中西文化比較思維模式

中 西 文 化 比 較 思維模式差異 Difference in Mode of Thinking 思維模式差異 Difference in Mode of Thinking Contrast between Western and Chinese Cultures How Is The Mode of Thinking Formed? Mode of thinking 思維模式 Human thinking mainly consists of such elements as knowledge, ideology, methodology, intelligence, emotion, willpower, language and habits. The inter- relationship and interaction of these elements form a dynamic complex system known as the mode of thinking. 人類思維主要由知識、觀念、方法、智力、情 感、意志、語言、習(xí)慣等八大要素組成。這些要素 相互聯(lián)系，相互作用，形成思維模式這樣一個動態(tài) 復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。 Mode of thinking 思維模式 The mode of thinking is closely related to the worldview. It is the concentrated embodiment of all cultural and psychological properties and is shaped in a certain historical, social and geographical environment. 思維模式與世界觀密切相關(guān)，它是各種文化心 理素質(zhì)的集中體現(xiàn)，它在一定的歷史、社會、地理 環(huán)境中形成。 Mode of thinking 思維模式 Conversely, a persons established mode of thinking conditions and even determines his/her formation of judgment and pattern of behavior in a certain situation. 反過來，一個人定型的思維模式制約、 甚至決定他 /她在一定場合所形成的判斷 和行為。 Difference in Mode of thinking 思維模式差異 The western mode is linear, inclined to dissect things into parts and analyze their properties, stressing abstract reasoning and characterized mainly by its analytical nature. Linear Analysis and Circular Synthesis The Chinese mode is circular, and tends to synthesize parts and examine the whole and emphasize the acquisition of intuitive insight with holistic thinking as its main feature. 西方模式如同直線切劃，細(xì)分 明析，注重抽象推理 ，以分析性 思維為其主要特點(diǎn)。 中國模式猶如圓環(huán)內(nèi)封，綜觀 合察，尋求直覺頓悟 ，以綜合性 思維為其主要特點(diǎn)。 Plato (428 -347 B.C.) 柏拉圖 gnosis / knowledge / 知識 noesis / reason / 理性 dianoia / idea / 觀念 pistis / faith / 信念 eikasia /imagination /想像 Platos divided line of knowledge A line of abstraction 線型的 抽象 過程 Eight Trigrams 八卦圖 大人者與天地合其德，與日月合 其明，與四時合其序，與鬼神合吉兇。 周易 乾卦 文言 A great man identifies himself with heaven and earth for virtues, with the sun and the moon for brightness, with four seasons for order, and with gods and spirits for luck. 易經(jīng) ：一陰一陽之謂道。 Tao consists in Yin and Yang. The Classic of Changes (600 BC) Analytical, abstract, logical 分析性、抽象性、邏輯性 Holistic, imaginal, intuitive 整體性、形象性、直覺性 Concept, judgment, inference 概念、判斷、推理 Intuition, insight, imagination 直覺、頓悟、想象 Western Mode Chinese Mode Referring to Western mode of thinking, Qian Xuesen (1986) said: Abstractive thinking seems to be linear or branch-like. “ 抽象思維似乎是線 型或枝型的?！?錢學(xué)森 Referring to Chinese mode of thinking, Shen Xiaolong (1990) said: This is a circular dialectic mode of thinking with a strong plastic, flexible and stochastic nature. “ 這是一種有著極強(qiáng)可塑 性、伸張性、隨機(jī)性的圓式辯 證思維方式?！?