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2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 新人教版.doc

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2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 新人教版.doc

2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 新人教版一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(1)由連詞if,unless,however等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間(條件、讓步)狀語從句,需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。However much advice you give him,he will do exactly what he wants.(2)安排或計(jì)劃要做的動(dòng)作(有時(shí)間狀語)限于begin,e,leave,go,arrive等一類動(dòng)詞。I arrive in Beijing at 300 pm. tomorrow.2一般過去時(shí)過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的行為,常與every day,often,sometimes等時(shí)間狀語連用。I used to play football when I was young.3一般將來時(shí)(1)willdo表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與一些表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用;或表示事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢(shì)。Fish will die without water.注意:臨時(shí)決定做某事,只能用此時(shí)態(tài)。The lights in the classroom are still on.Sorry,Ill go and turn them off.(2)be going todo表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。此外還表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象,對(duì)未來進(jìn)行推測(cè)。Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.(3)be about todo表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,意為“正要;很快,馬上”。后面一般不跟具體的時(shí)間狀語,但是可以由when連接一個(gè)并列句。We are about to leave.(4)be todo表示事先商定、安排或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情;還表示可能性、必要、責(zé)任、義務(wù)、禁止等。She is to get married next month.(5)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞(go,e,leave,start,arrive等),可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。Uncle Wang is ing.4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話人對(duì)主語的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等感情色彩,常與always,constantly,continually等副詞連用。She is always asking the same question.5現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或者還要延續(xù)下去,句中常有since,for,yet,already等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語。Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的過去某個(gè)階段正在做的事情。He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.7過去完成時(shí)(1)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或者從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here.(2)表示希望或打算的動(dòng)詞(如hope,want,expect,think,suppose,plan,mean,intend等)的過去完成時(shí),后接不定式to do時(shí),表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算,即“本來希望或打算做某事(但卻沒做)”。I had planned to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so.(3)用于下列特殊句型中:hardly/scarcely/barely had.done.when.;no sooner had.done.than.。從句中用一般過去時(shí),表示“剛剛就”。Hardly had I opened the door when he told me.It/That/This was the first/second.timethat從句。that從句要用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。It was the second time he had been out with her.8過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的觀點(diǎn)來預(yù)計(jì)以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),這種時(shí)態(tài)常用于賓語從句中,主句常是一般過去時(shí)。He always said that he would study hard at that time.二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法1不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰或難以說明時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.2當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者比起動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者來說更能引起人們的關(guān)注而需要加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.3含有雙賓語的句子,主動(dòng)句中的間接賓語或者直接賓語都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)中的主語,另一個(gè)保留不變。變?yōu)橹髡Z的若是主動(dòng)句中的直接賓語,間接賓語前則需加介詞to或for。The pianist gave the pupils(間接賓語) some advice (直接賓語)The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.4在主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中,動(dòng)詞make,have,let,see,watch,hear,feel等后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式不加to。但變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)后面的不定式都需加上to。The boss made them work ten hours a day.They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.三、注意事項(xiàng)1現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法注意點(diǎn)(1)狀態(tài)性動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。(2)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和副詞always,forever等連用時(shí),往往帶有一定的感情色彩,如贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)、不滿、抱怨等。2過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的未完成性、持續(xù)性,著眼于動(dòng)作的過程;一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成,即動(dòng)作發(fā)生過,且已結(jié)束,著眼于結(jié)果。She was writing a report last night and I dont know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在寫)She wrote a report last night.(表示昨晚寫了,并且寫好了)3語態(tài)(1)動(dòng)詞sell,write,read等與well,smoothly,easily等連用時(shí),說明主語內(nèi)在的“性能”、“特點(diǎn)”,用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。(2)表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞如smell,taste,feel,sound,look,prove等無被動(dòng)語態(tài),用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。