高級(jí)英語(yǔ)第六課馬克吐溫背景知識(shí)

(1 )HewasanAmerican humorist,satirist,lecturerandwriter. (2 )TwainismostnotedforhisnovelsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,whichhassincebeencalledtheGreatAmericanNovel,andtheAdventuresofTomSawyer.Heisalsoknownforhisquotations.Duringhislifetime,Twainbecameafriendtopresidents,artists,industrialistsandEuropeanroyalty.馬克吐溫(MarkTwain)(原名：SamuelLanghorneClemens) AlthoughMarkTwainswealthisnotmuch,hisgreathumor,witandreputation,knownasoneofthemostfamouspeopleintheUnitedStates,hasbeenhonouredasthe“Americanliterarygiant”,goodatwritingsatiricalnovels.HehasbeenhailedassecondLincolninthehistoryofAmericanliterature. IlikeMarkTwain-whodoesnotlikehim?EvenGod,willlovehim,givenhiswisdom,andhissoulinapainting.-HelenKeller 馬克吐溫的四大名著哈克貝利費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn湯姆索亞歷險(xiǎn)記 Adventures of Tom Sawyer敗壞了哈德萊堡的人 The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg苦行記 Roughing It ItisthestoryabouttheboyTomSawyer,wholivesinAmericainthefirsthalfofthe1 9 thcentury,andhiseverydaylifeandthemischiefhemakes. Itwaspublishedin1 8 7 6 . TheAdventuresofTomSawyerisregardedastheclassicstorydicpictingchildrenslivesinAmericaandhasbeenpopolarinthetime. Adventures of Tom Sawyer Itwaswrittenbeforethecivilwar,thedescriptionofthetownST.PetersburgistheminiatureAmericansocietyatthattimeinfact. Theadventuresofprotagonistssatirizedandcriticizedvulgarcustoms,hypocriticalAmericanreligiousritualsandinflexiblestaleschooleducation.Thenovelascheerfulasdescribesthechildrenfreeandlivelymind.TheadventuresofTomSawyerbecameoneofthegreatestliteraryworksandtheUnitedStatesgildedageofruralpastoral. Itdescribedthedecadentbourgeoislife-styleandthesinsofslaverybyachildsview.Avividsociallifescenesandwittyhumorwordsinthenovelmakethereadersloveit.Outstandingideologicalcontentanduniqueartisticcreativitymakeitamasterpiece. ItisviewedastheoriginofAmericanliterature. AmericanCivilWar1 8 6 1 .4 .1 2 1 8 6 5 .4 .9 EconomicSystem Labour Leader Propositionforwesternregion ResultNorth（UnitedStatesofAmerica）capitalisteconomy Workers AbrahamLincoln developcapitalisteconomylimitorevenbantheexpansionofslavery Wonabolishthes l a v e r ysystemSouth（theConfederateStatesofAmerica）plantation blackslaves generalLee Trytoextendt h e s l a v e r ysysteminthe westeventhecountry Failed TheCaliforniaGoldRush(1 8 4 8 1 8 5 5 ) BeganonJanuary2 4 ,1 8 4 8 ,whengoldwasdiscoveredbyJamesMarshallatSuttersMillinColoma,California. Newsofthediscoverysoonspread,resultinginsome3 0 0 ,0 0 0 men,women,andchildrencomingtoCaliforniafromtherestoftheUnitedStatesandabroad.ThentheGoldRushattractedtensofthousandsfromLatinAmerica,Europe,AustraliaandAsia. Gold,worthbillionsoftodaysdollarswasre-covered,whichleadtogreatwealthforafew. However,manyreturnedhomewithlittlemorethantheystartedwith. TheeffectsoftheGoldRushPositiveaboomtown lawssteamshipsrailroad s agovernmentagriculture Negative NativeAmericanswereattacked; Theypushedofftraditionallands; Goldminingcausedenvironmentalharm. lMarshall lMarshallwasthefirstpersonwhofoundgold,howeverhedidntrichintheAmerica-shakinggoldrushandwasstrapped.Laterhediedinthisshabbylittlehouse.Itisironic. TheGildedAge: TheGildedAge:ATaleofTodayisanovelbyMarkTwainandCharlesDudleyWarnerin1 8 7 3 . MarkTwainandCharlesDudleyWarnergotthenameTheGildedAgefromShakespearesKingJohn(1 5 9 5 ):Togildrefinedgold,topaintthelily.iswastefulandridiculousexcess. Throughthedescriptionofanentrepreneurandpolitician,itexposesthewesternspeculators,entrepreneursandgovernmentofficialsintheeasternpartwhichplunderedwealthofthestateandpeople. Afterwards,peopleusethegildedagetodescribetheAmericanhistoryfromtheendoftheCivilWartotheendofthe1 9 thcentury.