[英語學習]新視界大學英語綜合教程2_unit31

,Hard News,Warming up,headlines (標題), news stories, letters, editorials (社論), features (特寫報道), pictures, reviews (評論文章), film and television listings, advertisements, comic strips (連環(huán)漫畫), cartoons, puzzles, weather forecasts, financial figures, sports results etc,1. What you can find in a newspaper?, Work in pairs and discuss the questions.,Warming up,CCTV International, China Daily, Peoples Daily, China Radio International, Shanghai Daily, South China Morning Post, Xinhua News Agency,2. Name some Chinese news sources in English,Some English-language newspapers worth mentioning may be: The Times (泰晤士報), The Guardian (衛(wèi)報, Financial Times (UK) (金融時報), The Wall Street Journal (華爾街日報), The New York Times (紐約時報), International Herald Tribune (USA) (國際先驅論壇報).,3. Name some famous international newspapers.,Warming up, Work in pairs. Look at the first sentence of the passage and decide which is the main responsibility of a journalist.,What is the responsibility of a journalist? 1 to tell the truth 2 to simplify things so that people will understand easily 3 to use a style people will enjoy reading 4 to do what the editor has asked 5 to find out as much as possible about the topic 6 not to get involved personally in the news event Now read the passage and compare your ideas with the writers.,Skimming, Browse the passage within 8 minutes to get a rough idea about it. Answer the questions of Activity 2 and 3 on page 51.,Task, Choose the best summary of the passage.,1. Journalists are human beings like the rest of us. We cannot expect them to be completely objective when faced with difficult situations, and we cannot expect their reports to be completely accurate as a result.,Skimming,2. Journalists sometimes have to make difficult decisions about how, and what, to report. It is important for everyone to realize how difficult these decisions are, and to recognize that editors and readers should share part of the responsibility for these decisions too. 3. In extreme situations, journalists should be prepared not to report the news as it happens. These situations may instead require them to help people in difficulty, or to take decisions about how far they can try and find out about peoples private lives.,The best summary is: 2.,Skimming, Answer the questions.,1 What is the meaning of hard in the title “Hard news”?,Hard news, in comparison with soft news, consists of factual, up-to-the-minute accounts of events taking place. But the writer is also making use of the meaning “difficult”. Journalists need to take difficult decisions.,Skimming,2 Which three typical difficult situations does the writer refer to?,Stopping illegal executions or simply photographing them; revealing the name of a source of a story who will get into trouble as a result, or refusing to do so; publishing or not a photograph of a celebrity in a private moment. To sum up, the three Situations are: getting involved or staying neutral; protecting sources or revealing them; revealing private matters of famous people or not.,Skimming,3 What is the job of a journalist, at first sight?,To record whats happening, accurately and based on facts.,4 What are journalists in danger of losing if they do this job?,They may lose their humanity, sympathetic attitude to other people.,Skimming,5 Which two real news events does the writer refer