《比較級和最高級》PPT課件.ppt
1.形容詞的修飾與位置 一般來說,從構(gòu)詞法角度來看,后綴 “ ly”往往是副詞,但有的以“ ly ” 結(jié)尾的詞是 形容詞 而不是副詞,這點 要注意; 形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語,表 語等成份,但有些形容詞在句子中只 能做 表語 和只能做 前置定語 ,這些 形 容詞 在修飾時有一定的特殊性。 1.1 以 -ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞 costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活潑的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的 kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠閑的 ugly 長得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 塵世的 1.2 以“ a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語 afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒著的 alone 單獨的,惟一的 alive 活著的 ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡著的 aware 意識到的、察覺 到的 well 健康的 content 滿意的 unable 無能的 1.3只作前置定語的形容詞 earthen 泥土做的 daily 每日 latter 后面 的 golden 金子般的 inner 里面的 little 小的 silken 絲一般的 outer 外面的 live 活的 wooden 木制 yearly 每年的 elder 年長的 woolen 毛 former 前任的 mere 僅 only 惟一的 sheer 純粹的 very 恰好的 monthly 每月的 weekly 每周的 1.4下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞,注意 用做系動詞時,要求形容詞做表語 : remain , keep , become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look 如: It seems great to do so. 2. 形容詞與副詞的 比較級與最高級 2.1做比較級題目時,學(xué)生應(yīng)把握: 1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否 和比 較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn) ,即是否符合 原級比較 及 比較級 的 結(jié)構(gòu) 。 Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often _,or better than an actual performance. A as good as B as good C good D good as 在這里 as good as 比較連詞 與 better than比較連詞 同時出現(xiàn)時候, 不能省略任何一個介詞 。答案為 A 2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同 類概念,既是說比較要具有 可比性 。 The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half _ . A of last years B those of last years C of those of last year D that of last years (前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊參 加的人數(shù) “ the number of”故代替它的 應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞 “ that”,而不能選 擇 B, those是指代 participants,不是 同類對比,答案為 D。 3)比較級與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置 原級結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達倍數(shù)的詞,表 示為“為 . 若干倍” ,當(dāng)與有表示倍 數(shù)比較的詞在一起時候等,他們的位 置是, 倍數(shù)詞 +asas, 或 倍數(shù)詞 +morethan ,但 again一般放在 原級詞之后,即 “ as+原級 again + as”.如 Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year _ than automobile accidents. A seven more times B seven times more C over seven times D seven times “ Do you regret paying_ as five hundred dollars for the painting ?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” A twice so much B twice as much C as much twice D so much twice 4)下列詞和短語不用比較級 形式卻表示比較概念: inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. 如 : Their watch is _ to all the other watches on the market. A superior B advantageous C super D beneficial 5)“ 比較級 and +比較級 ”或 “ more and more/less and less + 原級 ”以及“ ever, steadily, daily 等副詞比較級 ”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“ 越來 越 ” 的意思,與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的 常用動詞有 grow, get ,become等。 前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在 進行時態(tài) 中,注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較 級后面都 不需要用 than.如: Things are getting worse and worse. As I spoke to him he became less and less angry. Her health was becoming daily worse . The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse. 6)比較級前面可以用 even, still, yet ,all the (more)等修飾語用以 加強語氣 ,表示 “ 更加 ”的意思。如: Today it is even colder than yesterday . I have yet more exciting news for you . 7) 有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型: A): not so much as 需要注意的: 從結(jié)構(gòu)上來看, notso much as 可以有兩種結(jié)構(gòu): not A so much as B 或 not so much A as B; 從意思來看,該句型的基本含義為 :“與其說 A倒 不如說 B”,或者“是 B,而不是 A”。但在實際翻譯 中十分靈活。 A和 B兩個被比較的平行結(jié)構(gòu),如:同為介詞短語、 動詞不定式、名詞短語或其他平行結(jié)構(gòu)。 The conveniences that American desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted. 此處平行結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個名詞短語: a leisurely lifestyle 和 a busy lifestyle,兩者都作 reflect的賓 語。 譯文:美國人所渴望的種種便利設(shè)施,與其說是 反映了一種休閑的生活方式,倒不如說是反映了 一種忙碌的生活方式,正因為忙碌,所以每分鐘 都很寶貴而不容浪費。 The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning. 評析:這里被比較的是兩個不定式: to teach you things 和 to teach you the art of learning. 譯文:學(xué)校教育的偉大作用不在于教會你 多少東西,而在于教會你學(xué)習(xí)的技巧。 The great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving. 人生的意義不在于你目前身在何處,而在于你心 向何方。 He does not respect learning and prefers “sport”. The problem set for society is not the virtue of the type so much as its adequacy for its function. 他不重視學(xué)習(xí),只喜歡“消遣”。社會要回答的 問題并不是這類人物有無美德,而是他是否勝任 其職務(wù)。 B) no/not any morethan 兩者 一樣都不 如: The heart is _ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. A not so B not much C much more D no more 心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力,他們都受大腦控制。 答案為 D C) no/not any lessthan 兩者一樣 ,都 注意基本上與 no/not any morethan 意 思相反 如: She is no less beautiful than her sister. 她和她姐姐一樣漂亮 D) ( just) as , so 正如 , 也 (用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)) Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _ the atmosphere. A as it is B the same is C so is D and so is Just as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, so no lies can cover up the fact. 烏云遮不住太陽,謊言掩蓋不了事實。 