2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)二輪 語(yǔ)法非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞教案10.doc

2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)二輪 語(yǔ)法非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞教案10動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞，過(guò)去分詞）和動(dòng)名詞統(tǒng)稱為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞不定式、過(guò)去分詞及v-ing形式在句中均不能作謂語(yǔ)，所以叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞合為一大類叫作v + ing形式。這些動(dòng)詞的形式不能在句中單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)用，因而沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)。但可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)。由于沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)，也就不受人稱和數(shù)的限定，因?yàn)椴皇侵^語(yǔ)，也就沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，但這些詞仍能表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)，所以仍有表示與其他動(dòng)詞相對(duì)時(shí)間關(guān)系的形式。由于與其它詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，因此也有表示主、被動(dòng)的形式，同時(shí)也有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，一起構(gòu)成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式多樣，應(yīng)用廣泛，且在句中起著很活躍的作用，也是語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，學(xué)好非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，才能正確進(jìn)行口語(yǔ)和書面的交流。（一）動(dòng)詞不定式：動(dòng)詞不定式由“to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，如：to study, to play，動(dòng)詞不定式雖然不能作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用，但仍留著動(dòng)詞的特征，它可以帶有所需要的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。1. 動(dòng)詞不定式的形式變化：動(dòng)詞不定式有下列時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式變化。語(yǔ)態(tài)式一般式完成式進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式主 動(dòng)to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building被 動(dòng)to be buildto have been build2. 動(dòng)詞不定式的基本用法：動(dòng)詞不定式能起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用，可在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)用，如：（1）作主語(yǔ)：To help each other is good.（動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般可用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.（2）作表語(yǔ)：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 動(dòng)詞不定式在系動(dòng)詞be之后作表語(yǔ)，與表示將來(lái)時(shí)的be + 動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有所區(qū)別，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我們的計(jì)劃是給農(nóng)民子弟再成立一所中學(xué)。（句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為is，動(dòng)詞不定式to set up 為表語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)為plan，但plan并不是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)詞不定式 to set up所表示的動(dòng)作不是主語(yǔ)plan產(chǎn)生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我們將為農(nóng)民的子弟再成立一所中學(xué)。（句中的are to set up整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)為句中謂語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)為we，同時(shí)也是動(dòng)詞不定式to set up所表示的動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)詞不定式to set up所表示的動(dòng)作是由we產(chǎn)生的）。（3）作賓語(yǔ)： 作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，如：She wishes to be a musician.； 作某些形容詞的賓語(yǔ)：可以有動(dòng)詞不定式為賓語(yǔ)的形容詞一般有g(shù)lad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.； 動(dòng)詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，但動(dòng)詞不定式之前如有疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)，就可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? （4）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式須將to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.（5）動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ)，如帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，須先用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將該動(dòng)詞不定式后置，如：I dont think it right to do it that way. （6）作定語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，須位于被其修飾的名詞或代詞之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定語(yǔ)用的動(dòng)詞不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，不定式后面就要用必要的介詞，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way，不定式后面的介詞，習(xí)慣上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.（7）作狀語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞不定式可以作下列的狀語(yǔ)： 目的狀語(yǔ)： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或?yàn)榱耍珣?yīng)注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to （so as to） improve her English. 將表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可強(qiáng)調(diào)目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們活到親眼見(jiàn)到了他們家鄉(xiāng)的解放。 too + 形容詞或副詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式，表示“足能”的結(jié)果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.3. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式：由for + 名詞（或代詞賓格）+ 動(dòng)詞不定式即構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞不定式。其中for本身無(wú)意義。for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，這種不定式在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征時(shí)，就用介詞of而不用for引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，這些形容詞一般有g(shù)ood, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.4. 疑問(wèn)詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式：疑問(wèn)代詞和疑問(wèn)副詞后可加動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.5. 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式：動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是由not + 動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成，如：Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.6. 