to?,The shooting of Lee Harvey Oswald and the death of Princess Diana in a car crash.,6 Which are the three qualities the news media should have?,Being professional, reliable and responsible to the public.,7 Why is The New York Times sometimes slower in publishing news than its rivals?,It likes to take time to check for accuracy.,Hard News,譯文,Digging,1 What is the responsibility of a journalist? Is it to inform their readers? Or is it to please their editor? Is it to remain on the side of the law, at all costs? Or is it simply to write a good story? Or is there some responsibility to behave as a human being, whatever the cost or the danger?,2 Here are a few dilemmas some journalists have faced.,3 A photographer in a war zone takes photos of an army officer executing rebel soldiers. Its possible that he might have been able to stop the officer shooting the prisoners. But he chose to honour his responsibilities towards his editor and the newspaper readers, which was to report what was happening. Should he have got involved, or was he simply doing his job?,Digging,4 A journalist is investigating a major fraud in a big city bank. A bank employee reveals to her the method by which the crime was committed, and the identities of the criminals. In doing so, the employee admits his own minor implication in the crime. The police launch their own investigation, and ask the journalist to reveal the name of her source. She refuses, claiming that her professional standards oblige her to protect her sources. Should she be praised for her principles, or charged with preventing the police from solving the crime?,譯文,Digging,5 A newspaper publishes photos of a well-known film actor whose career is promoted by her frequent appearances in the media. On this occasion, the photos were taken while the actor was on holiday in a private home abroad. The actor intends to take the newspaper to court for invasion of her private life. Is the newspaper simply doing what its readers expect it to do, or is the actor entitled to separate her private from her public life?,譯文,Digging,6 What do you think? 7 The ethical responsibility of the journalist is endlessly discussed, both in general, and in particular cases. At first, the answer seems simple: The journalists job is to record whats happening, accurately and based on facts.,譯文,Digging,8 But sometimes doing a journalists job is at the cost of their humanity. When Jack Ruby shot Lee Harvey Oswald, the man arrested for killing President John F Kennedy, a photographer was present. But could he have dropped his camera and stopped Ruby from firing his gun? And if he had done so, would we know more about who ordered the killing of the president than we do now?,譯文,Digging,9 And were the photographers ethically right to pursue Princess Diana and her partner in order to obtain photos at such speeds as to cause her car to crash? Or was it a fair and reasonable news story which respected the readers right to know about a relationship affecting the state of the British royal family?,譯文,Digging,10 So should the journalist always stand back and watch while people kill each other, or should they ever get involved as human beings?,譯文,Digging,11 Clearly, the journalists code of practice varies from country to country. Yet most acknowledge the need to report a story accurately, to provide proof of any claims or