申小龍 Mode of thinking 思維模式 Dr. Kaplan: Editor-in-Chief of the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 卡普蘭 : 應(yīng)用語言學(xué)評論年刊 主編 Major Differences 主要差異 Chinese Mode 中國思維模式 Western Mode 西方思維模式 Holistic 整體 Analytical 分析 1 Intuitive 直覺 Logical 邏輯 2 Imaginal 形象 Abstract 抽象 3 Ethical 倫理 Cognitive 認(rèn)知 4 Fuzzy 模糊 Accurate 精確 5 Intentional 意向 Objective 對象 6 Convergent 求同 Divergent 求異 7 Past-focused 后饋 Future-focused 前瞻 8 Inward 內(nèi)向 Outward 外向 9 Inductive 歸納 Deductive 演繹 10 Chinese Mode Western Mode Holistic 整體性 Analytical 分析性 Intuitive 直覺性 Logical 邏輯性 Imaginal 形象性 Abstract 抽象性 Ethical 倫理型 Cognitive 認(rèn)知型 Fuzzy 模糊性 Accurate 精確性 Intentional 意向性 Objective 對象性 Convergent 求同性 Divergent 求異性 Past-focused 后饋性 Future-focused 前瞻性 Inward 內(nèi)向性 Outward 外向性 Inductive 歸納型 Deductive 演繹型 Chinese Mode Western Mode Holistic 整體性 Analytical 分析性 Intuitive 直覺性 Logical 邏輯性 Imaginal 形象性 Abstract 抽象性 Ethical 倫理型 Cognitive 認(rèn)知型 Fuzzy 模糊性 Accurate 精確性 Intentional 意向性 Objective 對象性 Convergent 求同性 Divergent 求異性 Past-focused 后饋性 Future-focused 前瞻性 Inward 內(nèi)向性 Outward 外向性 Inductive 歸納型 Deductive 演繹型 Holistic 整體 Analytical 分析 1 Nisbetts Test Richard E. Nisbett What have you seen in the picture below? What have you seen in the picture ? Most American Students: (88.5%, May 27, 2011) Six tigers frolicking Tigers playing around Tigers skipping about Gamboling tigers Tigers fighting Tigers attacking each other Tigers hunting for food Most Chinese Students: (90.2%, April 17, 2011) Six tigers, Mountains, rocks Waterfalls, A stream, Pines and other trees Grass Autograph and seal Holistic 整體 Holistic thinking involves an orientation to the context or field as a whole, including attention to relationships between a focal object and the field, and a preference for explaining and predicting events on the basis of such relationships. Nisbett （ 2001） Analytical 分析 Analytical thinking involves detachment of the object from its context, a tendency to focus on attributes of the object in order to assign it to c a t e g o r i e s , and a preference for using rules about the categories to explain and predict the objects b e h a v i o r . Holistic 整體 Analytical 分析 分析思維傾向于把 物體從其情境中 分離 出 來，關(guān)注該物體性質(zhì)以 便于 歸類 ，并注重運(yùn)用 歸類的規(guī)則來解釋和預(yù) 見事物的情狀。 整體思維傾向于把 情境或場看作是一個 整體 ， 注重某一突出的物體及其 場的 關(guān)系 ，并憑借這種關(guān) 系來解釋和預(yù)見事物的情 狀。 Holistic 整體 Analytical 分析 Westerners tend to be analytical and pay more attention to the key, or focal objects in a scene for example, concentration on the woman in the Mona Lisa, as opposed to the rocks and sky behind her. Chinese, by contrast, tend to be holistic. They look at the whole picture and rely on contextual information when making decisions and judgments about what they see. Holistic 整體 Analytical 分析 西方人傾向于分 析思維，更多地關(guān)注 某一場景中的主要或 突出物體，例如在 “蒙娜麗莎”這幅畫 中，關(guān)注畫中的人而 非她身后的巖石與天 空。 中國人傾向 整體思維，他們往 往觀察整個畫面， 并依靠在情景中所 獲得的信息對所觀 察事物作出決定和 判斷。 Western Encyclopedia arranged by classification Animals, plants, objects are divided, sub-divided 西方的百科全書層層 切分，種類歸屬分明。 Classification Units of Plants and Animals: kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, species 界、門、綱、目、科、屬、種 Chinese Leishu A collection of political, social and ethical data arranged circularly in an emperor-centered fashion. 中國古代類書是以皇帝為 中心的環(huán)式體例。 唐代 藝文類聚 、宋代 太平御覽 、 明代 永樂大典 、清代 古今圖書集成 Western Articles Clear division in the organization of articles title, sub-title, chapters, sections, paragraphs, topic sentences 西方文章，標(biāo)題、章、 節(jié)、段細(xì)分明切，段中一般 都有主題句，脈路清晰，一 目了然。 Chinese Articles 起承轉(zhuǎn)合 : Introduction, elucidation, transition and summing-up 著眼點(diǎn)： 首尾呼應(yīng)，通篇的過渡自然及和諧一致。 Unity, harmony, transition and correspondence are given much attention. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, a series of sub-divisions of that topic, each supported by examples and illustrations, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea to prove something, or perhaps, to argue something. Robert B. Kaplan 英語說明文的語段通常以 主題句開始，后接分支部分， 每部分都有例證和解釋，以闡 發(fā)中心思想，并使這一語段中 心思想與全文的其它思想相關(guān) 聯(lián)，以此來論證某一觀點(diǎn)或提 出某一觀點(diǎn)。 Robert B. Kaplan Topic Subtopic Subtopic Subtopic Examples Illustrations Examples Illustrations Examples Illustrations Topic Subtopic Subtopic Subtopic Examples Illustrations Examples Illustrations Examples Illustrations Summary Summary Summary Conclusion Robert B. Kaplan Some oriental writing is marked by what may be called an approach by indirection. In this kind of writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be turning and turning in a widening gyre. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. Robert B. Kaplan 東方人寫的文章具有間接 入題的特點(diǎn)，可以說，這種文 章語段的展開，就像一個不斷 擴(kuò)展的環(huán)在圍繞著主題旋轉(zhuǎn)， 通過外圍的觀點(diǎn)展示主題，卻 從不直接入題。 你是彩虹，認(rèn)為天空偉大，但因你的點(diǎn)綴， 太空才如此絢麗。題記一只小老鼠羨慕太陽光芒 萬丈的偉大，敬佩云朵遮住陽光的偉大，仰慕風(fēng) 吹散云的偉大，卻忽視了自己鉆過墻，也是一種 偉大。這只小老鼠缺少了自信。 談自信 Faith is the confident belief or trust in the truth or trustworthiness of a person, concept or thing. On Faith The Eight-part Essay The eight-part essay is a kind of stereotyped writing, focusing on the form but lacking in content. The eight parts consist of 4 pairs of parallel or antithetical writings, cycling around the topic and not approaching the central idea directly. 八股文 八股文分為破題、承題、起講、入手、起股、 中股、后股、束股、落下等組成部分。在起股、 中股、后股、束股 4個部分，各有兩股互相對應(yīng)的 文字，共有八股。八股也稱八比，比是對偶的意 思。 Western medicine, examine parts of the body through tests, X- rays, NMR, etc. 西醫(yī)看病，先給病人胸透、 胃透、驗(yàn)血、驗(yàn)?zāi)?、核磁共振?分而檢之，再作診斷。 Chinese medicine, general physical condition, pulse, complexion, tongue coating 中醫(yī)看病，望、聞、問、 切，注意的是全身性的綜合 癥狀 。 Western cuisine strictly-followed recipe, precise quantity of ingredients regular, established procedure 西餐廚師烹飪，各種配 料嚴(yán)格計(jì)量，操作程序步步 分清。 Chinese cuisine casual mixing of ingredients more attention to the general effect of color, aroma and taste 中餐廚師并不在意配料 的嚴(yán)格計(jì)量，而是注重色、 香、味的總體效果。 Western painting accurate one-by-one likeness in appearance with emphasis on details: lines, shades of color, light spectrum Chinese Painting fuzzy resemblance in spirit or essence with emphasis on general effect by using imagination, exaggeration Western painting 西方油畫注重一一對 應(yīng)的精確形似，通過線條、 色彩、光線等細(xì)節(jié)刻意仿 真。 Chinese Painting 中國畫追求總體模 糊神似，運(yùn)用概括、夸 張的手法及豐富的聯(lián)想 表現(xiàn)物象的神韻。 Intuitive 直覺 Logical 邏輯 2 Intuitive 直覺 Logical 邏輯 Debate was prominent in ancient Greece, and logic was invented. Logic is applied by stripping away the meaning of statements and leaving only their formal structure intact. This makes it easier to see whether an argument is valid or not. Intuition comes from experience, practice and the 6th sense. It is experience translated by wisdom. Intuitive thinking is nonlinear, like a spark emerging in the maze of illusions. It is the major way by which ancient Chinese saints perceived the world. Intuitive 直覺 Logical 邏輯 辯論風(fēng)行于古代希 臘，于是邏輯學(xué)問世。 