《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教程》4-5講ppt.ppt

Lecture 4 Noun and Noun Phrase p.p. 39-52 Introduction The noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. It is the noun head that determines the way the noun phrase is organized. 名詞詞組的結(jié)構(gòu) （限定詞） +（前置修飾語(yǔ)） + 名詞 +（后置修飾語(yǔ)） a most lovely little boy in red at play a most lovely little boy living next door a most lovely little boy whose mother is a doctor I. Classification of nouns and function of noun phrases 1. Classification on nouns (p. 39) 類 別 定 義 例 詞 按 構(gòu) 詞 法 簡(jiǎn)單名詞 包含一個(gè)自由詞素的名詞 man, chair, land, ship 復(fù)合名詞 由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上自由詞 armchair, farmland, 素合成的名詞 seaside, roommate 派生名詞 由動(dòng)詞、形容詞、簡(jiǎn)單 arrangement, expectation, 名詞 +詞綴構(gòu)成的名詞 ability, greatness 按 詞 匯 意 義 普 通 名 詞 個(gè)體名詞 集體名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 抽象名詞 表示同一類人或物，以及 抽象概念的名詞 boy, house, tiger family, team, cattle, police air, snow, bread, rice glory, honesty, education 專有名詞 表示人、國(guó)家、地方、機(jī) 構(gòu)、組織等的專有名稱 Ander, China, The Peoples Congress, the New York Times, the Democratic Party 按語(yǔ) 法特 征 可數(shù)名詞 單數(shù)式 復(fù)數(shù)式 可以計(jì)數(shù)的個(gè)體名詞和集 體名詞，稱為可數(shù)名詞 a car, a family two cars, many families 不可數(shù)名詞 物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、和 專有名詞通常是不可計(jì)數(shù) 的名詞 sand, water, coffee, failure, knowledge 個(gè)體名詞 可數(shù)名詞 普通名詞 集體名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞 抽象名詞 專有名詞 2. Function of noun phrases (p. 40) （ 1）主語(yǔ) Children at play seldom remember what time it is. (2) 主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) That was an attractive little black chair. My grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary ideal. （ 3）賓語(yǔ) They gave him a first-rate education. （ 4）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) They elected him chairman of the board. (5) 同位語(yǔ) Mr Brown, director of the coal mine, should be responsible for the accident. （ 6）介詞賓語(yǔ) /介詞補(bǔ)足成分 Within the house nothing stirs. In the garden I can hear the singing of birds. I can hear the rustle of their wings. （ 7）狀語(yǔ)或引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)分句 He returned last night. A photo is taken each time ( = whenever ) this button is pushed. Do Ex. 4 A: 1, 2, 3 Key to Ex. 4 A 1. description 2. arrangement 3. attendance 4. peculiarity 5. expectation 6. argument 7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration 10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness 18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousness II. Number forms of nouns 1. Regular and irregular plural a) Regular plural (p.p. 42-44) b) Irregular plural (p.p. 44-45) 2. Number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper noun a) Number forms of the collective （ 1）不能計(jì)數(shù)的集體名詞：若要計(jì)數(shù)，須使用在語(yǔ)義上與之對(duì)應(yīng)的 個(gè)體名詞。例如： p. 46 集體名詞 個(gè)體名詞 poetry poem machinery machine clothing garment, coat, etc . . . . （ 2）可以計(jì)數(shù)的集體名詞：有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式和單復(fù)數(shù)意義；將其視為 一個(gè)整體時(shí)，用作單數(shù)；強(qiáng)調(diào)構(gòu)成集體的成員時(shí)，用作復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： p. 46 中頁(yè) b) Number forms of the material 例如： （ p. 46中頁(yè)） 不可計(jì)數(shù) 可以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn) sand 沙 sands 大面積的沙灘 water 水 waters 大面積的水域 food 食物 foods 多種食品 coffee 咖啡 two coffees 兩杯咖啡 rubber 橡膠 rubbers 膠鞋 stone 石頭 stones 多塊石頭 egg 蛋漬 eggs 多個(gè)雞蛋 lamb 羔羊肉 lambs 多只羔羊 onion 洋蔥味 onions 多個(gè)洋蔥頭 c) Number forms of the abstract 單 數(shù) 式 復(fù) 數(shù) 式 大多數(shù)抽象名 詞是不可數(shù)的 honesty knowledge 無(wú) 少數(shù)是可數(shù)的 victory conference difficulty opinion victories conferences difficulties opinions 還有一些的單 復(fù)數(shù)式含義不 同 sympathy 同情 （心）， 憐憫 p. 46 S3, 2, 1 experience 經(jīng)驗(yàn) relation u 關(guān)系 c 親戚 youth u 青春，青年 （時(shí)期） c 少年，小伙子 worry u 擔(dān)心，憂愁，煩惱 c 令人擔(dān)心、發(fā)愁的事 sympathies 同情（心），憐憫； 慰問(wèn) p. 46 S1, 2; p.47 S1 experiences 經(jīng)歷 relations 親戚 youths 男青年，小伙子 worries 單 數(shù) 式 復(fù) 數(shù) 式 還有一些的單 復(fù)數(shù)式含義不 同 distraction u 心緒煩亂， 心不在焉 c 使人心緒煩亂的事 , 令人分心的事 business u 商業(yè)，交易， 生意，業(yè)務(wù) c 商店，商行，公 司，商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu) kindness u 仁慈，善意，好意 c 善行 I study in the library as there are too many distractions at home. They dont know how to run a business. It would be doing him a kind- ness to tell him the truth. 