protect their sources, and to correct mistakes. The news media relies on their journalists behaviour in order to support its three most important assets: being professional, reliable and responsible to the public.,譯文,Digging,Some newspapers, such as The New York Times, recognize the potential for conflict between the need for speed and accuracy, and tend to publish important stories more slowly than their competitors.,譯文,Digging,12 So, the ethical responsibility of a journalist is not quite as simple as it first appears. And its a responsibility that needs to be shared. 13 It needs to be shared by the editors, who sometimes show shots of dead enemy soldiers, in order to convey the tragedy of the war, but not to show shots of our own dead soldiers, for fear of offending both their relatives and the readers.,譯文,Digging,譯文,Digging,14 It needs to be shared by the owners of media organizations, who may accept advertising from unethical companies. They do this in order to appeal to the people who hold investments in the organization. Otherwise, they will not have the finances to pursue their mission to explain.,Digging,16 We all need to accept that a journalist is not simply a hunting dog chasing a good story to be consumed like dead meat by the strong, at the expense of the weak. We need to accept that both workers in the media, and its consumers, the audience and readers, are above all human beings a characteristic which we all share.,inform,釋義,vt. to officially tell someone something or give them information about something 通知；告知,例句,The President has been fully informed of developments.,已經(jīng)向總統(tǒng)匯報了事態(tài)的全部進展。,翻譯,Words,The manager promised to keep me informed of how our business was going on. (Jan. 1990, CET-4, Vocabulary and Structure),真題,例句,Please inform us of any change of address as soon as possible.,地址如有變更，請盡早通知我們。,翻譯,dilemma,釋義,n. C a situation in which you have to make a difficult decision 窘境；困境,例句,Im in a dilemma over whether to tell him or not.,我進退兩難，不知道是否該告訴他。,翻譯,Words,例句,Many single parents struggle with the dilemma of dividing time between work and children.,許多單身父母在給工作和給子女的時間分配上處于兩難境地。,翻譯,execute,釋義,vt. to kill someone as a punishment for a crime 處死；處決,例句,The general was executed for war crimes.,將軍因戰(zhàn)爭罪被處死。,翻譯,Words,例句,He said nobody had been executed as a direct result of the events.,他說沒有人直接因為那些事件而被處死。,翻譯,rebel,釋義1,a. (only before noun) relating to rebels or their activities 反叛（者）的；造反（者）的,例句,rebel troops,叛軍,翻譯,Words,rebel,釋義2,n. C someone who tries to remove a government or leader using force 造反者；反叛者,例句,They sent in troops to back the rebels.,他們派來軍隊支持叛亂分子。,翻譯,Words,例句,Anti-government rebels have seized the radio station.,反政府的叛亂分子占領了電臺。,翻譯,釋義,例句,Recently there have been widespread credit card fraud.,最近各地頻繁出現(xiàn)信用卡詐騙事件。,翻譯,Words,n. C, U the crime of obtaining money from someone by tricking them 詐騙；欺詐,fraud,例句,The police arrested him for tax fraud.,警方因他在納稅上的欺詐行為把他逮捕了。,翻譯,minor,釋義,a. not very important 較不重要的；次要的,例句,We made a few minor changes to the plan.,這個計劃我們作了一些小小的修改。,翻譯,Words,例句,翻譯,Most of the passengers suffered only minor injuries.,大部分乘客只受了點輕傷。,真題,The flight is delayed because of a minor mechanical problem. Please wait for further notice. (Jun. 2002, CET-4, Listening comprehension),oblige,釋義,vt. (usu passive) to force someone to do something because it is the law, a rule, or a duty 迫使,例句,You are legally obliged to pay this fine.,從法律上講，你有義務繳納這筆罰款。