運(yùn)用邏輯，就是剝?nèi)フf 話的意義，而只留下完 整的形式結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣就 比較容易看清某一論點(diǎn) 是否成立。 直覺來自經(jīng)驗(yàn)、實(shí)踐 和第六感覺，它是經(jīng) 驗(yàn)的睿智闡述。直覺思維 是非線性的，猶如幻覺迷 宮里突然出現(xiàn)的火花，它 是中國古代圣哲感知世界 的主要方法。 Western Logic Syllogism （三段論法） A 3-step argument: 1. Major premise （大前提） 2. Minor premise （小前提） 3. Conclusion （結(jié)論） Aristotle formal logic Russell mathematical logic Hegel dialectical logic 亞里士多德 形式邏輯 羅素 數(shù)理邏輯 黑格爾 辯證邏輯 Examples of Syllogism （三段論法舉例） Whatever is M is P; S is M; Therefore S is P. All fruits grow on trees. The apple is a fruit. Therefore, the apple grows on trees. Either P or Q. Not P. Therefore, Q. Either Class A or Class B wins. Class A does not win. Therefore, Class B wins. Examples of Syllogism （三段論法舉例） Whatever is M is P; S is M; Therefore S is P. All fruits grow on trees. The apple is a fruit. Therefore, the apple grows on trees. All women like shopping. Alice is a woman. Therefore Alice likes shopping. Logic and Accuracy Accuracy results from logical reasoning and the either/or mentality. 精確產(chǎn)生于邏輯推理與非此即彼的文化心態(tài)。 The world could be understood through logical approaches to their meaning, without reference to the world of the senses. If the senses seemed to contradict conclusions reached from first principles and logic, it was the senses that had to be ignored. Plato Logic and Accuracy The world could be understood through logical approaches to their meaning, without reference to the world of the senses. If the senses seemed to contradict conclusions reached from first principles and logic, it was the senses that had to be ignored. Plato 可以通過邏輯掌握意義，認(rèn)識世界，而無須 借助感覺。如果感覺與第一原則和邏輯所得出的 結(jié)論矛盾，就不必考慮感覺。 柏拉圖 Logic and Accuracy Of course we have to think accurately! Being the analytical, straight line guy that I am, I have a real problem with fuzzy thinking. I always prefer the straight line approach. Lyman Reed 當(dāng)然我們必須精確地思考！但作為一個分析 型、直線型的人，我缺乏模糊思維能力，我總是 喜歡直線的觀點(diǎn)。 萊曼 里德 Chinese Intuition Knowledge can be acquired without reasoning. 無思無慮始知道 莊子 知北游 Creativity comes from insight and inspiration. 創(chuàng)造來自于頓悟和靈感。 A purified mind spontaneously attains enlightenment and the natural insight enables one to become a Buddha. 心凈自悟，頓悟成佛 。 禪宗 六祖壇經(jīng) Zen Buddhism Chinese Intuition Tao cannot be expressed by words and what can be done so is not Tao. Tao is motionless and shapeless. It can be handed down but not taught and can be attained but not displayed. 道不可言，言而非道，道無為無形，可傳 而不可受，可得而不可見。 莊子 大宗師 Chinese Intuition “豁然貫通” 成語 Understand the thorough meaning suddenly. “恍然大悟” 成語 Be suddenly enlightened. 只可意會，不可言傳。 成語 It can be sensed but not expressed in words. Intuition and Fuzziness “道”、 “氣”、 “太極” Tao， Qi, Tai Chi 書不盡言，言不盡意。 易經(jīng) What is written does not express all that one has to say; What is said does not convey all that is on ones mind. 道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。 道德經(jīng) The Tao that can be explained is not an eternal Tao; The names that can be named are not eternal names. Logic（邏輯） Intuition（直覺） rational 理性 perceptual 感性 definite 明晰 fuzzy 模糊 precise 嚴(yán)謹(jǐn) sagacious 睿智 deductive 演繹 inductive 歸納 Imaginal 形象 Abstract 抽象 3 a western diagram of lines of abstraction 線型抽象 a Chinese picture of double-fish images 雙魚形象 天有不測風(fēng)云，人有旦夕禍福。 