(3)不及物動(dòng)詞及一些固定短語不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài):e up,run out,give out等。(4)以被動(dòng)的形式表主動(dòng)意義:有些動(dòng)詞devote,surprise,seat,hide,station,dress等,由于能接反身代詞,因此,可用被動(dòng)形式表主動(dòng)意義。時(shí)態(tài)答題技巧技巧1熟練掌握常見的固定句型在一些固定句型中,對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)有特別的規(guī)定,我們可以把這作為判斷時(shí)態(tài)的一個(gè)依據(jù)。如下面的常見句型:1This/It/That is the first/second/last.timethat.如主句中動(dòng)詞用is,則that從句中動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如主句中動(dòng)詞用was,則that從句動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。This is the first time I have visited China.這是我第一次參觀中國。It was the first time Id had visitors since Id moved to London.那是我搬到倫敦以后第一次有人來看我。2主句since 從句。在該句型中,主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),(若主句主語是it或表示時(shí)間的詞時(shí),還可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)),since從句常用一般過去時(shí)(偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的情況)。Cath hasnt phoned since she went to Berlin.Cath自從去了柏林還沒有打來過電話。It is three years since I joined the army.我參軍3年了。3It is (high) time that.在that從句中常用動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)或should do。Its time that we went to school.到我們上學(xué)的時(shí)間了。4It be.before.這種結(jié)構(gòu)意為“要時(shí)間才”或“在時(shí)間以后才”。若be動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí),則before從句中常用一般過去時(shí);若be動(dòng)詞用將來時(shí),則before從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。It will be a long time before we meet again.要過很久我們才能重逢。It was half a year before I heard from him.半年之后我才收到他的信。5hardly/scarcely.when.;no sooner.than.在這兩個(gè)句型中,when從句和than從句中常用一般過去時(shí),主句常用過去完成時(shí)。意為“一就”。No sooner had I left than he came.他一來我就離開了。6was/were about to do.when.在when從句中常用一般過去時(shí)。I was about to leave when he came.我正要離開這時(shí)他來了??碱}印證The book has been translated into thirty languages since it_on the market in 1973.(xx重慶,24)Ahad e Bhas eCcame Des答案C解析句意為:自從1973年上市以來,這本書已經(jīng)被翻譯成了30種語言。主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般過去時(shí),表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去。技巧2利用試題中提供的時(shí)間狀語確定時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)往往和一些特定的時(shí)間狀語連用。如:every., sometimes, at., on Sunday等常和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)連用;.ago, the other day, in xx, last week, just now等常和一般過去時(shí)連用;now, at present, at this time等常和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)連用;tomorrow, next week, in 時(shí)間段等常和一般將來時(shí)連用;by the end of last week, before I went there等常標(biāo)志著過去完成時(shí)。同時(shí)要注意,像副詞always, forever, constantly等常與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用,表示說話者的贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)、生氣等語氣??碱}印證Why do you know the pany so well?Oh,I_there for three years.A.worked B.would workC.had worked D.was working答案A解析有些考生認(rèn)為“for three years”是完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志,于是誤選C。其實(shí),過去完成時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前的情況,顯然與語境不符,因此正確答案為A。技巧3利用上下文語境推測(cè)時(shí)態(tài)很多試題中沒有時(shí)間狀語,但是我們可以從試題所提供的語言環(huán)境或上下文來推測(cè)出動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間或從雙方的交談中“捕捉”到時(shí)間點(diǎn),這就要求學(xué)生要有宏觀把握句子和分析句子的能力。考題印證Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No.I_the book,so I already knew the story.(xx安徽,28)Awas reading Bhad readCam reading Dhave read答案B解析句意為:你對(duì)這部電影的結(jié)局驚訝嗎?不,我已經(jīng)讀過這本書,早知道結(jié)局了。從上下文句意看,應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。技巧4利用時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)來把握時(shí)態(tài)若主句是一般過去時(shí),賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)常用與過去相關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)(表客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理的從句總用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí));若主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí),賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)不受主句的限制,可根據(jù)需要選用時(shí)態(tài)。在時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中,若主句為一般將來時(shí),從句往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來,或主句為過去時(shí),則從句也用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過去時(shí)。He said that he had helped Tom.他說他已經(jīng)幫過湯姆了。I think he is ill today.我認(rèn)為他今天病了。You will fail the test if you dont work hard.如果你學(xué)習(xí)不努力,你考試會(huì)不及格??碱}印證If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring,you_fresh watermelon in the fall.(xx浙江,5)Aeat Bwould eatChave eaten Dwill be eating答案D解析句意為:如果你春天播下西瓜種子,那么(整個(gè))秋天就會(huì)吃上新鮮的西瓜了。因?yàn)閺木溆昧艘话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí),那么主句就要用一般將來時(shí)。因in the fall在此句中意為“在整個(gè)秋天”,相當(dāng)于during the fall,強(qiáng)調(diào)了完整的時(shí)間段,故用will be eating將來進(jìn)行時(shí),表示在未來一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。語態(tài)答題技巧技巧1固定搭配法英語中有許多固定短語,如make use of, pay attention to, find fault with, take care of, take advantage of, keep pace with等,在試題中,常把短語中的名詞拿出來作句子的主語,剩下的動(dòng)詞作謂語動(dòng)詞,如果能夠看出它們構(gòu)成固定的短語動(dòng)詞,則問題迎刃而解。考題印證The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune_.(xx大綱全國,32)Ais made Bwould makeCwas to be made Dhad made答案C解析句意為:在澳大利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)黃金這件事情使成千上萬的人相信要發(fā)財(cái)了。thousands在此處指代成千上萬的人,由led的時(shí)態(tài)可知A項(xiàng)不符合句意;而had made為過去完成時(shí),發(fā)生在led動(dòng)作之前,不符合語境;would make應(yīng)該為would be made;故只有was to be made正確。技巧2習(xí)慣表達(dá)法在英語中有一些習(xí)慣表達(dá),它們往往用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義,如need/want/require/deserve doing need/want/require/deserve to be done,be worth doing.等,在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中,要注意歸納和總結(jié)。考題印證Would you please make up a topic worth_in tomorrows conference?Adiscussing Bto be discussedCto discussed Dbeing discussed答案A解析worth作后置定語,修飾the topic;worth后常用doing,主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。1Until we have discussed all the details,no decision _ about any new operations.Awill be made Bis madeCis being made Dhas been made答案A解析考查時(shí)態(tài)。 until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是將來的動(dòng)作,所以,主句用一般將來時(shí)。2In the past few years thousands of films _ all over the world.Ahave produced Bhave been producedCare producing Dare being produced答案B解析In the past few years為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志,主語“電影”和謂語動(dòng)詞“produce”為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以用完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。3Sorry.I would have e earlier,but I _that you were waiting.Adidnt know Bhadnt knownCdont know Dhavent known答案A解析考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意為:對(duì)不起,我該早來的,但是我不知道你一直在等我。前半部分用的是虛擬語氣,是對(duì)過去情況的虛擬,后半部分?jǐn)⑹龅氖且粋€(gè)事實(shí),意思是當(dāng)時(shí)我不知道你在等,所以用一般過去時(shí)。4Wed better take umbrellasIm sure it _ when we arrive in London;its always wet there at this time of year.Awill rain Bis rainingCwill be raining Dwould rain答案C解析考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的是將來的動(dòng)作,表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,用將來進(jìn)行時(shí),故選C。5Close the door of fear behind you,and you _ the door of faith open before you.(xx湖南,25)Asaw Bhave seenCwill see Dare seeing答案C解析句意為:關(guān)上你身后的懼怕之門,你就會(huì)看到信心之門在你面前敞開著。該句為:祈使句and陳述句。根據(jù)句意,陳述句謂語應(yīng)該用一般將來時(shí)態(tài)。6I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers_before my eyes.(xx新課標(biāo)全國,33)Aswim BswumCswam Dhad swum答案C解析句意為:整個(gè)下午我都在做數(shù)學(xué)題,眾多數(shù)字在我眼前晃來晃去。本題中的誤導(dǎo)信息是had been working on,這是過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),受其誤導(dǎo)易選D項(xiàng),但是這里應(yīng)用swam陳述過去的事實(shí),所以選C項(xiàng)。7Youve got your flat furnished,havent you?Yes.I _ some used furniture at the Sunday Market and it was a real bargain.Awill buy Bhave boughtChad bought Dbought答案D解析考查時(shí)態(tài)。由后面的was可以看出,買二手家具是過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作,所以用一般過去時(shí)。8In the weeks before the Academy Awards ceremony,movie reviewers make predictions about which movies and actors_.Ahave awarded Bwill awardCare awarded Dwill be awarded答案D解析考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。由make predictions可以看出,動(dòng)作還沒有發(fā)生,所以用將來時(shí),電影和演員是被獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的,所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài),故選D。9Look! Somebody_the sofa.Well,it wasnt me.I didnt do it.(xx江西,26)Ais cleaning Bwas cleaningChas cleaned Dhad cleaned答案C解析從后面的回答可以看出事情已經(jīng)完成了,前面一句是著重談對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。句意為:看,有人已經(jīng)清理了沙發(fā)。嗯,不是我,我沒有做。10Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?Im sorry,but by then I _ to Beijing.How about five?(xx陜西,24)Afly Bwill flyCwill be flying Dam flying答案C解析考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)問句中的two oclock和答句中的by then可知所填詞表示的動(dòng)作在當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行,用將來進(jìn)行時(shí),故選C。11It was a pity that when we got to the cinema,the movie _,so we saw only the end of t.Awas finishing Bhas just finishedCjust finished Dhad just finished答案A解析考查時(shí)態(tài)。由下文的so we saw only the end of it可以看出,我們到的時(shí)候電影還沒有放完,看到的是結(jié)尾,也就是說馬上要放映完了,所以用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來時(shí)。12She _ volleyball regularly for many years when she was young.Awas playing BplayedChas played Dhad played答案B解析考查時(shí)態(tài)。由后面的時(shí)間狀語when she was young來判斷,這是客觀的敘述過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作,所以應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí)。如果忽略了when she was young,僅僅從for many years判斷,就會(huì)誤選C。13Have you seen Tom recently?No.He _ for a software pany overseas.Aworked Bhad workedCis working Dwas working答案C解析考查時(shí)態(tài)。答語承前省略了標(biāo)志詞recently,所以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。14Next month a new road_in that part of the city.Ais built Bwill be builtCwill have built Dis being built答案B解析next month 與一般將來時(shí)連用,且句子的主語a new road 與 build之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故B項(xiàng)正確。15You are not allowed to go into the meeting room.A secret plan_there.Ais being discussedBis discussedCwas discussedDis discussing答案A解析句意為:你不被允許進(jìn)入會(huì)議室。一個(gè)秘密計(jì)劃正在被討論。應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

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