,翻譯,Words,The law obliges parents to send their children to school.,法律規(guī)定父母有讓子女接受教育的義務。,例句,翻譯,charge,釋義,vt. to accuse someone officially of committing a crime 控告；指控,例句,Two men have been charged in connection with the fire.,兩個人被指控與火災有關。,翻譯,Words,例句,The prosecution charged that he had accepted a bribe.,檢察院起訴他收受賄賂。,翻譯,media,釋義,n. C (the ) radio, television, newspapers, the Internet, and magazines, considered as a group 媒體；傳媒,例句,The media have launched a bitter attack on the Ministry of Railways.,大眾傳媒向鐵道部發(fā)起了猛烈攻擊。,翻譯,Words,This research has attracted wide media coverage and has featured on BBC televisions Tomorrows World. (Jun. 2002, CET-4, Vocabulary and Structure ),真題,例句,There was a lot of media coverage of the wedding.,媒體大張旗鼓地報道了這場婚禮。,翻譯,court,釋義,n. C, U a place where trials take place and legal cases are decided 法庭；法院,例句,They tried to settle the case out of court.,這個案子他們試圖庭外和解。,翻譯,Words,I would never have resorted to a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate. (Jun. 2002, CET-4, Vocabulary and structure),真題,例句,I dont think that argument would stand up in a court of law.,我認為這個論據(jù)在法庭上是站不住腳的。,翻譯,entitle,釋義,vt. to give someone the right to do something 給（某 人）權利；給（某人）資格,例句,Only full-time employees are entitled to receive health insurance.,只有全職雇員才有資格獲得健康保險。,翻譯,Words,例句,Membership entitles you to the full use of our fitness facilities.,會員可以使用我們這兒的所有健身器材。,翻譯,Everyone should be entitled to a decent standard of living and an opportunity to be educated. (Jan. 2003, CET-4, Vocabulary and structure),真題,ethical,釋義,a. involving the principles used for deciding what is right and what is wrong 倫理的；道德的,例句,翻譯,Words,Is it ethical to use drugs to control prisoners behaviour?,用藥物來控制犯人的行為合乎道德嗎？,unethical,反義詞,例句,翻譯,The use of animals in scientific tests raises some difficult ethical questions.,在科學實驗中使用動物引發(fā)了一些難以解決的道德問題。,arrest,釋義,vt. if the police arrest someone, they take that person to a police station because they believe he or she has committed a crime 逮捕；拘捕；拘留,例句,翻譯,Words,The policeman arrested the drunk for disturbing the peace.,警察以擾亂治安罪逮捕了那個醉漢。,Another policeman arrived, and together, we arrested three of the men; but the other four ran away. (Jun. 1997, CET-4, Listening comprehension),真題,例句,翻譯,Police made 20 arrests at yesterdays demonstration.,昨天的示威游行中，警察逮捕了20人。,royal,釋義,a. relating to a king or queen or the members of their family 國王的；女王的；王室的,例句,翻譯,Words,Opposition within the royal family was crushed.,王族內的反對派被清除了。,真題,Lets go and see a new movie at the Royal Theatre. I hear its a real story of two prison breakers. (Jan. 1998, CET-4, Listening Comprehension),例句,翻譯,The Summer Palace, which used to be a royal garden, is my favourite park.,頤和園是我最喜歡的公園，它以前是座皇家園林。,code,釋義,n. C a set of rules about how something should be done or how people should behave 準 則； 規(guī) 范；行為規(guī)則,例句,翻譯,Words,The profession has a strict code of practice.,這個專業(yè)有嚴格的行業(yè)守則。, they wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers, and follow strict codes of behavior. (Jan. 2002, CET-4, Reading comprehension),真題,例句,翻譯,Parents should help to teach children a strong moral code.,家長應幫助教育孩子們形成嚴格的道德規(guī)范。,proof,釋義,n. C, U information or evidence that shows that something is definitely true or definitely exists 證據(jù)；證物；證詞,例句,翻譯,Words,要享受打折優(yōu)惠，你必須證明你的學生身份。