有些抽象名詞 本身無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)式， 若要計(jì)數(shù)，就 得使用語(yǔ)義上 與之對(duì)應(yīng)的個(gè) 體名詞 (見(jiàn) p. 47 正中下方 ) laughter u 笑，笑聲 He joined in the laughter. He looked shocked, then burst into laughter. laugh c 笑，笑聲 “ What a mess!” she said, with a laugh. This scene gets one of the biggest laughs in the movie. d) Number forms of the proper noun (p. 47 para. 1) A. 專有名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，除非詞本身帶有復(fù)數(shù)詞綴。例如： the United States, the Philippines, the Netherlands B. 專有名詞以復(fù)數(shù)式出現(xiàn)時(shí)，普通名詞化，表示某姓的一家人 , 如 S1, p. 48 Have you invited the Browns? 或表示同姓或同名的若干人，如 S2 p. 48 There are two Miss Smiths/Misses Smith in the class. Do Ex. 4 B: 3, 5, 6, 2, 15, 20, 9, 11-10 p. 48 Key to Ex. 4 B: 1. strange sounds 2. foods are 3. chief, tribes, their, salmon (s) 4. The runners-up were given pound notes / The runners-up were each given a pound note. 5. bodies, their heroes 6. mice, tooth-marks 7. Crises, occur, families 8. / 9. / 10. these businesses 11. / 12. fruits are 13. / 14. these articles are well written 15. / 16. several personal kindnesses 17. / 18. sufferings 19. professors 20. children are playing, sands Do Ex. 4C: 1-13, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 17， 18， 10, 19 （ p.48 49） Key to Ex. 4 C: 1. experience 2. waters 3. for advice 4. an important piece of information 5. for it is fun 6. were not numerous 7. Poultry 8. directors are 9. militia 10. geniuses 11. merchandise has 12. sympathies 13. experiences 14. were times, rivalry 15. clippings, were 16. lookers-on 17. foliage is 18. photos 19. 12-pages 20. Luggage is III. Partitives p. 49 “單位名詞” 表示事物個(gè)體性的詞語(yǔ)，與單位詞搭配表示“一群”、 “一幫”等意思，它們與不可數(shù)名詞組合起來(lái)，便可以“計(jì)數(shù)”了。 “單位名詞” 可分為： 1) General partitives p. 49 2) Partitives related to the shape of things p. 49 3) Partitives related to volume p. 50 4) Partitives related to the state of action p. 50 5) Partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etc p. 50 Do Ex. 4 D: 1, 3, 8, 9, 11, 16, 20, 24, 25 Key to Ex. 4 D: 1. blade 2. piece 3. choir 4. flash 5. lump 6. gang 7. grain 8. head 9. staff 10. collection 11. fleet 12. cluster 13. bundle 14. bunch 15. team 16. piece 17. ear 18. bar 19. herd 20. pack 21. flock 22. crowd / swarm 23. troupe 24. bench 25. grove 26. collection 27. suite 28. squadron 29. band 30. library Do Ex. 4 E: 1 -5, 6, 10, 11-16, 15, 7 Key to Ex. 4 E: 1-5: B C A D C 6-10: C B D A B 11-15: A D B B C 16-20: B D C A B Lecture 5 Genitive Noun p.p. 53 59 Introduction Case denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its relationship with other words in a sentence. The genitive case/ possessive case shows the possessive relationship between the noun and its sequential noun. I. Formation, meanings and uses of genitive 1. Formation of genitive nouns p. 53 1）“名詞 + s ” 格 Rules of formation are as follows: a) b) c) d) e) f) 2）“ of + 名詞” 格 2. Meanings of genitive nouns p. 54 a) b) c) d) e) f) 3. Uses of genitive nouns p. 54 1）“名詞 + s ” 格 : 用于有生命的名詞和表示國(guó)家、城市、 星球、海洋、江河、季節(jié)等地理名稱，以及表示時(shí)間、 距離、量度、數(shù)量等名詞，置于被限定或被修飾的名 詞前，作其定語(yǔ)。（參見(jiàn) a) ） 2）“ of + 名詞” 格：用于無(wú)生命的名詞之后，作該名詞的 后置定語(yǔ)。 （參見(jiàn) b) ， p. 55） 注 當(dāng)有生命的名詞帶有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，也需用 “ of + 名詞” 格。 例如： p. 55 WP4: the opinion of the chairman appointed a month ago WP 3: the suggestions of those present at the meeting 若名詞詞組由“定冠詞 + 形容詞”構(gòu)成，或 of- 詞組表示“同位 關(guān)系”，也須用“ of + 名詞” 格。