2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)二輪 備考抓分點(diǎn)透析專(zhuān)題12 特殊句型和交際用語(yǔ).doc

2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)二輪 備考抓分點(diǎn)透析專(zhuān)題12 特殊句型和交際用語(yǔ)【xx年高考命題預(yù)測(cè)】高中英語(yǔ)涉及的特殊句型包括強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、省略句和反意疑問(wèn)句。高考對(duì)于這四種句型的考查很靈活。學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)鍵是記準(zhǔn)確各個(gè)句型出現(xiàn)的條件。xx年高考考生應(yīng)特別注意1、基本的句型條件；2、句型中的時(shí)態(tài)。交際用語(yǔ)的考查重點(diǎn)應(yīng)注重文化差異，在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中注意英語(yǔ)的交際規(guī)則和交際模式，防止母語(yǔ)思維定勢(shì)的干擾和影響，形成英語(yǔ)思維方式。【重難點(diǎn)突破】一、 強(qiáng)調(diào) 在使用英語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)要突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)詞、詞組或句子，這時(shí)就要用到強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。1、強(qiáng)調(diào)句基本句型：“It is/ was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that/ who + 其他成分”強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可以強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)及狀語(yǔ)等成分。如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分是表示人的詞，可以用that或who(whom)連接其他成分；被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分是表示人以外的詞，例如表示事物、時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的詞，用that連接其他成分。一般疑問(wèn)句：Is /was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that/ who + 其他成分.特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+is /was + that/ who + 其他成分.（xx陜西卷）23It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do _ benefits our work most. 【C】Awho Bwhich Cthat Dwhat（xx重慶卷）32Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn Tree? Of course, I haveIt was in our village it was made【A】Athat Bwhere Cwhen Dwhich（xx四川卷）15Was it on a lonely island he was saved one month after the boat went famous【B】Awhere Bthat Cwhich Dwhat2、not until 也可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型（xx江西）6. It was _ he came bank from Africa that year _ he met the girl he would like to marry. 【C】 A. when; then B. not; until C. not until; that D. only; when 3、Its + 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)+ that（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）Its +地點(diǎn)名詞+ where (定語(yǔ)從句)It is the town where I was born.(the town 為地點(diǎn)名詞，定語(yǔ)從句)It was in the town that I was born.(in the town為地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)4、Its + 時(shí)間名詞+ when(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)Its + 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) +that(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)It was at 8 oclock that he returned.(at 8 oclock是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)句)It was 8 oclock when he returned.(8 oclock 是時(shí)間名詞，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)5、借助助動(dòng)詞do對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)要借助于助動(dòng)詞do加動(dòng)詞原形，而且do有人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。這種強(qiáng)調(diào)形式主要用于祈使句以及一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的肯定句中。（xx四川）19If you have a job， yourself to it and finally youll succeed【A】 Ado devote Bdont devote Cdevoting Dnot devoting二、倒裝句英語(yǔ)通常的語(yǔ)序是主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)在后。如果謂語(yǔ)的一部分或者全部提到主語(yǔ)之前，這種語(yǔ)序就是倒裝。如果把全部謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)之前，就稱(chēng)為完全倒裝；如果只把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，則稱(chēng)為部分倒裝。1、 完全倒裝1）、用在以here, there, now, then等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子中（xx0陜西）17.John opened the door . There _ he had never seen before. 【D】 A. a girl did stand B. a girl stood C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl如果主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞，則主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的位置不變。Here it is.2）、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，或?yàn)榱司o密銜接上下文，常將表語(yǔ)放在句首，顛倒主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的次序。