中西文化比較宇宙觀

Lines and Circles: A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures 環(huán)性與線性 中西文化比較 (Part I) This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies (Oxford University Press), The Quest (An American philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal). Lines and Circles: A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies (Oxford University Press), The Quest (An American philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal). Lines and Circles: A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures 該講座以本人的一篇同名論文為基準(zhǔn)。這篇論 文的英文版及中文版曾先后發(fā)表或轉(zhuǎn)載于英國劍橋 大學(xué)出版社的 今日英語 、英國牛津大學(xué)出版社 的 亞洲研究 、美國哲學(xué)刊物 求索 及中國刊 物 社會科學(xué) 。 環(huán)性與線性 中西文化比較 左 飚 A Risky and Controversial Topic. 這是一個容易引起爭議的話題 Culture is a pervasive concept. 文化是一個極為寬泛的概念。 Culture is a dynamic process. 文化是一個動態(tài)的過程。 Cultural difference is relative. 文化差異是相對的。 w What is culture? 文化的定義 What is culture? Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Edward Tylor (1871) (a British anthropologist) 文化是一個錯綜復(fù)雜的整體，它包括知識、 信仰、藝術(shù)、法律、道德、習(xí)俗以及 作為社會 成員的人所獲得的 其他一切能力和習(xí)慣。 愛德華 泰勒 (1871) 英國人類學(xué)家 Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values. Culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning elements of future action. Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (two American anthropologists, 1961） What is culture? 文化是由通過符號所獲得并傳播的顯性及隱 性行為模式所構(gòu)成，這種行為模式形成 人類 群體的特征 ，包括它們在人工制品中的體現(xiàn)； 文化的核心部分是傳統(tǒng)的（源于歷史并經(jīng)歷 史選擇的）觀念，尤其是價值觀。文化系統(tǒng)， 一方面可被視為人們行為的產(chǎn)品，另一方面 又可被看作是規(guī)約未來行為的條件。 克洛依伯、克勒克荷恩 美國人類學(xué)家 文化的定義 What is Culture? Culture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate behavior. J. P. Spradley (Psychologist) 文化是 后天獲得的知識 ， 人們 用這種知 識來解釋以往的經(jīng)驗，生成未來的行為。 斯普拉德萊（心理學(xué)家） What is Culture? Culture refers to the total pattern of human learned behavior transmitted from generation to generation. Salzmann (Sociologist) 文化是指 人們學(xué)得的行為 的總體模式， 這種行為模式代代相傳 。 薩爾斯曼（社會學(xué)家） What is culture? Culture is the total range of activities and ideas of a group of people with shared traditions which are transmitted and reinforced by members of the group. CED 文化是具有共同傳統(tǒng)的 群體 的活動和觀念的總 和，這些傳統(tǒng)為這一群體的成員加以傳播并加 強。 劍橋英語詞典 Culture is the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action and artifacts. Culture is a complex of typical behavior or standardized social characteristics peculiar to a specific group. WNID 文化是 人類 行為及其產(chǎn)品的總和，表現(xiàn)為思想、 言論、行動及制成物品。 文化是 某一群體 所特有的典型行為或規(guī)范化的 社會特征的綜合。 韋氏新國際詞典 Characteristics of Culture 文化的特征 Characteristics of Culture Non-natural （非自然性） Non-individual （非個人性） Non-innate （非先天性） Regional and trans-regional （地域性與超地域性） Epochal and trans-epochal （時代性與超時代性） Essentials of Culture External （外在文化 / 有形文化） *behavior language, gestures, customs 行為 語言、手勢、習(xí)俗等 *products literature, art, music, artifacts 產(chǎn)品 文學(xué)、藝術(shù)、音樂、人工制品、建 筑等 Internal （內(nèi)核文化 / 無形文化） *ideas beliefs, values, morals 觀念 信仰、價值觀、道德觀等 Essentials of Culture 文化的要素 Essentials of Culture Dead （死文化 ） *products (achievements) literature, art, music, artifacts, architecture 產(chǎn)品 文學(xué)、藝術(shù)、音樂、人工制品、建 筑等 Living （活文化 ） *ideas beliefs, values, morals 觀念 信仰、價值觀、道德觀等 *behavior language, gestures, customs 行為 語言、手勢、習(xí)俗等 Layers of Culture 文化的層次 產(chǎn)品 /符號 Products/Symbols Behaviors 行為 Values 價值觀念 Assumptions 對宇宙、 人性的基本看法 Layers of Culture Cultures: Universality and Individuality 文化的共性與個性 Commonality of human nature 人性趨同 Penetrativeness and fusibility 滲透性及可融性 Accumulation and tradition 積淀與傳統(tǒng) Linearity and Circularity 線性與環(huán)性 Contrast in respect of : Worldview （宇宙觀） Core values （核心價值觀） Outlook on time （時間觀） Modes of thinking （思維模式） Linguistic expression （語言表達(dá)） Outlook on Arts (藝術(shù)觀 ) How is the world observed and viewed in both cultures? 在中西兩種文化中 人們是怎樣看待世界的？ Man and Nature 人 與 自 然 1. Worldview 宇宙觀 Linear division and circular enclosure （線分環(huán)合） Western: one dividing into two (一分為二 ) Chinese: two combining into one (合二為一 ) Opposites: Western: independence and opposition Chinese: interdependence and integration 西方文化呈線性，人與自然、凡與神均一分為二，界線 分明，強調(diào)二元的并存與對立； 中國文化呈環(huán)性，人與自然、凡與神均合而為一，環(huán)抱 涵容，注重二元的依存和統(tǒng)一。 Western Linear division (線分 ) One dividing into two (一分為二 ) Ancient Greek Philosophers 古希臘哲學(xué)家 Thales泰勒斯 （ 624 547 BC） Heracleitus赫拉克利特 （ 540 480 BC） Plato柏拉圖 （ 427 347 BC） Linear dividing philosophy Thales, the first Greek philosopher 泰勒斯 古希臘第一位哲學(xué)家 Element Vs. Soul (元素與靈魂） Heracleitus, one of the founders of dialectics 赫拉克利特 辯證法的奠基人 Material Vs. Spirit （物質(zhì)與精神） Plato 柏拉圖 The development of western philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato. - Whitehead 西方哲學(xué)的發(fā)展是對柏拉圖的 一系列腳注。 懷海德 Plato 柏拉圖 Platos distinction between the sensible world and the ideal world 柏拉圖關(guān)于感覺世界與理念世 界的區(qū)分 Platos Theory of Forms contrasts reality with phenomena; soul with body; knowledge with opinion; reason with sensation; and rationality with emotion. 柏拉圖的理念論把實在和現(xiàn)象、 靈魂和肉體、知識和意見、理性 和感覺、理智和激情相對應(yīng)。 Modern Philosophers 西方近現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)家 Descartes笛卡爾 (1596 1650) Kant康德 (1724 1804) Russell羅素 (1872 1970) Philosopher: Descartes （ French) Substance dualism （實體二元論） : matter vs. mind （物質(zhì)與心靈） Descartes divided the world into extended substance (matter) and thinking substance (mind), and these two have mutually incompatible properties. Accordingly the soul is entirely distinct from the body. 笛卡爾把世界劃分為 廣延的實體 (物質(zhì) )和 能思維的實體 (心靈 )， 這兩種實體的性質(zhì) 是不相容的。因此， 靈魂 與 身體 是截然區(qū) 分的。 Kant （康德 , German ） Phenomenal world vs. noumenal world（現(xiàn)象 世界與本體世界） Russell （羅素 , British） Causal dualism （因果二元論） : physical causal laws vs. psychological causal laws （物理因果律與心理因果律） Christianity and Bible Christianity: God and Man God creates Man and Man sins against God. 基督教：上帝創(chuàng)造人，人違抗 上帝而犯罪。 God occupies a dominant position. Theme of Bible: Human redemption 圣經(jīng)主題：人的靈魂拯救 West: linear division Scientist: Archemedes （阿基米德 , 287212 BC ） Give me but one firm spot on which to stand, and I will move the earth. 