2019-2020年高考英語 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)練習(xí) 名詞的講解與訓(xùn)練.doc
2019-2020年高考英語 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)練習(xí) 名詞的講解與訓(xùn)練第一節(jié) 詞法目標(biāo)要求1、運(yùn)用詞匯理解和表達(dá)不同的功能、意圖和態(tài)度等;2、運(yùn)用詞匯描述比較復(fù)雜的事物、行為和特征,說明概念等;3、學(xué)會(huì)使用3000個(gè)單詞和400500個(gè)習(xí)慣用語或固定搭配。一、詞 性1. 整體概述英語中共有十種詞性(詞類),分兩大類:一是實(shí)詞(notional words),即名詞(noun)、動(dòng)詞(verb)、形容詞(adjective)、副詞(adverb)、數(shù)詞(numeral)和代詞(pronoun);二是虛詞(function words),即介詞(preposition)、連詞(conjunction)、冠詞(article)和感嘆詞(interjection)。實(shí)詞有實(shí)際中文意義,能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)句子成分;虛詞有實(shí)際中文意義,但不能單獨(dú)作句子成分。例如: (1)I promised to finish it on time and in fact I made it. (劃線的均為實(shí)詞)(2)Oh, you are a professor from Tsinghua University, but I didnt know. (劃線的均為虛詞) 哦,原來你是清華大學(xué)的教授,可是先前我不知道。2. 具體用法 名詞的講解與訓(xùn)練 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)英語中的名詞主要分成兩種:一是普通名詞;二是專有名詞。(具體見下表) 名 詞 分 類例 詞普通名詞可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式book, photo, dictionary, pencil , woman復(fù)數(shù)形式tomatoes, wives, watches, pens, names不可數(shù)名詞milk, water, rice, fun, progress, music專有名詞表示人或地方等專有名稱的詞,第一個(gè)字母需要大些。China, Beijing, Zhengzhou, America, Lily, England, Alice, Jack, Li Hua, Liu Hong-mei,Karl Marx疑難突破1. 可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞??蓴?shù)名詞主要是一些普通名詞,它們既有單數(shù),也有復(fù)數(shù),既有規(guī)則的變化,也有不規(guī)則的變化;不可數(shù)名詞主要指物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。除少數(shù)特殊情況外,這些名一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果要表示量化,前面要加數(shù)量詞。如:water(水), milk(牛奶, tea(茶), sand(沙子), bread(面包), progress (進(jìn)步),advice (忠告),fun (趣事),information (信息)等。再如a kind of music (一種音樂 ),two pieces of news (兩則新聞), a bowl of rice (一碗米飯), three cups of tea (三杯茶)等。平時(shí)要注意對(duì)少數(shù)特殊的不可數(shù)名詞意義上的區(qū)分。如water (水)- waters (海水;河水;江水), food (食物)-foods (各種食物),iron(鐵)- an iron/ irons (燙斗), success (成功)- a success(成功者), pleasure (快樂)- a pleasure (快樂的事), failure (失敗)- a failure (失敗者)等。2. 名詞所有格。名詞所有格多數(shù)情況是在名詞右上方打一撇或逗號(hào),表示“的”。但如果以 “ s” 結(jié)尾的名詞只打一撇或逗號(hào)就行了,同時(shí)也可在其名詞前用介詞“of”表示所有格。如Li Huas(李華的),Lucys (露西的),Liu Hongmeis(李紅梅的),F(xiàn)ang Fangs(芳芳的),students(學(xué)生們的),womens(女人的),the city of Shanghai (上海市),the city of Kaifeng (開封城),tomorrows newspaper (明天的報(bào)紙)等。即學(xué)即練 1. The system has been designed to give students quick and easy to the digital resources of the library. A. access B. passage C. way D. approach 2. The young man made a_ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. A. prediction B. promise C. plan D. contribution3. The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, xx. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration4. Form their _ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city. A. stage B. position C. condition D. situation5. The _ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ car.A. girls; Toms B. girls; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms6. He doesnt have _ furniture in his roomjust an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. Much7.He says that my new car is a _ of money. Dont you think those words are just sour grapes? A. lack B. load C. question D. waste8. Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for _ building. A. respect B. friendship C. reputation D. character9. In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a _ for everyone to stand up. A. signal B. chance C. mark D. Measure10. Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard. A. draw B. strike C. rush D. push名詞 即學(xué)即練1.A。access to“接近”是固定搭配。2.B。那個(gè)年輕人向父母做出允諾-畢業(yè)后將盡量自食其力。make a promise做出允諾,句中that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句,作promise的同位語。make a prediction作出預(yù)言;make a plan作計(jì)劃;make a contribution做貢獻(xiàn)。3.A。名詞詞義辨析。delay耽擱,延誤;effort努力;schedule時(shí)間表;consideration考慮,體諒;關(guān)心。題意:當(dāng)H1N1型xx年4月襲擊墨西哥時(shí),世界衛(wèi)生組織毫不猶豫地向人們提出了警告。選A。4.B。名詞詞義辨析;stage:舞臺(tái),時(shí)期,階段;position:位置;condition:條件,情況;situation:形式,情況;情景;根據(jù)空前的物主代詞their可以推斷出此處選B。題干意思是:從他們在電視塔頂部的位置,游客們可以更好地看到這個(gè)城市的景色。5.C。名詞所有格形式。根據(jù)題干后半部分的them可知對(duì)應(yīng)復(fù)數(shù)girls。此題較易。6.D。furniture是不可數(shù)名詞,不能用many修飾;not any相當(dāng)于no,與后面的an old desk矛盾;some一般修飾肯定句;故答案選D。7.D??疾閱卧~的區(qū)別:lack缺乏;load負(fù)擔(dān);question疑問;waste 浪費(fèi);根據(jù)句意,尤其是下句的sour grapes(酸葡萄)可知答案選D。8.D。根據(jù)常識(shí)便可知運(yùn)動(dòng)既可增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)也可強(qiáng)健個(gè)性,不會(huì)增強(qiáng)尊敬或名聲,友誼可以增強(qiáng),但與前面health不搭配,故答案為character。9.A。根據(jù)句意可知打鈴及老師合上書本,這是下課的暗示,選項(xiàng)中只能選擇signal。chance機(jī)會(huì);mark分?jǐn)?shù),痕跡;measure方法,措施;這三者不合題意。10.D。句意為:鼓勵(lì)你的孩子去嘗試新事物,但不要把它們太難了。push 推,擠,逼迫;strike v. 打,罷工,劃燃;rush v. 沖進(jìn),匆促行事,催;draw v. 拉,拖,挨近,提取,畫,繪制。根據(jù)句意,應(yīng)選D。