Present at the meeting were Mr. Smith, Mr. Green and many other celebrities.3）、為了使句子生動(dòng)、流暢，可把in, out, down, over, off, away之類(lèi)用作狀語(yǔ)的副詞放在句首，采用完全倒裝。句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多是行為動(dòng)詞，而且是不及物動(dòng)詞。Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes4）、當(dāng)介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，也常常用完全倒裝。（xx重慶）33. At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River_, one of the ten largest cities in China. 【A】A. lies ChongqingB. Chongqing liesC. does lie ChongqingD. does Chongqing lie2、部分倒裝1）、用在省略了if的虛擬條件句中（把were, had或should移至主語(yǔ)前），采用部分倒裝。Were she here, she would help us.(=If she were here, she would help us.)2）、在表示祝愿的句子里，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一部分，要放在主語(yǔ)的前面。May you succeed!3)、用在以so開(kāi)頭、表示謂語(yǔ)所述情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或另一事物的肯定句中，表示“也一樣”，“也這樣”。結(jié)構(gòu)為：so + 系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)或者由neither, nor引導(dǎo)的，表示前面所說(shuō)情況也適用于另一人（或東西）的句子（否定句），表示“也不”He can speak English, so can we.They havent prepared their lessons. Nor/Neither have I.注意：so + 人稱(chēng)代詞（同一主語(yǔ)）+ 助動(dòng)詞，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的主謂是正常語(yǔ)序，用以重述前面的情況，以表示贊同或強(qiáng)調(diào)。-It was cold yesterday.-So it was.注意：so it is/was with + 另一主語(yǔ)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示這一主語(yǔ)的情況也如此。主要用于上文出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)以上句子（情況），而在邏輯上這些句子表現(xiàn)同一主語(yǔ)，通常是有肯定和否定的混合句?；蛴袃蓚€(gè)（以上）謂語(yǔ)。Mike likes Chinese but he is not good at Chinese. So it is with Tom.注意：主語(yǔ)+ 動(dòng)詞do(某種形式)+so, 此句型用以避免重復(fù)前文所述動(dòng)詞及其賓（狀）語(yǔ)，表示該句型中的主語(yǔ)做了前文中已提到的動(dòng)作，此句型中的主語(yǔ)可與前句主語(yǔ)相同，也可以是另外的人。She asked me to speak louder and I did so.4）、以never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, no soonerthan, hardlywhen, by no means, nowhere, at no time, not a +名詞等表示否定或半否定意義的副詞或詞組開(kāi)頭的句子中，采用部分倒裝。（xx福建卷）29-Its niceNever before such a special drink!-Im glad you like it【C】AI have had BI had Chave I had Dhad I（xx江西）33 Not until he left his home _ to know how important the family was for him.【A】A did he begin B had he begun C he began D he had begun5）、often, many a time, always, once等表示時(shí)間的頻度副詞放在句首時(shí)應(yīng)用部分倒裝。Many a time has he been to Paris. 他去過(guò)巴黎多次。6）、以only開(kāi)頭的句子（only后面為副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句），采用部分倒裝，即把謂語(yǔ)的助動(dòng)詞放到主語(yǔ)之前，謂語(yǔ)用原形。（xx湖南卷）32 Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours _a decision 【B】Athey reached Bdid they reach Cthey reach Ddo they reach7）、as/ though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常將句末的表語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞、副詞提至句首。（xx重慶）16. Unsatisfied with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.【B】A. thoughwashe B. thoughhewas C. hewasthough D. washethough 三、省略在語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用中，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中，省略是常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。1、在某些表虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的should可以省略。這些句子一般包含如下動(dòng)詞一及其派生詞：一堅(jiān)持(insist)，二命令(order, mand)，三建議(suggest, propose, advise)，四要求(demand, require, request, ask)Janes pale face suggested that she was ill and her parents suggested that she have a medical examination.It is necessary (important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that.等主語(yǔ)從句中。It is necessary that the problem be solved at once. 2、定語(yǔ)從句中的省略（1）在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞that, which, who (whom)?？梢允÷?。The man I saw is called Tom.Where is the pen I bought this morning?（2）關(guān)系副詞when, where, why及that在the time when, the place where, the reason why, the way that結(jié)構(gòu)中引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在非正式場(chǎng)合下，可以省略關(guān)系副詞when, where, why和that等。