Storms gather without warning in nature； bad luck befalls men overnight. Yang Hsien-yi The weather and human life are both unpredictable. Hawkes 人無千日好，花無百日紅。 Man cannot be always fortunate; flowers do not last forever. Nobody can always be happy. 疾風(fēng)知勁草，患難見真情。 Strong winds test sturdy grass; calamities reveal true friendship. In calamities one sees true friendship. 在天愿作比翼鳥，在地愿為連理枝。 In the sky, we will be two love birds flying together; on earth we will be twin branches on a tree. We will love and be loyal to each other forever. 病來如山倒，病去如抽絲。 Sickness comes like a landslide but goes like reeling silk. Sickness comes suddenly but goes slowly. Abstract concepts ardent loyalty total exhaustion with great eagerness feed on fancies at high speed disappear completely bustling activity 赤膽忠心 gall, heart 筋疲力盡 tendon, sinew 如饑似渴 hunger, thirst 畫餅充饑 drawn cake 風(fēng)馳電掣 wind, lightening 煙消云散 smoke, cloud 龍騰虎躍 dragon, tiger figures of speech Ethical 倫理 Cognitive 認(rèn)知 4 Ethical 倫理 Cognitive 認(rèn)知 Western mode of thinking is exterior- oriented, giving more attention to the cognitive exploration of Nature (the objective world), with emphasis on science and theories. Chinese mode of thinking is interior- oriented, focusing more on the moral inquiry into human nature (the subjective world) with emphasis on ethics and social practice. Ethical 倫理 Cognitive 認(rèn)知 西方思維模式是外 向的，關(guān)注對客觀世界 （大自然）進(jìn)行認(rèn)知探索， 重視科學(xué)與理論。 中國思維模式是內(nèi) 向的，關(guān)注對主觀世界 （人性）進(jìn)行道德探索， 重視人倫與社會實(shí)踐。 Ethical 倫理 Cognitive 認(rèn)知 Ontology Cosmology Epistemology Methodology 仁 義 禮 智 信 忠 恕 孝 悌 本體論 宇宙論 認(rèn)識論 方法論 benevolence righteousness rites wisdom reliability loyalty forgiveness filial piety respect for elders Chinese Mode Western Mode Holistic 整體性 Analytical 分析性 Intuitive 直覺性 Logical 邏輯性 Imaginal 形象性 Abstract 抽象性 Ethical 倫理型 Cognitive 認(rèn)知型 Fuzzy 模糊性 Accurate 精確性 Intentional 意向性 Objective 對象性 Convergent 求同性 Divergent 求異性 Past-focused 后饋性 Future-focused 前瞻性 Inward 內(nèi)向性 Outward 外向性 Inductive 歸納型 Deductive 演繹型 The Advantages of Each Mode of Thinking The linear mode of thinking characterized by analytical reasoning and emphasis on clarity and precision is conducive to theoretical construction. The circular mode of thinking characterized by synthetic insight and stress on fuzziness and implicitness contributes to empirical revelation of truth. 兩種思維模式各有所長 線性思維模式長于分析推理， 推崇清晰精確，有利于理論建構(gòu)； 環(huán)性思維模式強(qiáng)于綜合頓悟，講 求模糊含蓄，有助于體察真諦。 Conclusion 結(jié)論 Western mode of thinking is comparatively linear. Chinese mode of thinking is relatively circular. 西方思維模式 相對以線性 /分析型 為特征 中國思維模式 相對以環(huán)性 /綜合型 為特征 Afterthought 追加的話 Difference: a matter of degree 差異只是程度之差 Exceptions and counter-evidence 不乏例外和反證 Purpose: not to judge, but to promote understanding 比較的目的并非判定孰優(yōu)孰劣，而是促進(jìn)理解。 The moon of the west is not rounder and the sun of the east has its spots as well. 西方的月亮并不更圓，東方的太陽也有黑子。 中西文化互相融合，取長補(bǔ)短 線與環(huán)的結(jié)合： 線以環(huán)的形式伸展 環(huán)以線的形式旋轉(zhuǎn) The integration of the line and the circle: The line extends in the form of a circle. The circle rotates in the form of a line. Create an even more splendid world civilization! 創(chuàng)造更加燦爛輝煌的 世界文明！ Thank you! Email: