高中英語(yǔ) Unit17 Laughter Section Ⅴ 單元語(yǔ)法突破課件 北師大版選修6

語(yǔ)法指南一二三本單元的語(yǔ)法是句子的時(shí)態(tài):一、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí);二、一般時(shí)態(tài)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來時(shí));三、進(jìn)行時(shí)(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí)) 語(yǔ)法指南一二三一、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(Past perfect continuous tense)(一)結(jié)構(gòu)形式過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“had been+動(dòng)詞-ing形式”構(gòu)成,因此無人稱變化。(二)用法歸納1.表示過去某一時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始,一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間。和過去完成時(shí)一樣,過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也必須以一過去時(shí)間為前提。過去時(shí)間可用一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示:I had been looking for it for days before I found it.這東西我找了好多天才找著的。They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他們只等了一會(huì)兒車就來了。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三2.但在更多情況下過去時(shí)間由另一句子表示出來,毋需加上時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):Her eyes were red.It was obvious that she had been crying.她眼睛紅紅的,顯然她一直在哭。Jane was annoyed.Peter had been phoning her every night.簡(jiǎn)很不高興。彼得一直每晚給她打電話。3.表示反復(fù)的動(dòng)作。He had been mentioning your name to me.他過去多次向我提到過你的名字。4.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句。I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.我剛看了幾分鐘他就進(jìn)來了。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三二、一般時(shí)態(tài)一般過去時(shí)(Simple past tense)(一)基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過去式+其他(二)用法歸納1.一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,也可以表示過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。一般過去時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,只說明過去的事情。I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨,我跟朱莉婭說了幾句話。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)判斷方法:句子中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是用一般過去時(shí)還是用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),取決于動(dòng)作是否對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。Have you had your lunch?你吃過午飯了嗎?(關(guān)心的是現(xiàn)在還餓不餓。)Yes,I have.是的,我已經(jīng)吃過了。(表示已經(jīng)吃飽了,不想再吃了。)When did you have it?你是什么時(shí)候吃的?(關(guān)心的是吃的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在何時(shí)。)2.句子中帶有確定的過去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),要用過去時(shí)。如:yesterday,two days ago,last year,the other day,once upon a time,just now,when I was 8 years old,“at+一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”等。Did you have a party the other day? 前幾天你們開晚會(huì)了嗎? 語(yǔ)法指南一二三3.表示過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),要用過去時(shí)。這種情況下,往往沒有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),而通過上下文來表示。The boy opened his eyes for a moment,looked at the captain,and then died.那男孩把眼睛張開了一會(huì)兒,看看船長(zhǎng),然后就去世了。4.表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。常與always,never等連用。I never drank wine.我以前從不喝酒。(不涉及現(xiàn)在,不說明現(xiàn)在是否喝酒)可以與always等搭配的時(shí)態(tài)有:一般過去時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)及過去進(jìn)行時(shí):Mrs Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太過去老是帶著一把傘。 (只是說明她過去的動(dòng)作,不表明她現(xiàn)在是否常帶著傘) 語(yǔ)法指南一二三Mrs Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是帶著傘。(說明這是她的習(xí)慣,表明她現(xiàn)在仍然還習(xí)慣總帶著一把傘)Mrs Peter was always carrying an umbrella.彼得太太過去總是帶著一把傘。(表示說話者對(duì)這一動(dòng)作或行為的厭煩情緒) 語(yǔ)法指南一二三5.有些句子,雖然沒有表示過去確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但實(shí)際上是指過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的話,也要用過去時(shí),這一點(diǎn)要特別注意。I didnt know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。(因?yàn)樵谡f話時(shí),我已經(jīng)知道你在巴黎了。這句話指的是說話之前,所以只能用過去時(shí)表示。實(shí)際上,這句話暗指:But now I know you are here.)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(Simple present tense)(一)基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞一般形式+其他 語(yǔ)法指南一二三(二)用法歸納1.表示習(xí)慣性或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)(常與usually,always,seldom,sometimes,often,frequently,every day/week/month.等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用)。He often goes to school at seven.他常常7點(diǎn)鐘上學(xué)。Why are you often late for work?你為什么經(jīng)常上班遲到?2.表示主語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在的特征、性格、狀態(tài)、能力等。She studies English very hard.她努力學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。Can you speak Japanese?