I shall never forget the day we first met.The reason he came so early is his own affair. I dont like the way you speak to your mother.3、狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略 （1）當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致，或狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)是it，并且又含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常可以省略從句中的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞。（xx江蘇卷）33It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine , wed better take it to the garage immediately【D】AOtherwise BIf not CBut for that DIf so（2）虛擬條件句中,含助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞be或have等,若將它們提到句首,則需省略if。 Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit till next week.（3）在as(so). as., than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句中。I know you can do better than Peter. This car doesnt run as fast as that one. （4）在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)的單數(shù)名詞提前時(shí)，不定冠詞要省略。Child as he is, he knows a lot.4、動(dòng)詞不定式中的省略1）有些動(dòng)詞，如believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)to be + n./ adj. 中的to be可以省略。I consider him stupid. His mother found him a clever boy.2） 感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式中的不定式符號(hào)to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，to必須保留。They made the boy go to bed early.The boy was made to go to bed early. 3) 動(dòng)詞不定式在prefer，refuse，decide, mean, intend, try，promise, like, love， care，want，hope，wish，expect等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù),常承前省略不定式后的內(nèi)容,但要保留不定式符號(hào) to。 I have asked her to e，but she does not want to 注意：want，like用在 when，if, what，as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，其后的to也?？墒÷?。Ive decided to do what I like Ill teach you if you like4）在can not but, can not choose but, can do nothing but., cant help but., prefer to do rather than do., would do. rather than. 之后的動(dòng)詞不定式一般不帶to；but之前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某個(gè)形式do, does, did, done 而且其賓語(yǔ)是something，nothing，anything和everything等不定代詞時(shí)，也不帶to, 否則要帶to。We have nothing to do now but wait. I can not but admire his courage. He has no choice but to accept the fact.5）在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免重復(fù)，后一個(gè)to省略。Im really puzzled what to think or say. 但兩個(gè)不定式有對(duì)照或?qū)Ρ鹊囊饬x時(shí)，則后一個(gè)to不能省略。I came not to scold but to praise you.6）在why, why not 引導(dǎo)的特殊問(wèn)句中后跟省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式。Why talk so much about it? Why not try it again? 7）動(dòng)詞不定式與be able to，be going to，have to，ought to，used to等構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)?？墒÷?，但要保留不定式符號(hào)to。 I dont want to wait for him， but l have to Why didnt you e to our party？I was going to，but l had a report to write8）動(dòng)詞不定式中動(dòng)詞原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出現(xiàn)過(guò)同樣的動(dòng)詞。如果句子前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)同樣的動(dòng)詞，為了避免重復(fù)，句子后面的不定式常省略動(dòng)詞原形，而保留不定式符號(hào)to。Dont go till I tell you to.9）動(dòng)詞不定式在ask，warn，tell，advise，force，wish，expect，allow，permit , invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？墒÷?。Youd better give a performance if you are asked to He didnt e, though we had invited him to. 10）動(dòng)詞不定式在happy， glad， eager，anxious，willing， ready等形容詞等后承前省略動(dòng)詞原形，只保留不定式符號(hào)to。Will you join me in a walk？Ill be happy to 注：承前省略的動(dòng)詞不定式如果有助動(dòng)詞have或be，則要保留be或have。Are you a doctor? No, but I used to be.四、反意疑問(wèn)句1、反意疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)形式：反意疑問(wèn)句提出情況或看法，問(wèn)對(duì)方同不同意，這種問(wèn)句都由兩部分組成，前一部分用陳述句的形式，后一部分是一個(gè)附著在前一部分上的簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句，中間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，如前一部分為肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式，前一部分為否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，兩部分的時(shí)態(tài)要一致。You are to go home via Hongkong, arent you?（肯定的陳述句+否定的反意疑問(wèn)句）They didnt raise many questions at the press conference, did they?（否定的陳述句+肯定的反意疑問(wèn)句）2、反意疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)在回答反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)事實(shí)來(lái)回答，如果事實(shí)是肯定的，前面要用yes,否則用no, 在第一部分為否定句時(shí)要特別注意，這時(shí)英語(yǔ)回答和漢語(yǔ)回答是不一致的。-You are not going out today, are you?-No, I am not.你今天不出去，是嗎？是的，我今天不出去。（“不出去”屬于否定的事實(shí)，所以在英語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用“no”來(lái)表示此義，不要用 “yes”來(lái)回答。）2、 構(gòu)成反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題：1）、當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody等不定代詞時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句部分中的主語(yǔ)常用they (有時(shí)也可用he.)Somebody borrowed my pen yesterday, didnt they?No one was hurt, was he? 2）、當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是everything, anything, nothing, something等表物的不定代詞時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)常用it.Everything has been done on how to prevent the pollution, hasnt it?3）、當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是one時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)常用one或you。One should study hard, shouldnt one/ you? 4）、當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是man(人類(lèi))時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)常用he。Man is the master of his own fate, isnt he?5）、當(dāng)陳述部分是there be結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)， 反意疑問(wèn)部分用there,省略主語(yǔ)代詞。There used to be a shop, didnt there?6）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用肯定形式。Few people know him, do they? Bob rarely got drunk, did he? You have nothing else to say, have you? 7）、當(dāng)陳述部分中含有im, in, dis, un等否定前綴或less等否定后綴時(shí)，應(yīng)把陳述部分看成是肯定的，反意疑問(wèn)部分要用否定式。Your mother dislikes seeing you with me, doesnt she?He is unfamiliar with this type of puter, isnt he?8）、當(dāng)陳述部分是Im 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用arent II am late, arent I? 9）、 當(dāng)陳述部分是主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分中的動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)代詞通常應(yīng)和主句中的動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)保持一致。If you dont start early, you will be late, wont you?Peter believes that his dream will e true some day, doesnt he?10）、當(dāng)陳述部分的主句是I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分往往與從句保持一致，而且要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移。I think he is a thief, isnt he? I dont think he can do it well, can he?11）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有have，而且have作“有”解時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分用have/has或借助助動(dòng)詞do, does, did等來(lái)完成；如果陳述部分中的have是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，則反意疑問(wèn)部分應(yīng)需借助助動(dòng)詞do, does, did等來(lái)完成。He hasnt a lot of time to spare, has he?He doesnt have an English dictionary, does he?12）、當(dāng)陳述部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括have to, had to時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分通常用do的適當(dāng)形式。You had to take the early bus, didnt you? We have to do it, dont we?13）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞used to時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分可用used to形式或did形式。He used to get up late, didnt/ usednt he? 14）、當(dāng)陳述部分是祈使句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用will you.Help me to do it, will you? Dont go there, will you? Lets 和Let us都表示“讓我們”，但用法上不同。前者包括聽(tīng)話(huà)人，后者不包括聽(tīng)話(huà)人。正因如此，它們的反意疑問(wèn)句的形式常常不同：以L(fǎng)ets 開(kāi)頭的祈使句，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用shall we.以L(fǎng)et us開(kāi)頭的祈使句，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用will you.Lets go now, shall we?（我們?nèi)?，你也去）Let us go shopping, will you?（我們?nèi)?，你不去?5）、當(dāng)陳述句部分含had better/best, would like to, would rather等約定俗成特殊短語(yǔ)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分應(yīng)保留第一個(gè)詞。He had better do more speaking, hadnt he?16）、當(dāng)陳述句部分是強(qiáng)調(diào)句或類(lèi)似強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常和句首的It is/was保持一致。It is the first time that he has gone there, isnt it? 17）、當(dāng)陳述句部分為感嘆句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句部分常用否定形式，且問(wèn)句部分的動(dòng)詞常用be.What a cold day, isnt it? 18）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may, cant, 且表示推測(cè)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分不能用must, may, cant自身，應(yīng)和后面的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞保持一致； must/ may/ cant + do 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)，反意疑問(wèn)部分用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。He cant be Mr. Chen, is he?（相當(dāng)于I dont think he is Mr. Chen.）He must be very tired, isnt he?(相當(dāng)于：I believe he is very tired.) must/ may/ cant + have done +過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。You must have seen the film last week, didnt you?(相當(dāng)于：I think you saw the film last week.)It cant have snowed last week, did it?(相當(dāng)于：I dont think it snowed last week.) must/ may/ cant + have done , 反意疑問(wèn)部分常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。You may have been to Tibet, havent you?(相當(dāng)于：Maybe you have been to Tibet.)He cant have known the news, has he?(相當(dāng)于：I dont think he has known the news.)You must have waited for a long time, havent you?（相當(dāng)于：I think you have waited for a long time.）19）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞mustnt表示“禁止”時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用must.You mustnt walk on grass, must you? 20）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need, dare時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分有兩種形式：作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)保留自身；作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)借助于助動(dòng)詞do/does/did來(lái)完成。He needs to start at once, doesnt he?She dare not go out alone at night, dare she?21）、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞ought to時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分常用oughtnt (有時(shí)也可用shouldnt.)The child ought to be punished, oughtnt he?五、情景交際1、情景交際類(lèi)題目在語(yǔ)法填空中所占的比例很大，情景交際主要從以下三個(gè)角度命題： (1) 特定語(yǔ)境中的問(wèn)與答； (2)中、英語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣差異和文化背景差異；(3)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)寓于交際語(yǔ)境中。在具體的解題中要注意“四忌”： 一忌上詞下用。上詞下用指的是答句部分沿用了題干句子的重點(diǎn)詞、信息詞，按表層意思似乎合情合理，但往往為錯(cuò)誤的“虛像”，需經(jīng)進(jìn)一步分析后才能確定正確選項(xiàng)。典型的例子如用“I dont”應(yīng)答“Dont forget to e to my birthday party tomorrow”，用“Dont be sorry”回答“Im sorry I broke your mirror”，以及用“No thanks”回答“Thank you so much for your help.”避免“上詞下用”的誤區(qū)，一是確認(rèn)題目涉及的交際功能項(xiàng)目； 二是確認(rèn)句子上下文語(yǔ)境； 三是確認(rèn)正確的話(huà)語(yǔ)方式。二忌中文思維。與上詞下用比較，這一誤區(qū)更具迷惑力，因?yàn)闊o(wú)論按題目?jī)?nèi)容或是按思維方式來(lái)考慮，都非常符合中國(guó)學(xué)生的習(xí)慣。顯然，掌握英漢兩種語(yǔ)言和文化之間的相同和相異之處，對(duì)于準(zhǔn)確解題至關(guān)重要。學(xué)生解題失誤之一是按漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式和結(jié)構(gòu)去套英語(yǔ)，去選答案，這屬于語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的“負(fù)遷移”。 三忌直接回絕。這主要是指在對(duì)方要求得到幫助，提出請(qǐng)求或邀請(qǐng)時(shí)，回答過(guò)于直接，不夠委婉，盡管從語(yǔ)義角度分析是沒(méi)毛病的，但不符合英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的交際習(xí)慣。“請(qǐng)求”方面的問(wèn)話(huà)有May I？/Can I？/I wonder if I could/Do you mind if I？等；“邀請(qǐng)”方面 的問(wèn)話(huà)有Will you？/Would you like to？/Id like to invite you to等。在作否定回答時(shí)，為了表示禮貌和委婉，通常要用一些委婉詞，如but，Im afraid, Im sorry, thanks, please, had better等。四忌答非所問(wèn)。應(yīng)該說(shuō)答非所問(wèn)的錯(cuò)誤比較容易察覺(jué)，如果問(wèn)話(huà)與答話(huà)的內(nèi)容風(fēng)馬牛不相及的話(huà)，學(xué)生可以迅速排除。但有時(shí)雙方會(huì)話(huà)內(nèi)容有所關(guān)聯(lián)，但仔細(xì)推敲發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)答語(yǔ)并不切題。最典型的例子是With pleasure和Its a pleasure。2、常用交際用語(yǔ)1.常用于感謝的應(yīng)答用語(yǔ)有: You are wele. Dont mention it. It is my pleasure(My pleasure). Not at all. Thats all right. Im glad / happy that. Im glad you like/ enjoy it.等。2.常用于道歉的應(yīng)答用語(yǔ)有:Never mind. It doesnt matter. Not at all. Thats all right. That is nothing.等。3.常見(jiàn)的用于祝愿和祝賀的用語(yǔ)有: Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice time. Congratulations! Wish you a pleasant journey / success. Merry Christmas! Happy birthday to you.等。而應(yīng)答用語(yǔ)常有:Thank you. The same to you. You too.等。4.接受請(qǐng)求和邀請(qǐng)的應(yīng)答用語(yǔ)有:With pleasure. Id be happy/ glad to. No problem. Good idea.等。拒絕請(qǐng)求和邀請(qǐng)的應(yīng)答用語(yǔ)有:Sorry, but. Id rather you. Thank you, but.等。5.常見(jiàn)的打電話(huà)的用語(yǔ)有：Hello! May(Could) I speak to.? Is that.speaking? Hold on, please./Hold the line, please. Hello, who is it? Can I take a message for .? Hello, this is.speaking. Hello, .is speaking. I called to tell(ask) you.6.勸告和建議的常用語(yǔ)：Youd better(not).Shall we do sth./Why not do sth.?7.道歉、遺憾、同情和應(yīng)答的常用語(yǔ)：Im sorry./I apologize./I beg your pardon./Pardon me. Im sorry to hear that./Its a pity./What a shame!/Not at all./Thats all right./ It doesnt matter./Never mind./ Dont think any more about it.Heres your change._A. Thank you. B. Dont mention it. C. No problem. D. With pleasure.A。對(duì)于別人找的零錢(qián)，當(dāng)然是要感謝，所以要用thank you；做題時(shí)要明確這里change的意思為"零錢(qián)"。故A項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。B用于回答道謝或道歉；C、D用于回答求助?！靖呖颊骖}剖析】（xx全國(guó)II）6-Did you forget about my birthday?【C】-_Ive booked a table at Michels restaurant for this eveningAWhat then? BIm afraid soCHow could I? DFor sure（xx陜西卷）21We can give you a ride into town-_Thank you 【D】AYes, why not? BOh, it would be my pleasureCYes, please DOh, that would be great（xx四川卷）5How could you be so rude as to walk in here in the middle of my class?【C】_ANothing much BNothing seriousCNever again DNever mind（xx陜西）10. He must be helping the old man to water the flowers, ? A. is he B. isnt he C. must he D. mustnt he 【答案】B 考查反意疑問(wèn)句。陳述句中的謂語(yǔ)中雖有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must，但此處must表示對(duì)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行推測(cè)，將其不看作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。而must后有助動(dòng)詞be，故反意疑問(wèn)句根據(jù)助動(dòng)詞be來(lái)構(gòu)成，選B。（xx湖南）3. You and I could hardly work together, ?A. could you B. couldnt I C. couldnt we D. could we【答案】D 反義疑問(wèn)句的用法。根據(jù)陳述部分是肯定形式，疑問(wèn)部分用否定形式；反之。陳述部分中含有否定詞hardly，故疑問(wèn)部分用肯定形式，主語(yǔ)是you and I。故應(yīng)選D?！菊骖}練習(xí)】（09福建）1. For a moment nothing happened Then all shouting together. A. voices had e B. came voicesC. voices would e D. did voices e【答案】B 副詞then位于句首，且當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，句子用全部倒裝句，選B。（09湖南）2. Every evening after dinner, if not from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. A. being tiredB. tiring C. tired D. to be tired 【答案】C 省略句式。在if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句中還原應(yīng)為if am not tired from work，根據(jù)省略的原則，所以答案選C。（09湖南）3. You and I could hardly work together, ?A. could you B. couldnt I C. couldnt we D. could we【答案】D 反義疑問(wèn)句的用法。根據(jù)陳述部分是肯定形式，疑問(wèn)部分用否定形式；反之。陳述部分中含有否定詞hardly，故疑問(wèn)部分用肯定形式，主語(yǔ)是you and I。故應(yīng)選D。（09湖南）4. Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.A. are B. is C. have D. be【答案】B 主謂一致的用法。Either or. 連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，按就近原則來(lái)確定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)。One of your students 謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。（09江西）5. According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer _ a woman. A. than B. such C. so D. as 【答案】D 比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)，as . as , 注意句中的more than 只是修飾twice（09江西）6. It was _ he came bank from Africa that year _ he met the girl he would like to marry. A. when; then B. not; until C. not until; that D. only; when 【答案】C 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。