文學(xué)的寫(xiě)實(shí)主義與自然主義RealismandNaturalism

文學(xué)的 寫(xiě)實(shí)主義 與 自然主義Realism and Naturalism in Literature董 崇 選中山醫(yī)大應(yīng)用外語(yǔ)系教授懂更懂學(xué)習(xí)英文網(wǎng)站負(fù)責(zé)人網(wǎng)址：http:/dgdel.nchu.edu.tw I. 何謂 Realism? Portrayal of life with fidelity (逼真描寫(xiě)人生) or truthful representation of reality (忠實(shí)再現(xiàn)實(shí)體) Depiction (描寫(xiě)) of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment (修飾) or interpretation (詮釋), and without personal bias (偏見(jiàn)). A mid-19th Century movement following Romanticism. Champfleurys “Le Ralisme” II. 何謂 Naturalism?原哲學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)指 materialism, Epicureanism (享樂(lè)主義), secularism (世俗主義), etc.後指 belief that every existing thing is a part of nature and thus can be explained by natural and material causes. An extreme form of Realism. Zolas Le Roman exprimental (The Experimental Novel ) III. 兩主義之同與異：1. Method: inductive, observational, and hence objective (歸納、觀察、客觀) 觀察分析 a slice of life (人生的切片)2. Implications: a. material determinism (物質(zhì)決定論) b. all-inclusiveness of subject matter (題材全包) 強(qiáng)調(diào) heredity (遺傳) he must abandon the subjective line; he must know that dung heaps play a very respectable part in a landscape, and that evil passions are as inherent in life as good ones.” -Chekhov “Even the most artful of writers will give himself (and his morality) away in about every third sentence.” -Conrad VI. 兩個(gè)寫(xiě)實(shí)方向：1. Social realism: 講究 accuracy of external detail (外在細(xì)節(jié)) Towards Marxism (馬克斯主義)2. Psychological realism: 注意 complexity of the inner workings of the mind (心靈內(nèi)部作用之複雜性) Towards the “stream of consciousness” technique (意識(shí)流技巧) VII. 代表作家與作品: France: Balzac: Pre Goriot (高老爹) in La Comdie Humaine (90多個(gè)故事) Flaubert: Madame Bovary (包法利夫人) Dumas, fils (小仲馬): LaDame aux Camlias (茶花女) Maupassant: “The Necklace” (項(xiàng)鍊) Zola: Thrse Raquin, the Rougon-Macquart novels (20冊(cè)) Stendhal: Le rough et le noir (The Red and the Black, 紅與黑) VII. 代表作家與作品: England: Dickens: David Copperfield (塊肉餘生錄), Oliver Twist (孤雛淚), Hard Times (艱硬的時(shí)代), A Tale of Two Cities (雙城記) Thackeray: Vanity Fair (浮華世界) George Eliot: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner Hardy: The Return of the Native, Tess of the DUrbervilles (黛絲姑娘), The Mayor of Casterbridge, Jude the Obscure Shaw: Pygmalion (電影 My Fair Lady窈窕淑女), Joyce: The Dubliners, Ulysses VII.代表作家與作品: Russia: Gogol 果戈里: “The Cloak” (大衣), Dead Souls Turgenev 屠格涅夫: Fathers and Children Tolstoy托 爾斯泰: War and Peace, Anna Kerenina Dostoevsky 朵斯妥也夫斯基: Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov Gorky 高爾基: The Lower Depths Chekhov 契柯夫: The Cherry Orchard VII. 代表作家與作品: Germany: Hauptmann: The Weavers - Scandinavia: 挪威 與 瑞典 Ibsen 易卜生: A Dolls House (娃娃之家), Hedda Gabler, Ghosts Strindberg 史特林保: Miss Julie (朱莉小姐) VII. 代表作家與作品: America: Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham Anderson: Winesberg, Ohio (小城故事) Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath (憤怒的葡萄) Dreiser: Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy Mark Twain: Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn (頑童歷險(xiǎn)記) Henry James: The Portrait of a Lady, The Ambassadors, Daisy Miller VIII. Conclusion: There has been realism of all sorts since the year dot. (自古就有各種寫(xiě)實(shí)) Realism is often hardly differentiated from naturalism. (寫(xiě)實(shí)主義與自然主義很難分辨) Realism or naturalism is best expressed in the novel and the drama. (小說(shuō)與戲劇為主) Realism or naturalism has spread from Europe to America and other parts of the world. (兩主義已推展至全世界)