你會(huì)說日語(yǔ)嗎? 語(yǔ)法指南一二三3.表示客觀規(guī)律、正確事實(shí)或科學(xué)真理、格言以及其他不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在。The sun rises in the east.太陽(yáng)從東方升起。The earth moves round the sun.地球圍繞著太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行。4.由連詞if,unless,before,as soon as,when,once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間(條件、讓步)狀語(yǔ)從句,需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。What are you going to do when you grow up?你長(zhǎng)大后準(zhǔn)備做什么?Once he makes up his mind,no one can stop him.一旦他下定了決心,沒有人能攔住他。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三5.安排或計(jì)劃要做的動(dòng)作(有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))限于begin,come,leave,go,arrive,open,start,stop,close,return等動(dòng)詞。The train starts at eight oclock in the evening.火車晚上8點(diǎn)鐘發(fā)車。6.在某些以here,there開頭的句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),動(dòng)詞表示的是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Here comes the bus!(=The bus is coming!)公共汽車來了! 語(yǔ)法指南一二三一般將來時(shí)(Simple future tense)(一)基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)+will+動(dòng)詞原形+其他(二)用法歸納在表示現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)或事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢(shì)時(shí)常用一般將來時(shí)。Tom will come back next week.湯姆下周回來。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三將來時(shí)態(tài)的多種表達(dá)法1.“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”多表示“計(jì)劃、打算要做某事”,此外,還表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象,對(duì)未來進(jìn)行推斷。Im going to finish my work on time.我打算準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成工作。Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看這烏云,要下雨了。2.“be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示立即的將來,很少與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但可以和when連用。The train is about to start.火車就要開了。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三3.有些動(dòng)詞如come,go,stay,arrive,leave,begin,start等,其一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。Im coming.我馬上來。4.be to+動(dòng)詞原形表計(jì)劃、安排He is to be married next month.他下個(gè)月結(jié)婚。表應(yīng)該You are to call the police.你該報(bào)警。表禁止Youre not to smoke in the room.你不可以在房?jī)?nèi)吸煙。表可能The news is to be found in the evening paper. 這條消息可能在晚報(bào)上見到。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三三、進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(Present continuous tense)(一)基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)+is/are+v.-ing+其他(二)用法歸納1.表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作They are playing basketball on the sports ground.他們正在操場(chǎng)上打籃球。2.表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(說話時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行)You look lovely when youre smiling.你笑的時(shí)候很好看。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三3.表示說話人對(duì)主語(yǔ)的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡(常與always,constantly,continually等副詞連用)He is constantly leaving his things about.他老是亂扔?xùn)|西。4.get,turn,grow,become等系動(dòng)詞,可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在逐漸發(fā)生變化Its getting warmer and warmer.天氣正漸漸變暖。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(Past continuous tense)(一)基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)+was/were+v.-ing+其他(二)用法歸納1.表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。這一特定的過去時(shí)間,除有上下文暗示外,一般和特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用I was watching TV at 8 last night when my parents came back.昨晚八點(diǎn)我父母回來時(shí),我正在看電視。2.可用來描寫故事的背景It was winter.The north wind was blowing hard and a heavy snow was falling.那是冬天,北風(fēng)呼嘯,大雪紛飛。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三3.可用在復(fù)合句中1)兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作在過去同時(shí)進(jìn)行,均用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。While he was driving,he was thinking about this matter.他一邊開車,一邊思考這個(gè)問題。2)兩個(gè)一長(zhǎng)一短的動(dòng)作在過去某時(shí)同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。He was drawing when I left.我離開時(shí)他正在畫畫。 語(yǔ)法指南一二三4.不與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,表示逐漸地發(fā)展。It was getting dark.天漸漸黑了。5.動(dòng)詞go,come,start,leave等的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示過去即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。He told me that they were starting the next day.他告訴我說他們第二天就走。He was coming to see me,but unfortunately he was ill.他打算來看我,不幸卻生病了。