,To receive the discount, you must show proof of student status.,We have no proof that any of these well-known conversations actually took place, but we are prepared to believe that they did. (Jan. 1991, CET-4, Vocabulary and Structure),真題,例句,翻譯,你有什么證據(jù)證明這個人偷了你的包嗎？,Do you have any proof that this man stole your bag?,convey,釋義,vt. to communicate ideas or feelings indirectly （間接 地）表達，傳達（思想或感情）,例句,翻譯,Words,她總是對自己的工作表現(xiàn)出一股熱情。,She always conveys a sense of enthusiasm for her work.,Jans office conveyed an impression of efficiency and seriousness.,例句,翻譯,簡的辦公室給人留下高效和莊重的印象。,offend,釋義,vt. to make someone upset and angry by doing or saying something 冒犯；得罪；使生氣,例句,翻譯,Words,電視節(jié)目審查官正在剪掉一些他們稱可能會引起冒犯的鏡頭。,Television censors are cutting out scenes which they claim may offend.,例句,翻譯,他為自己發(fā)表的評論道歉并說他無意冒犯該團體。,He apologizes for his comments and says he had no intention of offending the community.,privacy,釋義,n. U the freedom to do things without other people watching you or knowing what you are doing 獨處；個人自由；隱私,例句,翻譯,Words,他們不希望他們的個人隱私受到記者們的侵犯。,They dont want their privacy invaded by reporters.,例句,翻譯,在個人家里安放竊聽器是對個人私生活的侵犯。,A hidden microphone in a persons home is an invasion of privacy.,chase,釋義,v. to follow someone or something quickly in order to catch them 追逐；追趕；追蹤,例句,翻譯,Words,警察沿街追趕小偷。,The police chased the thief down the street.,They decided to chase the cow away before it did more damage. (Jan. 1990, CET-4, Vocabulary and structure),真題,例句,翻譯,外面院子里，孩子們叫喊著在互相追逐。,Outside in the yard, kids were yelling and chasing each other.,at all costs / at any cost,釋義,used for saying that something must be done however difficult it is or however much damage it causes 不惜一切代價,This relentless pursuit of economic growth at any cost is questionable.,不惜一切代價追求經(jīng)濟增長的做法是有問題的。,Phrases,例句,翻譯,Text,We will save his life at all costs.,我們將不惜一切代價挽救他的生命。,例句,翻譯,釋義,例句,翻譯,如果你不還清欠款，我就到法院告你。,take sb to court,to begin a case against someone 把某人送上法庭,Phrases,If you do not pay up, I will take you to court.,例句,翻譯,我們決定不起訴他們，免得惹事生非。,We decided to let sleeping dogs lie and not take them to court.,釋義,例句,翻譯,be entitled to do sth,to give someone the official right to do something 使（某人）有權利做某事,Phrases,例句,翻譯,He is entitled to attend the conference.,他有資格參加這個會議。,Im entitled to apply for citizenship.,我有資格申請公民身份。,釋義,例句,翻譯,一般說來，從暴富到破產(chǎn)會經(jīng)歷四個階段。,in general,In general, there seem to be four stages to the flush and crash.,as a whole, without giving details 總的來說,Phrases,例句,翻譯,The plant or animal has, in general, the power of reproduction.,一般說來，動植物都有生殖能力。,釋義,例句,翻譯,外科醫(yī)生一般不給親人動手術，因為他們得置身事外保持冷靜。,stand back,Surgeons usually avoid to do operation for their relativesas they have to stand back to stay calm.,to not let yourself be influenced by your feelings about a situation so that you can think about it more clearly 置身于一定距離之外（考慮事物）,Phrases,例句,翻譯,It is very difficult for parents to stand back when they see their child bullied by other kids.,當看到孩子被別的小孩欺負事，家長很難做到置身之外。,釋義,例句,翻譯,因為害怕隔墻有耳，我們連說話也得放低聲音。,for fear of,We hush our voices for fear of being heard.,(doing) sth in case you make something bad happen 生怕；以免,Phrases,例句,翻譯,For fear of accidents, the driver drove very slowly.,因害怕發(fā)生事故，這位司機開得很慢。,釋義,例句,翻譯,他以損害健康為代價完成了那件工作。,at the expense of,He finished the job at the expense of his health.,if something is done at the expense of someone or something else, it is only achieved by harming the other person or thing 以為代價,Phrases,例句,翻譯,Dont profit yourself at the expense of others.,不要損人利己。,釋義,例句,翻譯,我們希望你學習新的技術，遇到新朋友，最重要的是讓自己開心。,above all,We hope you will learn new skills, meet new people, and above all enjoy yourself.,used for referring to something that is more important than any of the other things you could mention 首先；首要的是,Phrases,例句,翻譯,This bike is light, strong and, above all, inexpensive.,這部腳踏車既輕又堅固，最重要的是價格不貴。,Culture points,John F Kennedy (約翰F肯尼迪) (19171963) was President of the United States from 1961 to 1963. He was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas on 22 November 1963. His death shocked the whole of America.,記者的責任是什么？是向讀者告知信息？還是讓主編滿意？是不惜任何代價站在法律的一邊？還是只管寫一則好的新聞故事？或者說他們是不是有責任遵循人的行為規(guī)范，不管要付出多大的代價，冒著多大的危險？ 這里有幾例記者們遭遇過的左右為難的情形。,Translation,原文,艱難的新聞界,一位攝影師拍攝了一組軍官處決反叛士兵的照片。他本來是可能阻止那位軍官射殺戰(zhàn)俘的，但他選擇了履行他對于主編和讀者的責任，即報道所發(fā)生的一切。他應該把自己牽扯進去嗎？還是完成他的本職工作就行了？,Translation,原文,有位記者正在調查一家大型城市銀行的重大詐騙案。一位銀行雇員向她透露了罪犯的犯罪手法和身份。講述過程中，這位雇員承認他在這起案件中有輕微牽連。警方展開了調查，他們請這位記者提供線人的姓名。她拒絕了，聲稱她的職業(yè)準則使她有責任保護信息提供者。她是應該為堅守原則而受到贊揚呢，還是應該為妨礙警方破案而被指控呢？,Translation,原文,有份報紙刊登了一組某知名電影演員的照片，在媒體的頻頻曝光推動了她的演藝事業(yè)。這一次，她在國外的私宅中度假時被拍了照。她打算以侵犯生活隱私的罪名把這家報社告上法庭。這家報社僅僅是做了讀者們期盼它做的事，還是說這位演員有權將她的私生活與公眾生活區(qū)別開？,Translation,原文,你怎么看呢？ 關于記者道德責任的討論從未停止過，有籠統(tǒng)的，也有針對具體案例的。起初，答案似乎很簡單：記者的工作就是準確、如實地記錄下所發(fā)生的事。,Translation,原文,然而，從事記者工作有時候是要以犧牲其人性為代價的。當杰克魯比槍殺因刺殺約翰F 肯尼迪總統(tǒng)而被捕的李哈維奧斯瓦爾德時，有位攝影師就在現(xiàn)場?？伤軄G下照相機去阻止魯比開槍嗎？如果他真這么做了，我們會不會知道更多有關刺殺總統(tǒng)的主謀的信息呢？,Translation,原文,攝影師們?yōu)榕牡秸掌菜傩旭?，尾隨戴安娜和她的情人，引發(fā)了那場車禍，以道德而論，他們做對了嗎？或者，為了尊重讀者對一場將會影響英國王室現(xiàn)狀的戀情的知情權，這樣的新聞就是公平而合理的嗎？,Translation,原文,所以，在人們相互殘殺時，記者們應該退一步來觀望，還是應該出于人性挺身而出？,Translation,原文,很顯然，記者的行為規(guī)范因國別而異。然而，大多數(shù)國家都認可要準確地報道，提出任何主張都需要給出證據(jù)，要保護消息提供者，以及要更正錯誤。新聞業(yè)有賴于記者的行為來維護它最重要的三項優(yōu)勢：專業(yè)性、可靠性和對公眾的責任心。,Translation,原文,一些報紙，例如紐約時報，認識到在追求速度和保證準確性時可能會產(chǎn)生的沖突，因此刊登重要新聞時往往晚于它的競爭對手。,Translation,原文,因此，一名記者的道德責任并非像乍一看上去那么簡單。它是一種需要分擔的責任。 這份責任需要主編來分擔。主編有時通過刊登敵軍士兵被擊斃的照片來揭示戰(zhàn)爭引發(fā)的不幸，但是他們從不刊登自己一方士兵犧牲的照片，因為不想冒犯士兵的親人和讀者的情感。,Translation,原文,這份責任需要媒體機構的所有者來分擔。他們可能會接下無道德的公司的廣告業(yè)務。這么做只是為了迎合投資人。沒有這些投資人，他們就沒有財力去追求向公眾釋疑解惑這一使命。,Translation,原文,這份責任需要讀者來分擔。他們必須接受這樣一個事實：一則有關好萊塢影星的被夸大了的、令人咋舌的新聞可能會嚴重侵犯這位影星的隱私，甚至是人權。,Translation,我們都需要承認，記者不是一只獵犬，不能像獵犬追捕獵物那樣去獵取好的新聞，一心要吃掉獵物，不考慮弱小者的利益。我們需要承認，無論是新聞從業(yè)者，還是作為消費者的觀眾和讀者們，大家首先都是人這是我們共有的特點。,Translation,Main idea of the passage,The writer asks what the responsibility of a journalist is and notes that there are areas of conflict. Is it right to be neutral when terrible things are happening? Is it right for journalists to protect their sources even when they have done something wrong? Is it moral to take photographs of people in private moments? Is speed or accuracy more important when reporting a story? This last question leads the writer to widen the enquiry and consider also the responsibility of editors when choosing what stories to run.,Digging,Then there are the owners of the media for whom the news is business. What is their responsibility when decisions can cost them money and make them lose sales? Finally there are the readers. Their tastes influence what is printed. It is our responsibility if we buy newspapers which are full of gossip. The writer concludes that all concerned must take their responsibilities seriously and make sure they put our common humanity before any other considerations.,Digging,Text,Using re