容詞和副詞的易考點(diǎn):近幾年來一般在于形容詞、副詞詞義辨析;原級、比較級、最高級的使用;倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方法;比較等級的修飾語;多個形容詞的排列順序;常見形容詞、副詞的慣用法等。關(guān)于形容詞與副詞這一考點(diǎn),主要考查以下幾個方面:考點(diǎn)1:在具體的語境中形容詞與副詞的語義辨析同義辯微:有些詞意思都有相同或相近的意思;但是各自側(cè)重的方面不同。在具體語境中要注意辨別。如:general與mon;這兩個意思都有“一般的”意思;但是各自側(cè)重的方面不同。General側(cè)重 “普遍的,一般的”,與“高級”相對應(yīng)。如: This book is intended for the general reader, not for the specialist. 這本書是為一般讀者寫的, 不是為專家寫的。mon側(cè)重于“共同的,共有的,普通的”。 如:We have a mon interest: playing basketball.我們有一個共同的興趣:打籃球。Normal ,ordinary與 usual都含“正常的”、“正規(guī)的”的意思。 normal側(cè)重指“正常的”、“正規(guī)的”、“常態(tài)的”。 如: the normal temperature of the human body 人的正常體溫。 ordinary側(cè)重指“平常的,普通的”;強(qiáng)調(diào)“平常的、平淡無奇的” 如: an ordinary days work 日常工作。 His ordinary supper consists of only bread and milk. 他通常的晚餐不過是面包和牛奶。 usual側(cè)重指“平常的,通常的,慣常的 = normal, happening often。如: Twelve oclock is the usual time to have lunch. 十二點(diǎn)通常是吃飯的時間。 同源副詞hard,hardly;late,lately;most,mostly等,這兩種副詞形式和含義完全不同,所以,使用時不易引起混淆。Hard努力地,hardly幾乎不;late晚,lately最近;most最,mostly大部分地。試比較:a.He works hard all day.他整天都在使勁地干活。He hardly works at all.他很少干活。b.You have e too late.你來得太晚了。Have you see him lately?你最近見到過他嗎?c.The person who talks most is often the one who doesleast.說得最多的人常常干得最少。d.The audience consisted mostly of women.觀眾大部分是女的。詞性不同,意義相同。如 good與well都是“好”的意思;但是good指的是特征,一般修飾名詞或代詞;well指的是程度,一般修飾動詞。例: You are a good teacher.你是位好老師。 She does it well.她做這事做得好。用法不同,意義相同。如too, as well, also與either四者意思都為“也”;但是前三個都是“也-”用于肯定句中(too和as well as也可用于疑問句)。后者是“也(不)-”用于否定句中。Too,as well和either用于句末,一般它的前面打上逗號“,”(Too,as well前也可以不打逗號);also用于句中,放在系動詞或助動詞后面,行為動詞前面。例:I like you too as well. 我也喜歡你。Are they ing too as well? 他們也來嗎? either(也)通常只用于否定句,且要放在句末。例:I dont know, either. 我也不知道。He hasnt finished it,either. 他也還沒有做完。Mrs Green can also sing the song in Chinese格林夫人也能用漢語唱這首歌??键c(diǎn)2:考查形容詞、副詞的比較級、最高級及前面的修飾語形容詞和副詞比較級或最高級的選用:注意在兩者或兩方之間比較用比較級;表示“越來越”用比較級;在三者/方或多者/方之間比較用最高級。a.Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking evenquicker.艾倫走得很快,但喬治走得更快 。b. The car went slower and slower until it came to a stand still.汽車走得越來越慢,最后停了下 來。c.Lets see who can run quickest.我們來看看誰跑得最快。 比較級前常可用still, even, much, far, a lot / little / few / bit, rather, any, a great deal, so far, by far, no等詞修飾。(注意more不用于修飾比較級)。最高級可用序數(shù)詞、much、 by far、 nearly、 almost等詞修飾。例如:If there were no examinations, we should have a much happier time.如果沒有考試,我們玩得更快樂。This is by far the better.這就是好的多的那個。Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二個最大的州。The Pacific is by far the largest ocean.太平洋是最大的大洋。考點(diǎn)3:形容詞作表語,形容詞、副詞作后置定語形容詞用于系動詞后作表語在最近幾年高考試題中系動詞加形容詞作表語的情況出現(xiàn)過很多次。高考對此點(diǎn)的考查集中于區(qū)別到底是系動詞還是一般動詞并選擇合適的形容詞,而不是副詞作表語。常見的聯(lián)系動詞有如下三類:表示感覺的系動詞:sound, look, taste, appear, smell, feel, seem等表示變化的系動詞:bee, fall, get, turn, grow, make, e, go等表示狀態(tài)存在的系動詞:remain, keep, stay, continue, prove, lie, stand等。例如:The music sounds beautiful.那音樂聽起來很美。The news proved true later.那消息后來證明是真的。形容詞、副詞作后置定語常見的幾種修飾語后置的情況有: 形容詞修飾something, nothing, anything, everything等不定代詞時要后置。present作“出席的”時只作后置定語。表語形容詞如alive, asleep, awake, alone等只能作后置定語。副詞修飾動詞時, 放在動詞之后。修飾形容詞或副詞時, 放在被修飾詞之前。enough修飾形容詞、副詞時要后置,修飾名詞時可放在名詞的前后。形容詞短語修飾名詞作主語時要后置。用and或or連接的形容詞作定語時要后置, 起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。表數(shù)量的詞作定語時要后置。副詞修飾形容詞的特殊詞序, how, too + 形容詞 + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”。如:There is something wrong with the car.那輛小車出問題了。The teacher present is my mother.在場的那位老師是我媽媽。The boy asleep is called John.那個在睡覺的男孩叫約翰。She came to her maths teacher slowly.她慢慢來到數(shù)學(xué)老師的身邊。There are books enough(enough books)for us.有足夠的書給我們。The suit is good enough.那套西裝夠好的了。What a fine day it is!今天天氣多好??!How clever a girl!多漂亮的女孩!考點(diǎn)4:倍數(shù)表達(dá)法三種常見倍數(shù)表達(dá)法:1)倍數(shù) + as + 原級形容詞 + as 。例如:This road is three times as long as that one.這條路是那條路的三倍長。2)倍數(shù) + the size / length / width / depth / height of 。例如:The river is five times the width of that one.這條河是那條河的五倍寬。3)倍數(shù) + 比較級 + than + 被比較對象。例如:The sun is a million times larger than the earth.太陽比地球大一百萬倍??键c(diǎn)5:多個形容詞作定語時的排序問題及語序不同意義不同的詞組如果兩個以上的形容詞修飾一個名詞時,與被修飾的名詞關(guān)系較密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的密切程度差不多,則音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的在后。例如:a small wonderful gift常用的順序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~+描繪性形容詞(beautiful)+大小、長短、高低等形容性形容詞+(large, long, high)+新舊(old)+顏色(red)+產(chǎn)地(Chinese)+材料(wood)+用途(writing)+被修飾名詞(desk)記住以上規(guī)則是必要的,但還應(yīng)多閱讀、多體會,增強(qiáng)語感是關(guān)鍵。例如:all these last few days 最近的這些日子some beautiful little red flowers 一些美麗的小紅花a beautiful white Japanese military jeep 一輛漂亮的白色日本軍用吉普車其中限定詞的排列順序?yàn)椋篴ll / both / half / double / 倍數(shù)詞 / 分?jǐn)?shù)詞 + 冠詞 / 指示代詞 / 物主代詞 / 名詞所有格 / some / any / no / every / each +基數(shù)詞 / 序數(shù)詞 / little / few / last / next / other / another / more,形容詞的排列順序?yàn)椋捍笮 ㈤L短、高低、新舊、顏色、產(chǎn)地、材料、用途、類別等。要牢記排在最前邊的限定詞及排在最后邊的形容詞,如產(chǎn)地、材料、用途等,則能輕松突破此難點(diǎn)。考點(diǎn)6:考查形容詞與副詞區(qū)別, 易混詞帶有-ly的形容詞、副詞及復(fù)合形容詞注意如下有無-ly的形容詞和副詞的意義區(qū)別:wide / high / deep(具體的意義)寬 / 高 / 深; widely / highly / deeply(抽象意義)廣泛地 / 高度地 / 深深地 most十分、非常 / 最多(大)的;mostly主要地、絕大多數(shù)地、多半close靠近地;closely密切地、仔細(xì)地(以上易混形容詞副詞難點(diǎn)中已講到)late遲的,遲到的;lately最近、近來direct直接(主要用于談?wù)撀烦毯蜁r間,和straight意思相同) directly直率地、立即注意合成形容詞本質(zhì)上是一個形容詞,其合成部份中的名詞不能變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式。例如:He wrote a two-thousand-word report.他寫了一篇兩千字的報(bào)告。His uncle is 6 feet tall. He is a forty-year old man.他的叔叔有六英尺高。他是一個四十歲的人了。“名詞+ ly”構(gòu)成的是形容詞,而不是副詞。這類形容詞有friendly友好的, lovely可愛的, weekly每周的, monthly每月的, daily每天的等。有些詞既可以作形容詞也可以作副詞。例如:He got up late, so he was late for school again.他起床很晚,因此上學(xué)又遲到了。Can you see that straight road? 你能看到那條直路嗎?Go straight along this road, youll find the supermarket at the end.順著這條路筆直往前走,在路的盡頭你能找到超市。This maths problem was hard. I thought hard and got the answer at last.這個數(shù)學(xué)問題很難,我使勁想終于想出了答案。 即學(xué)即練1.- Do you think its a good idea to make friends with your students?- , I do. I think its a great idea.A. Really B. ObviouslyC. Actually D. Generally2.I like this jacket better than that one, but it costs almost three times_.A. as much B. as many C. so much D. so many3.As there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of _ energy, such as sunlight, wind and water for power and fuel.A. primary B. alternative C. instant D. unique4.The questionnaire takes _ ten to fifteen minutes to plete and can be used along with the assessment interview.A. mainly B. punctually C. approximately D. precisely5.I can be a teacher. Im not a very patient person.A. seldom B. ever C. neverD. always6.Frank put the medicine in the top drawer to make sure it would not be_ to the kids.A. accessible B. relative C. acceptable D. sensitive7.The children loved their day trip, and they enjoyed the horse ride .A. most B. more C. less D. little即學(xué)即練1.C。句意:-你認(rèn)為與你的學(xué)生交朋友是個好主意嗎?-事實(shí)上,我認(rèn)為很不錯。A. Really真正地; B. Obviously顯而易見地;C. Actually事實(shí)上; D. Generally一般地;只有C合語境。2.A。本題考查倍數(shù)表示法和省略的用法,其后省略了as that one. 句意:我比較喜歡這件上衣,但是,他花去了我三倍于那件的價格。一種倍數(shù)表示法:1)倍數(shù)形容詞/副詞比較級than。故答案選A。3.【答案與解析】B。 考查形容詞。句意:既然石油和煤都越來越少,人們只好使用一些其它可替代這些燃料的東西。alternative“可選擇的,可替代的”符合句意。primary首要的,初期的;instant立即的,迅速的;unique獨(dú)特的;三者均不合句意。4.C。 考查副詞。句意:問卷大約需要10至15分鐘完成;應(yīng)選擇approximately“大約地”。 mainly主要地;punctually準(zhǔn)時地;precisely精確地;均不合句意。5.C??疾楦痹~詞義辨析。句意為:我絕不會成為一名教師。因?yàn)槲也皇且粋€很有耐心的人。seldom表示“很少”;ever表示“永遠(yuǎn)”用在肯定句中;never表示“絕不,從來沒有”;always 表示“總是”。C合語境。6.A。考查形容詞的辨析。句意:佛蘭克把藥放在頂上的一個抽屜里,以免孩子接近到。be accessible to 為能夠接近; be relative to 和有關(guān)系; be acceptable to 為所接受 ; be sensitive to 對敏感, 易接受。據(jù)語境A合句意。7.A。考查形容詞(immediate)、副詞等(most、much too與too much的區(qū)別)。句意:孩子們喜愛白天旅行;最喜歡騎馬活動。在眾多活動中應(yīng)用“最喜歡-”most是副詞“最”修飾動詞enjoy。