Just as food nourishes the body, so do books enrich the mind. 食物滋養(yǎng)身體,書本豐富心靈。 Just 也可以省去,比如, As you sow, so will you reap/so you will reap. 種瓜得瓜,種豆得豆。 As land is improved by sowing it with various seeds, so is the mind by exercising it with different studies. 土壤因播種不同的種子而改良,智力 用各科的學(xué)習(xí)來提高。 E) more A than B 與其說是 B不如說是 A less A than B 與其說是 A不如說是 B 如 : It is even more a picture than a poem . 這與其說是一首詩,倒不如說是一幅 畫。 It is less a picture than a poem. 這與其說是幅畫,倒不如說是首詩。 F) 用作前置修飾語的 more than, less than, no more than /nothing more than 如: We will be more than happy(=very happy) to help you. 我們會很高興幫助你。 The children were less than happy about having a party. 孩子們對舉行聚會并不那么開心。 He is no more than a child. 他不過是個孩子。 He was regarded as nothing more than (=only) an amateur. 他僅僅被看作業(yè)余愛好者。 2.2 比較范圍 1)最高級比較范圍用介詞 in, over, of, among。 in, (all) over用于在 某一范圍內(nèi) 的比 較,如: in China, all over the world. of, among用于在 同一群體內(nèi)同類事 物 的比較,如: among the teachers, of the four dresses. 如: _ all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength. A Among B Of C For D To 2)比較級形式表示最高級意義 時,比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用: any other +單數(shù)名詞 other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 the others anyone/anything else 上述詞是用于將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的 關(guān)鍵詞語,切不可遺漏,尤其是 other,否則會造 成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說: John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。 3) most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞, 意思相當(dāng)于 very,用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù), 但不能用定冠詞 the 如: a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants 要注意 與 “ the +形容詞最高級 of + 名詞” 的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級的 區(qū)別 He spoke in the warmest of voices . They have been most kind to me . Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country. Chinese is the most difficult of language. Chinese is a most difficult language. 3 不用比較級和最高級 的形容詞 3.1表示 顏色 的有: white, black 3.2表示 形態(tài) 的有: round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形 ), level 3.3表示 性質(zhì)和特征 的有: atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy 3.4表示 狀態(tài)作表語 的有: afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 3.5 表示 時間、空間和方位 的有: daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 3.6.表示 極限、主次、等級 的有: maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief , minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 3.7含有 絕對概念 的有: absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete. 4.平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級 平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級 或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如: The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer does at the moment he composes. 評析:此處 does代替 enjoys,表示對音樂的欣賞, as much as表示“同等程度上” 譯文:一個真正懂音樂的聽眾應(yīng)該是在聽音樂時,既置 身于音樂其中,又可游離于音樂之外,他對音樂的欣賞 程度,幾乎等同于作曲家本人在創(chuàng)作該曲子時的欣賞程 度。 大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比 較含義的 有的是 遞進對比 : not onlybut (also) ;preferto;rather than 有的是 同類對比: and ;but; or; both and ; eitheror; neithernor . 平行結(jié)構(gòu)測試時候注意以下 幾點: 4.1注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形 式上是否相同。如: It is better to die ones feet than _ . A living on ones knees B live on ones knees C on ones knees D to live on ones knees 4.2其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平 行結(jié)構(gòu) 1) rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞,但在 結(jié)構(gòu)上 連接兩個語法形式 相同的成分。 如: We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style_ in a personal style. A rather than B other than C better than D less than For the new country to survive,_ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required. A to name a few B let alone C not to speak D lets say 2)如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞 短語,而且介詞相同,一般說來第二個介 詞不要省略。 如: At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials. Exercise 1.The little man was _ more than one meter fifty tall.( 1995-1-49)( 1997- 1-36) A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost 2.If tap water were as dangerous as some people think _ would be getting sick.( 1998-1-41) A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us C. a lot of us more D. a lot more of us 3.Indeed, almost every scientist now finds it impossible to read all the works relevant to his own subject,_ extensively outside of it.(1993年 1月六級題) A. much more to read B. much less to read C. much less reading D. still more reading 4.The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.(2001年考研題 ) A. everything except B. anything but C. no less than D. nothing more than 5.The population of many Alaska cities has _ doubled in the past three years.(托福題 ) A. larger than B. more than C. as great as D. as many as 答案 1.C 那個小個子男人僅僅只有一米五高。 “ hardly more than”意為“僅僅 ” 2.D 如果自來水真像某些人所想的那樣危險 , 我們當(dāng) 中早就有更多的人生病了。 a lot ,much, far, even等表程度副詞以及一些表 示數(shù)量的詞修飾形容詞或副詞比較級時,應(yīng)該在 比較級的前面。 3.B 事實上,幾乎所有的科學(xué)家都發(fā)現(xiàn),現(xiàn)在連與 自己的學(xué)科相關(guān)的著作都讀不完,更不用說去廣 泛閱讀自己學(xué)科之外的東西了。 much less 或 still less 用于否定句中,其意為 “ 更不用說,何況 ” 4.D 在大量形形色色的觀眾中,每 一個個體的電視觀眾都感到自己不過 是其中一個匿名的部分。從統(tǒng)計角度 來看,不過是微不足道的一部分。 nothing more than “僅僅,不過 ” 5.B 在過去三年中,阿拉斯加的許 多城市的人口已經(jīng)翻了一番多。 Break Time