動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)形式所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系：（1）一般式：動(dòng)詞不定式一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，但在多數(shù)情況下，是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同時(shí)）；（2）完成式：動(dòng)詞不定式完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting.（3）進(jìn)行式：動(dòng)詞不定式進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中，而且與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.7. 動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法：如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般就用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，如：What is to be done next hasnt been decided yet.（二）動(dòng)詞-ing形式：動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。-ing形式仍保留有動(dòng)詞的特征，可以帶有其所需要的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成-ing短語(yǔ)。1. -ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動(dòng)詞的-ing還有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而不及物動(dòng)詞的-ing則沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在以及物動(dòng)詞make 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例，將其-ing各種形式列表如下：動(dòng)詞 語(yǔ)態(tài)形式及物動(dòng)詞make不及物動(dòng)詞go主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式makingbeing madegoing完成式having madehaving been madehaving gone2. -ing形式的基本用法。（1）作主語(yǔ)：Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。Talking is easier than doing. ing作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果其結(jié)構(gòu)較長(zhǎng)，可用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將作主語(yǔ)的-ing后置。如：It isnt much good writing to them again. Its no use waiting here.（2）作表語(yǔ)：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.（3）作賓語(yǔ)： 作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。She likes drawing very much； 作某些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York； do+限定詞（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示“做事”之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：Her sister is good at learning physics； 作形容詞worth, busy等的賓語(yǔ)：This book is well worth reading. ing作賓語(yǔ)帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用it作為形式賓語(yǔ)，而將作賓語(yǔ)的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?（4）作定語(yǔ)：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，如果-ing只是一個(gè)單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是-ing短語(yǔ)，就位于其修飾的名詞之后，-ing作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，被-ing所修飾的名詞就是該-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)。另外，-ing作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，其動(dòng)作和句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，如果不是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，就不能用-ing作定語(yǔ)，要使用定語(yǔ)從句，如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well. （5）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注：當(dāng)-ing在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用時(shí)，句中賓語(yǔ)就是這個(gè)-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)，可以帶有這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。（6）作狀語(yǔ)： 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分詞在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. 原因狀語(yǔ)：Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ)：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 3. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，一般在句中作時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ)用。句中的主語(yǔ)是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)，并且是它所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel. 4. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing一般式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行中的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，而且這個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作也是和句中謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的。它一般在句中作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.5. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，在句中一般作狀語(yǔ)用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.6. -ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在-ing前加物主代詞或名詞所有格即構(gòu)成-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中的物主代詞或名詞所有格為-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口語(yǔ)中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)如作賓語(yǔ)用，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞的賓格，名詞的所有格常用名詞的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peters （or Peter）going there first.7. -ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，表示一個(gè)比較抽象或泛指的動(dòng)作時(shí)多用-ing形式。表示一個(gè)具體某一次的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用動(dòng)詞不定式，如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today.8. -ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。-ing形式作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，其動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，而動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.9. -ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。（1）不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，如：I have told them to e again tomorrow.（2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，表示其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中，而用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)動(dòng)作的過(guò)程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在屋里唱過(guò)歌。