小升初英語 知識梳理總復習 語法知識 閩教版.doc
語法知識英語動詞4種時態(tài):1、一般現在時:常與表示程度或頻度的詞連用,如:often(經常) , usually(通常,一般) , sometimes(有時) , always(總是,一直) , never(從不),表示經常性或習慣性的動作,表示現在的特征或狀態(tài),表示普遍真理。用動詞原形表示,第三人稱單數后,動詞要在詞尾加s(或es,或變y為i再加es)。如:I often get up at 7:00.He often gets up at 7:30.2、現在進行時:表示現在或現在這一階段正在進行的動作。用am / is / are 加 動詞ing形式表示,如: What are you doing? I am reading a book. What is he doing? He is singing.3、一般將來時:常與表示將來的時間連用,如:tomorrow , next week , next year 等,表示將要發(fā)生的動作或情況。用 am/ is/ are 加 going to形式表示,如:What are you going to do tomorrow? Im going to ride a horse. 用will 加動詞原形表示,如:What will you do next Sunday? I will go shopping. 用am/ is/ are 加動詞ing 形式表示,如:What are you doing tomorrow? Im going bowling.4、一般過去時:經常與表示過去的時間連用, 如: yesterday, last night等, 表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或情況。動詞要用動詞的過去式。如:Who was first? Ken was first.Where were you yesterday? I was at home.What did you do yesterday? I went to school.形容詞的比較級和最高級:1、單音節(jié)詞:比較級加er, 最高級加est. 如:talltallerthe tallest,He is taller than his brother. Tom is the tallest in his class.2、多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞:比較級加more, 最高級加 the most. 如:interesting-more interesting-the most interesting,Music is interesting subject. P.E. is more interesting than music.Science is the most interesting subject.形容詞變?yōu)楸容^級的變化規(guī)則:(1)一般情況下,在形容詞的詞尾直接加er。如: talltaller shortshorter.(2)以字母e結尾的形容詞,在詞尾直接加r,如:nicenicer. latelater (3)以重讀閉音節(jié)結尾,且結尾只有一個輔音字母的詞,先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加er.如:bigbigger thinthinner fatfatter (4)以輔音字母加y結尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞,先變y為i , 再加er。如:easyeasier heavyheavier funnyfunnier.(2)、部分形容詞比較級的不規(guī)則變化:goodbetter wellbetter badworse badlyworse manymore muchmore littleless farfarther動詞ing的變化規(guī)律:1)直接加ing ,如: open-opening, clean-cleaning, meet-meeting, sing-singing, study-studying, 2) 去掉詞尾不發(fā)音的e ,如:take-taking, close-closing, come-coming, drive-driving, have-having, use-using, write-writing, practice-practicing, 3) 重讀閉音節(jié)的,雙寫最后的字母,加 ing , 如: sit-sitting, put-putting, begin-beginning , get-getting, swim-swimming, run-running, cut-cutting, become-becoming, 主語是第三人稱單數時一般現在時動詞的變化規(guī)律(與名詞變復數規(guī)律相同): 1) 直接加s, 如:cook-cooks, come-comes, close-closes, 2)以o, x, s, sh, ch 結尾+es , 如: teach-teaches, go-goes, do-does, catch-catches, wash-washes, brush-brushes, miss-misses, 3) 輔音字母加y結尾,把y改為i ,+es, 如:fly-flies, worry-worries, carry-carries, 4) 以f或fe結尾,把f或fe,改為v+es.5) 特殊:have-has, 6)家庭、親屬和朋友:姓名、年齡、地址、特點與愛好:與你的關系 words: family, grandfather(grandpa/granddad), grandmother(grandma/grand mum), father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, cousin, friend相關句型: 1) Is he/she Toms cousin? Yes, he/she is. No, he/she isnt. 2) Whos he/she? Hes/Shes my friend. 3) How many people are there in your family? Who are they? There are four, my father, my mother, my brother and me.注意: 1)名詞單復數,如:family-families; 名詞單數-復數規(guī)律: (1)1) 直接加s, 如: boy-boys, term-terms, 2)以o, x, s, sh, ch 結尾+es , 如: box-boxes, class-classes, glass-glasses, coach-coaches, dress-dresses, fax-faxes, inch-inches, match-matches, 3) 輔音字母加y結尾,把y改為i ,+es, 如:baby-babies, lady-ladies, factory-factories, peach-peaches, library-libraries, watch-watches , 4) 以f或fe結尾,把f或fe,改為v+es: leaf-leaves, knife-knives, wife-wives, shelf-shelves, 5) 特殊: man-men, policeman-policemen, woman-women, child-children, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, 6) 不變: hair, milk, tea, coffee, water, bread, rice, paper, juice, meat, people, fish, sheep, (2)名詞所有格,表明是“誰的” 如: my cousins , his parents它的構成規(guī)則: 單數名詞后+“ s”, Mikes mother.復數名詞詞尾有,其后只+“ ”,Teachers Da教師節(jié).若是兩人共有時,只在后者+ “s ”,Jim and Toms mother.吉姆和湯姆的母親。不是兩者所共有的,兩者都+ “ s ”,Jims and Toms mother.吉姆母親和湯姆的母親。名詞若是無生命,所有格構成用of, a map of China.一幅中國地圖I一般過去時態(tài) 定義:表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。結構:“主語+動詞的過去式”用法:1.表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。 He was here yesterday. I got up at seven yesterday morning. My mother was at work yesterday afternoon. Did you have a good time last summer?2.表示過去經?;蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作。 My mother often went to work by taxi last year. When I was a student, I often listened to music.3. 常與一般過去時態(tài)連用的時間有:一般過去式的用法: 一般過去式 表示過去的動作和狀態(tài),通常一般過去式帶有表示動作時間狀語的詞,詞組或從句, 如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚時可以不帶時間狀語。 I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工廠工作。 I met him yesterday. 昨天我碰見了他。 I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday. 昨天我們去了天龍山。 一般過去式構成:表示一般過去式的動詞通常用動詞的過去式形式來表示,而動詞的過去式是在動詞 原形的基礎上變化的。動詞的過去式可分為規(guī)則動詞和不規(guī)則動詞。4. 一般過去時的標志詞: last year; last night yesterday (+morning, afternoon, evening) in +過去時間詞: in 1998 II 過去式規(guī)則變化(a)動詞詞尾+“ed”。 walk walked(走)need needed (需要)(b)動詞詞尾為“e”時,加“-d”。 live lived (?。﹍ike liked (喜歡)(c)動詞詞尾為“輔音字母+y”時,去“y”加“ied”,若是詞尾為“元音字母+y”,只加“ed”。 study studied (學習)playplayed (游戲)(d)原形動詞詞尾為重讀閉音節(jié)時,先雙寫該輔音字母再+“ed”stop stoppedIII 過去式規(guī)則變化(一) 不變1.cut cut 2.let let 3.put put 4 read read 5must must(二)改成a1. come came 2.become became 3. begin began 4. drink drank5.have had 6.run ran 7. sit sat 8.ring rang9. sing sang 10.swim swam 11.give gave (三)改成ght1. think thought 2.fight fought 3.bring brought 4. buy bought5. catch caught 6. teach taught(三)改成t1.keep kept 2.sleep slept 3.sweep swept 4.feel felt5.spend spent 6.learn learnt 7.mean meant (四)改成ew1.blow blew 2. know knew 3.grow grew 4. draw drew5.throw threw 6. fly flew (五)改成o1.get got 2.forget forgot 3.write wrote 4.ride rode 5.drive drove6.sell sold 7.tell told 8.stand stood 9.understand understood10.speak spoke 11.hear heard 12.take took (六)其他形式1.make made 2.hear heard 3.eat ate 4.mean meant5.say said 6.find found 7.meet met 8.see saw9.can could 10.shall should 11.will would 12. may might13.go went 14.see saw 15.wear wore 時態(tài)時間標志口訣集錦 1. 一般現在時:“總經常有每沒(美眉)復星周” 總:always, usually等 經常:often 有:sometimes (記住,“有”不是have,而是“有時”) 每:every week/month/year 等 沒:never 復星周:on Mondays, on Tuesdays等 2. 一般過去時:“昨天上個XX(讀作叉叉)前,in加年份when字連”(原創(chuàng)) 昨天:yesterday, 后面可以加morning, afternoon,evening等 上個:last,后面可以加week, month,year等 XX前:ago,前面可以加three weeks/months/years ago in加年份:in 2009/2008/1986/1220等,2010前全用一般過去時,后年2012前就都是過去時了,2012,世界末日?電影看多了。 when字連:when I was a child等 when字后面都是過去時,也要用一般過去時。 3. 一般將來時時間標志口訣:正好和一般過去時對應:“明天下個XX后” 明天:tomorrow,后面可以加morning, afternoon,evening 下個:next,后面可以加week, month,year等 XX后:after和in,后面可以加three weeks/months/years 這里要注意一下,after后加時間點才表示將來,如after 3 oclock 。加時間段表示過去,如after 2 hours 表示過去。in后加時間段表將來,如in two years。 4. 現在進行時:“現在時刻看和聽,最近在哪請安靜?!?現在:now, at present, at the moment等 時刻:Its ten oclock. Im beating Xiaoqiang. 看和聽:Look! Listen!后面一般都用現在進行時。 最近:What are you doing recently/these days? 在哪:Where is Xiao Z? Xiao Z is beating Xiaoqiang. 請安靜:Be quiet!/Dont make any noise!/Stop making noise! Xiaoqiang is sleeping.