例如： p. 55 WP 2: the income of the rich the struggle of the exploited WP 1: the city of Rome the town of Bremen Do Ex. 5A: 1, 2; 3, 4, 14; 7, 16 Key to Ex. 5A: 1. my father has a car 2. the bull has horns 3. the prisoner escaped 4. her parents consented 5. somebody released the prisoner 6. somebody assassinated the President 7. a letter from the general / the general sent a letter 8. the crowd felt sympathy 9. a college for women 10. a summer day, a day in the summer 11. the earth has a (rough) surface 12. the absence lasted ten days 13. a doctoral degree, a doctorate 14. the bird made the nest 15. the committee made a report 16. a story told by the girl / the girl told a story 17. the volcano erupted 18. the victim had courage / the victim was courageous 19. somebody punished the boy 20. the critics received the play in a hostile manner Do Ex. 5B: 1, 2, 7, 10; 3, 5, 6, 8; 4 Key to Ex. 5B: 1. The comedian performed, and he was well received by a huge audience. 這位喜劇演員的演出很受廣大觀眾的歡迎。 2. She was thankful, for her little girl had quickly recovered. 她的小女孩很快康復(fù)，為此她非常感謝。 3. How to educate children presents a big problem. 教育孩子成了大問(wèn)題。 4. He was happy that his wife loved him. 他陶醉于妻子對(duì)他的愛(ài)情。 5. He did that because he loved his wife. 他干這個(gè)是出于對(duì)妻子的愛(ài)。 6. The enemy was defeated, and the war was brought to an end. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以敵人的失敗而告終。 7. John was pleased because his teacher praised him. 約翰因受到老師的嘉勉而感到高興。 8. She was punished for stealing, and the punishment was a year in prison. 她因偷竊被判刑一年。 9. As he had served unfailingly, the servant was remembered in his masters will as a reward. 由于仆人忠實(shí)可靠地服務(wù)，主人在遺囑中提出遺贈(zèng)作為報(bào)酬。 10. Williams homework is the only example that is never bably done. 只有威廉的家庭作業(yè)一貫做得好。 II. independent genitive and double genitive 1. Independent genitive p. 57 獨(dú)立屬格 : 獨(dú)立充當(dāng)句子成分的名詞屬格叫做 獨(dú)立屬格 。 獨(dú)立屬格的使用場(chǎng)合： a) Ex. 5C 3, 4, 5 b) Ex. 5C 15, 16, 18, 19 c) Ex. 5C d) Ex. 5C 14 Do Ex. 5C: 3, 4, 5; 15, 16, 18, 19; 14 Key to Ex. 5B: 1. Dicks decision to emigrate to Australia. 2. the expansion of the Physics Department / The Physics Departments expansion 3. a novel of Jane Austens. 4. That long report of Mr Allens 5. Those new shoes of yours 6. the article of the student 7. Shakespeares tragedies / the tragedies of Shakespeare 8. a ships carpenter. 9. The punishment of the offenders 10. the past decades events / the events of the past decade 11. the enemys unconditional surrender / the unconditional surrender of the enemy. 12. other peoples criticism of him. 13. the younger generations education / the education of the younger generation. 14. at John Wileys, the booksellers. 15. an article of T. Johns 16. this policy of the governments? 17. an idiots tale. 18. That dog of Franks 19. This book of Joe Hills 20. Janes letter 2. Double genitive p. 57 雙重屬格：“ of +獨(dú)立屬格” 叫做 雙重屬格 。 S1: He is a friend of my fathers. WP: a painting of my colleagues A business client of my grandfathers 注 被雙重屬格修飾的名詞可以和 this, that 等指示（代詞）限定 詞連用，也可以帶 which 等疑問(wèn)限定詞或數(shù)詞等。例如： p. 58 WP this brilliant idea of Davids that clever remark of your sisters of- 詞組和雙重屬格有時(shí)可以交替使用，但含義略有區(qū)別。比較： He is a friend of my fathers.(= He is one of my fathers friends.) He is a friend of my father. (= He is friendly to my father.) Do Ex. 5D: 4, 2, 13, 17; 1, 8； 9; 14, 20 Key to Ex. 5D: 1. The leg of the table is broken. 2. Mary and Johns house is on the corner. 3. on birdss nests. 4. the students problems. 5. at the Joneses. 6. / 7. Charles car but someone elses. 8. in ten years time. 9. The products effectiveness 10. This weeks news than the last two weeks. 11. others problems. 12. each others worries. 13. My brother and sister-in-laws house 14. A friend of my fathers 15 . A wheel of the car 16. / 17. The baseball player wives 18. womens clothing only. 19. Miltons long poems. 20. Those new shoes of yours Homework 1. Review what you have learned in the previous Lecture 4 and 5, and finish all the corresponding exercises. 2. Preview 第 6講 ： 限定詞 （一） （ p.p. 60 72） 第 7講：限定詞 （二） (p.p. 73 85) Thank you