10. -ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。-ing形式在句作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨情況，而動(dòng)詞不定式一般式在句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般是作目的或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.（三）過(guò)去分詞：1. 過(guò)去分詞的基本用法：過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式，也沒(méi)有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)被動(dòng)的或是已完成的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去分詞在句中也可用作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等成分。過(guò)去分詞在句中作某種成分時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為該分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，如：（1）作定語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果這個(gè)分詞是一個(gè)單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞短語(yǔ)，就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過(guò)去分詞所修飾的名詞，就是該分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.（2）作表語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句中的主語(yǔ)，如：The glass is broken.這個(gè)玻璃杯是破的。 注：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，和動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但兩者表達(dá)的意義不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.這個(gè)玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表語(yǔ)用的過(guò)去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, pleted, covered等。（3）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，句中的賓語(yǔ)就是其邏輯主語(yǔ)，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：動(dòng)詞have后的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)如為過(guò)去分詞，常表示該分詞所表示的動(dòng)作是由別人來(lái)執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語(yǔ)自己來(lái)執(zhí)行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找別人）把我的自行車給修了。（4）作狀語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般都是主句的主語(yǔ)，是過(guò)去分詞所表示意義的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。為了使作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞意義更加明確，常在分詞前加when, if, while, though, as等連詞，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)，是give的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。）獨(dú)立主格：上述-ing和過(guò)去分詞的用法中，-ing和過(guò)去分詞在句中均有邏輯主語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)它們也能有自己的獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)，這種獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)，一般為名詞或代詞，位于其前之前，和-ing或過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格。獨(dú)立主格在句中一般只作狀語(yǔ)用，而-ing和過(guò)去分詞作用的形式，則要根據(jù)它們所表示的動(dòng)作和句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系而定。至于獨(dú)立主格中是使用-ing或是過(guò)去分詞，則要根據(jù)它們的主語(yǔ)和其所表示的動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)關(guān)系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的being或having been?？墒∪ィ纾篢he meeting （being） over, all left the room. 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)?？捎脀ith短語(yǔ)來(lái)代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.2. -ing形式與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別：（1）語(yǔ)態(tài)不同：-ing形式表示主動(dòng)概念，及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演說(shuō)；the inspired audience受鼓舞的聽(tīng)眾。（2）時(shí)間關(guān)系不同：現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一般是正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作，而過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作，往往是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，如：The changing world正在發(fā)生的世界；the changed world已經(jīng)起了變化的世界。重難點(diǎn)剖析：1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _ a good college.A. enterB. to enter C. enteringD. entered陷阱：容易誤選A。有的同學(xué)一看到空格前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could 就斷定此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形 enter。分析：其實(shí)正確答案應(yīng)是B。此句為省略句，即在 could 后省略了動(dòng)詞 do，若把句子補(bǔ)完整應(yīng)為Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短語(yǔ)（to enter a good college）是用作目的狀語(yǔ)的，而不是與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（could）一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏搭愃评洌海?） They did what they could to fort her. 他們盡量安慰她。（2） They did everything they could to save her life. 他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。（3） He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命學(xué)習(xí)以便趕上他的同學(xué)。值得指出的是，這也并不是說(shuō)今后只要遇到類似結(jié)構(gòu)的題就一定選帶to不定式。請(qǐng)看以下試題：（4） He ran as fast as he could _ to catch the early bus.A. to hope B. hope C. hopingD. hoped此題的答案是 C不是A，其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。（5） He spent every minute he could _ spoken English.A. practiseB. to practice C. practising D. practised此題答案選 C，這與前面動(dòng)詞 spent 的搭配有關(guān)，即 spend （in） doing sth。若將此句補(bǔ)充完整，即為 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.（6） Before going abroad he devoted all he could _D_ his oral English.A. improve B. to improve C. improvingD. to improving此題答案選D，注意兩點(diǎn)：一是 devote to 是固定搭配，意為“把貢獻(xiàn)給”；二是其中的 to 是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞。2. He knows nothing about it, so he cant help _ any of your work. A. doing B. to do C. being doingD. to be done陷阱：容易誤選B，根據(jù) cant help doing sth 這一結(jié)構(gòu)推出。分析：其實(shí)答案應(yīng)選A。比較以下結(jié)構(gòu)：cant help to do sth = 不能幫助做某事cant help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事又如下面一題，答案也是 B：She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake.A cleaning B. to clean C. cleanedD. being cleaned再請(qǐng)看以下試題：While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need.A. to persuadeB. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded此題應(yīng)選C，句中的 cant help 意為“禁不住”（注意根據(jù)句意用被動(dòng)形式）。3. All her time _ experiments, she has no time for films.A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing陷阱：幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。分析：此題最佳答案為B?，F(xiàn)分析如下：（1） devote 意為“致力于，獻(xiàn)身于”，主要用 devoteto或be devoted to，其中的to 是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，不用不定式。（2） 選A錯(cuò)誤：若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。（3） 選B正確：all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，用作狀語(yǔ)。（4） 選C錯(cuò)誤：因?yàn)閍ll her time 與 devote 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)將devoting改為devoted。（5） 選D錯(cuò)誤：若單獨(dú)看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)，但問(wèn)題是逗號(hào)前后兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句沒(méi)有必要的連接方式，所以從整體上看仍不對(duì)，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，則可選D，或?qū)將中的is 改為 being也可選它。請(qǐng)做以下類似題（答案均選A）：（1） All the preparations for the project _, were ready to start. A. pletedB. have been pleted C. had been pletedD. been pleted（2） Such _ the case, I couldnt help but_ him.A. being, support B. was, support C. has been, supportingD. is, to support比較以下各題，答案選B，因?yàn)榫渲惺褂昧瞬⒘羞B詞and：（1） All the preparations for the project _, and were ready to start. A. pletedB. have been pleted C. had been pletedD. been pleted（2） Such _ the case, I couldnt help but_ him.A. being, support B. was, support C. has been, supportingD. is, to support4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make陷阱：容易誤選C，受題干中的逗號(hào)的影響，認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)在分詞表結(jié)果的用法。分析：其實(shí)答案應(yīng)選B，句中的逗號(hào)相當(dāng)于連詞 and 或 but，not to make it more difficult 是對(duì)逗號(hào)前的不定式 to make life easier 的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。此句的意思是“新技術(shù)的目的是為了使生活變得更容易，而不是使生活變得更困難”。兩個(gè)不定式同時(shí)用以說(shuō)明句子主語(yǔ) purpose 的內(nèi)容。請(qǐng)做以下類似試題（答案選B）：The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but _ work for young people. A. provide B. to provide C. providingD. provided5. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.A. to be tied B. being tied C. tied D. having tied陷阱：容易誤選B。分析：最佳答案為C。從意義上看，hands 與 tie 的關(guān)系應(yīng)屬被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故排除D。在A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選項(xiàng)A比較容易排除，因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ奖硎緦?lái)意義，在此與語(yǔ)境不符?，F(xiàn)將B和C作一比較：B為現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式，它表示兩層意義，一是表被動(dòng)，二是表進(jìn)行，也就是說(shuō) his hands being tied 的實(shí)際意思是“他的手正在被捆住”，這顯然與語(yǔ)境不符。而C為過(guò)去分詞，它也表示兩層意義，一是表被動(dòng)，二是表示動(dòng)詞的完成或完成后的狀態(tài)，此句中的 with his hands tied behind his back 可視為手被捆在背后的一種狀態(tài)。由此可知最佳答案為C。請(qǐng)看下面一題：Anyone _ trying to take knives on heard flights would be caught by the police. A. finds B. found C. being found D. will find答案選B而不選C，其中的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成。比較下面兩題，最佳答案是D不是A，現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)和進(jìn)行：（1） The court hears about 120 cases a year; visitors are wele to see a case _.A. argued B. to be argued C. to be arguingD. being argued（2）The silence of the library was sometimes broken by an occasional cough or by the sound of pages _.A. turnedB. having turned C. to be turned D. being turned6. Remind me _ the medicine tomorrow. A. of taking B. taking C. to take D. take陷阱：容易誤選A。受 remind sb of （doing） sth 這一常用結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。分析：最佳答案為C。比較以下三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：remind sb of about sth = 使某人想起某事remind sb of doing sth = 提醒某人做過(guò)某事（暗示動(dòng)作已發(fā)生）remind sb to do sth = 提醒某人去做某事（暗示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）請(qǐng)看兩個(gè)例句：I reminded him of his promise. 我提醒他做過(guò)的諾言。 My wife reminded me of seeing that film. 我妻子提醒我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)那部電影。Can you remind me to phone her tomorrow? 你明天能否提醒我給她打電話?7. Once your business bees international, _ constantly will be part of your life.A. you flyB. your flight C. flightD. flying陷阱：幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。分析： 最佳答案為D。由于空格后出現(xiàn)了constantly這一副詞，這就說(shuō)明不能選B或C，因?yàn)锽、C均為名詞，不能受副詞 constantly 的修飾。A和D均是可能的，因?yàn)槠渲杏袆?dòng)詞 fly。但若選A，you fly 是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，與其后的謂語(yǔ) will be 相沖突，所以只能選D，即動(dòng)名詞flying在此用作主語(yǔ)。8. Not only should you get used _ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention _ your work well. A. to work, to do B. to working, to doing C. to work, to doing D. to working, to do陷阱：容易誤選A，認(rèn)為兩個(gè)空白處均應(yīng)填不定式。分析： 正確答案為B，因?yàn)?get used to與pay attention to 這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的to均為介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，不能動(dòng)詞原形。類似地，以下各結(jié)構(gòu)中的 to 也是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)也應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞，而不是動(dòng)詞原形：look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事be opposed to doing sth 反對(duì)做某事object to doing sth反對(duì)做某事stick to doing sth 堅(jiān)持做某事get down to doing sth 開(kāi)始做某事take to doing sth 喜歡上做某事admit to doing 承認(rèn)做了某事pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事devote ones time to doing sth 把某人的時(shí)間用于（奉獻(xiàn)于）做某事be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能勝任做某事What do you say to doing sth 你認(rèn)為做某事怎么樣9. Both of my parents insisted _ a puter for me, but I dont think it is necessary.A. to buy B. buying C. on buying D. in buying陷阱：容易誤選B，誤認(rèn)為insist后不能接不定式，但可以接動(dòng)名詞。分析：答案應(yīng)選C。其實(shí)，動(dòng)詞 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接動(dòng)名詞，因?yàn)閕nsist 通常用作不及物動(dòng)詞；若語(yǔ)義上需接賓語(yǔ)，要借助介詞 on或upon，即用于 insist on upon （doing） sth；但它有時(shí)的確也可用作及物動(dòng)詞，不過(guò)其賓語(yǔ)通常只能是 that 從句，而不能是普通的名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞。如：He insisted on seeing her home. 他堅(jiān)持送她回家。I insisted that he （should） stay. 我堅(jiān)持要他留下。10. “Do you have anything more _, sir?” “No. You can have a rest or do something else.”A. typingB. to be typed C. typed D. to type陷阱：容易誤選D，根據(jù) have sth to do 這一常用結(jié)構(gòu)推出。分析：最佳答案是B。確實(shí)，在“have+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，用作定語(yǔ)的不定式通常用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義，如 I have some clothes to wash等，即盡管其中的 some clothes 與其后的不定式 to wash 具有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，但卻習(xí)慣上用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。但值得指出的是，這類句型的主語(yǔ)與其后的不定式具有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，如 I have some clothes to wash 中的 to wash 就是由該句主語(yǔ) I 來(lái)完成的。而上面一題的情形有所不同，即其中的 to type 這一動(dòng)作不是由句子主語(yǔ) you來(lái)完成的，而是由說(shuō)話者“我”來(lái)完成的。比較：Are you going to Shanghai? Do you have anything to take to your son? 你要去上海嗎？你有什么東西要帶給你兒子嗎？Im going to Shanghai next week. I have a lot of things to take with me. 下個(gè)星期我要去上海，我隨身要帶很多東西去。11. She took her son, ran out of the house, _ him in the car and drove quickly to the nearest doctors office. A. putB. to put C. puttingD. having put陷阱：容易誤選B或C，誤認(rèn)為這考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。分析：正確答案選A。句中的took, ran, put, drove 為四并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致。類似地如（答案選A）：I got out of the taxi, _ the fare and dashed into the station.A. paid B. paying C. to pay D. having paid但是，下面一題稍有不同：Hearing the news, he rushed out, _ the book _ on the table and disappeared into the distance. A. left; lain openB. leaving; lying open C. leaving; lie opened D. left; lay opened此題答案選B，leaving 在此表結(jié)果，lying open 與其前的動(dòng)詞leave有關(guān)，leave 后接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，表示使某人或某物處于做某事的狀態(tài)中。12. The boss insisted that every minute _ made full use of _ the work well.A. be, to do B. was, doing C. be, doing D. was, to do陷阱：容易誤選B。分析：其實(shí)正確答案是A。分析如下：（1） 第一空填 be，是因?yàn)閕nsisted 后接that從句，從句謂語(yǔ)要用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”這樣的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其中的should也可省略。（2） 第二空要填to do，是因?yàn)榇司渲^語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，假若將此句轉(zhuǎn)換成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，則是 should make full use of every minute to do the work well, 句中涉及 make use of to do sth （利用做某事）這一結(jié)構(gòu)。另外，還有 make the most of （盡量利用），make the best of （盡量利用）等短語(yǔ)也可能用于此類試題。請(qǐng)看以下類似例子：（1） The old professor told us every part of the materials should be made use of _ the power station.A. to build B. building C. build D. built此題答案選 A，不是 B。為便于理解，可先考慮以下結(jié)構(gòu)：make use of every part of the materials to build the power station由此可見(jiàn)，make use of 的賓語(yǔ)是 every part of the materials，其后的不定式 to build the power station 為目的狀語(yǔ)。（2） Does the way you thought of _ the water clean make any sense?A. making B. to make C. how to make D. having made13. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry outD. to carry out陷阱：幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。 分析：答案選A。此句結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，現(xiàn)分析如下：（1） that they would like to see _ the next year 是修飾名詞 the plan 的定語(yǔ)從句。（2） 由于 the plan 與空格處的 carry out 有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填過(guò)去分詞 carried out。請(qǐng)做以下類似試題：（1） Who do you think youd like _ with you, a boy or a girl?A. to have goB. to have to go C. to have goneD. having to go在確定答案之前，我們先來(lái)看看下面這個(gè)句子：I think Id like to have a boy go with me. 句中的 go 要用原形，這是因?yàn)槠淝坝斜硎臼挂鄣膭?dòng)詞have。在此句中，假若對(duì)名詞a boy 提問(wèn)，便可得出：Who do you think youd like to have go with you?對(duì)照上面一題，答案很顯然是A。（2） Who did the boss _ his car this time?A. make washB. make to wash C. make washingD. making to wash在做此題之前，也請(qǐng)先看看下面這個(gè)句子：The boss made Jack wash his car this time.假若對(duì)句中的名詞Jack 提問(wèn)，便可得出：Who did the boss make wash his car this time?由此可知上面題答案為A。（3） You can never imagine what great difficulty I had _ your house all by myself.A. foundB. finding C. to findD. for finding此題答案選B。考查的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是 have great difficulty （in） doing sth。14. How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward _ at last.A. to has e B. to have e C. to having e D. has e陷阱：幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。分析：其實(shí)正確答案是A。大家知道，短語(yǔ) look forward to意為“盼望”，其中的 to 是介詞，而不是不定式符號(hào)，所以后接動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)名詞，許多同學(xué)據(jù)此便選擇了C。但問(wèn)題是，句中介詞 to 的賓語(yǔ)不是have e，而是the holiday。正解的句子分析是：the holiday為句子主語(yǔ)，we have been looking forward to 是修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句（介