只要給我一個穩(wěn)固的立足點， 我就能移動地球。 Chinese circular enclosure（環(huán)合） Two combining into one (合二為一 ) Tao consists in Yin and Yang. The Book of Changes (600 BC) 易經(jīng) ：一陰一陽之謂道。 Chinese: circular enclosure Philosophical Concept: Tao （道） Tao gave birth to the One; the One gave birth successively to two things, three things, up to ten thousand. These ten thousand creatures cannot turn their backs to the shade (Yin) without having the sun (Yang) on their bellies, and it is this blending of the breaths (Yin and Yang) that their harmony depends. Translated by Arthur Waley 老子 ： 道生一，一生二，二生三， 三生萬物。萬物負(fù)陰而抱陽 ,沖氣以 為和。 道德經(jīng) 第 42章 Lao Tzu （ 571- 471 BC) 天地與我并生，而萬 物與我為一。 Heaven and earth co- exist with me, and I am identified with everything in the universe. 莊子 （ 369 286 BC） Tao is ubiquitous, eternal and inexplicable. 道的普遍性、永恒性和 深奧性 天人合一 天人感應(yīng) 天地之氣，合而為一，分為陰陽， 判為四時，列為五行。 The energy of heaven and earth are a unified one. It consists in Yin and Yang and manifests itself in four seasons and five elements. Gardener Murphy 董仲舒 179 104 BC 天亦有喜怒之氣，哀樂之心。 以類合之，天人一也。 Heaven also has feelings like delight and anger, joy and sorrow. Heaven and Man can be classified under the same category. Chinese Circularity： Idioms 天人感應(yīng) Heaven and Man interact with each other. / Natural phenomena and human affairs find response in each other. 天理人情 The law of nature and feeling of Man are in unison. Chinese Circularity： Idioms 天從人愿 Heaven accords with human wishes. 天怒人怨 Nature is angry while people resentful. 天意人緣 Heavens will brings about human affinity. 天與人歸 Nature and Man turn to one. Chinese Circularity: Literature Poetic lines: 花迎喜氣皆知笑，鳥識歡心 亦解歌。 王維 Flowers smile on the happy occasion; Birds sing with the joyful congregation. Chinese Circularity: Literature Poetic lines: 高樹多悲風(fēng)，海水揚其波。 曹植 Trees sway in a mournful gale; Waves surge like hill and dale. Poetic lines 山河破碎風(fēng)拋絮，身世浮沉雨 打萍。 文天祥 Catkins scattered by wind, My motherland is being disintegrated; Rain striking duckweed, I sink against the tide, broken-hearted. Chinese: circular enclosure Philosophy: Tao (Yin and Yang) Lao-tzu, Chuang-tzu, Dong Zhongshu Idioms 天人感應(yīng)，天理人情，天從人愿， 天怒人怨，天意人緣，天與人歸 Literature (Poetic lines) 王維、曹植、文天祥 The Advantages of Each Worldview The one-dividing-into-two linear worldview contributes to the development of science and technology in exploring nature and to Mans survival through his struggle against nature. The two-combining-into-one circular worldview facilitates the development of ethics in transforming society and benefits Mans survival in seeking harmony with nature. 兩種宇宙觀各有優(yōu)勢 一分為二的線性宇宙觀強調(diào)二元的并存與 對立，有利于發(fā)展科技探索自然，在與天奮斗 中求生存；合而為一的環(huán)性宇宙觀 注重二元的 依存和統(tǒng)一 ，有利于發(fā)展倫理改革社會，在天 人和諧中求生存。 1. Worldview 宇宙觀 Linear division and circular enclosure （線分環(huán)合） Western: one dividing into two (一分為二 ) Chinese: two combining into one (合二為一 ) Opposites: Western: independence and opposition Chinese: interdependence and integration 西方文化呈線性，人與自然、凡與神均一分為二，界線 分明，強調(diào)二元的并存與對立； 中國文化呈環(huán)性，人與自然、凡與神均合而為一，環(huán)抱 涵容，注重二元的依存和統(tǒng)一。