根據(jù)It is that 結(jié)構(gòu)可知。（09江西）7. Some of you may have finished unit one. _ , you can go on to unit two. A. If you may B. If you do C. If not D. If so 【答案】D 省略句的用法。 If so = If you have done that / so（09海南）8. The puter was used in teaching. As a result, not only , but students became more interested in the lessons.A. saved was teachers energy B. was teachers energy savedC. teachers energy was saved D. was saved teachers energy【答案】B。 句意為：計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用于教學(xué)。結(jié)果，不僅教師節(jié)省能量，而且學(xué)生對(duì)課程更感興趣?？疾椤皀ot only.but also.”， 放在句首作狀語(yǔ)，句子則進(jìn)行部分倒裝。前一部分倒裝，后一部分不倒裝。（09山東）9. So sudden _that the enemy had no time to escape. A. did the attack B. the attack did C. was the attack D. the attack was 【答案】C 考查倒裝，so .that., such .that.的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中，若so, such 和與其所修飾的詞置于句首，實(shí)行部分倒裝，又sudden是形容詞，作表語(yǔ)，所以選C。（09陜西）10. He must be helping the old man to water the flowers, ? A. is he B. isnt he C. must he D. mustnt he 【答案】B 考查反意疑問(wèn)句。陳述句中的謂語(yǔ)中雖有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must，但此處must表示對(duì)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行推測(cè)，將其不看作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。而must后有助動(dòng)詞be，故反意疑問(wèn)句根據(jù)助動(dòng)詞be來(lái)構(gòu)成，選B。（09陜西）11. Little about her own safety, though she was in great danger herself.A. did Rose care B. Rose did care C. Rose does care D. does Rose care 【答案】A little是具有否定意義的詞，位于句首時(shí)句子用部分倒裝句，選A。（09四川）13. I wonder _ youll water this kind of flower. Every other day. A. how often B. how long C. how soon D. how much 【答案】A 相似疑問(wèn)詞的區(qū)別。根據(jù)答語(yǔ)Every other day可知對(duì)方問(wèn)的是多久澆一次這種花。how often問(wèn)頻率，符合題意。 （09四川）14. Not until I came home last night _ to bed. A. Mum did go B. did Mum go C. went Mum D. Mum went 【答案】B 倒裝語(yǔ)序的用法。not until 位于句首時(shí)要用半倒裝的句型，把助動(dòng)詞did提到主語(yǔ)Mum的前面。所以答案為：B （09四川）15. The teacher together with the students _ discussing Reading Skills that _ newly published in America. A. are; were B. is; were C. are; was D. is; was 【答案】D 考查主謂一致。A together with B作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與A的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致；第二空為定語(yǔ)從句that指代Reading Skills，由于Reading Skills是書(shū)名所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 （09重慶）16. Unsatisfied with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.A. thoughwasheB. thoughhewas C. hewasthoughD. washethough 【答案】B（09全國(guó)2卷）17. It is often that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.A. said B. to say C. saying D. being said【答案】A 固定句型（it is +V-ed +that從句）。（09江蘇）18.- Whats the matter with Della?- Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still _ A. hopes toB. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes for【答案】A（10安徽）27. It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village _ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner. A. where B. that C. when D. which答案：B. 考點(diǎn)：本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。解析：迷惑點(diǎn)在于強(qiáng)調(diào)部分中含有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that she had bought in the village。（10湖南）25. Johns success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work has made him what he is today.A. why B. when C. which D. that答案：D考點(diǎn)：考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。解析：題干為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為years of hard work，故選D項(xiàng)。（10全國(guó)）26. I have seldom seen my mother _ pleased with my progress as she is now .A. so B. very C. too D. rather答案：A句意：我很少看到媽媽像現(xiàn)在一樣為我的進(jìn)步如此開(kāi)心。解答：此題考察soas.的固定結(jié)構(gòu)，題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是as，譯為“像.一樣，正如.一樣”。因此選擇A。（10江蘇）31