盧秋凡;徐萍;王李云;高源—閱讀理解之 主旨大意題 主旨大意推理題和細(xì)節(jié)題 細(xì)節(jié)推理題

優(yōu)能個(gè)性化高中英語教學(xué)教案授課日期授課時(shí)間8小時(shí)課題閱讀理解各題型解題技巧課型高考英語潛能生教學(xué)內(nèi)容教學(xué)重點(diǎn) 1. 主旨大意題解題策略1） 簡(jiǎn)單類（對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)推測(cè)）2） 復(fù)雜類（對(duì)文章大意推斷）2. 細(xì)節(jié)題1） 簡(jiǎn)單類2） 復(fù)雜類（推斷題）教學(xué)難點(diǎn): 1. 復(fù)雜類主旨大意題2. 復(fù)雜類細(xì)節(jié)題解決方案教具教學(xué)思路分析課后作業(yè)聽寫讀說筆記復(fù)習(xí)預(yù)習(xí)學(xué)員反饋教學(xué)過程教師參與學(xué)生參與時(shí)間教學(xué)活動(dòng)Activities L/S/R/W學(xué)生活動(dòng)/學(xué)生語言第一次課5-10分鐘1-2分鐘1-2分鐘45-60分鐘25-30分鐘5-10分鐘5-10分鐘復(fù)習(xí)和導(dǎo)入重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)再現(xiàn)歷年分值權(quán)重 重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)剖析真題演練答疑解惑課程總結(jié)閱讀理解是學(xué)生愛恨交加的一塊。為啥？1. 能不愛嗎？ 分值那么多2. 能不恨嗎？那一篇篇到底是什么鳥語那我們就來整體解剖下，學(xué)生到底怕在哪里？優(yōu)等生：A.B選項(xiàng)糾結(jié)，答案就是對(duì)著你來（中英思維方式的異同）中等生：我看懂文章了，但我做錯(cuò)題目了潛力生：那是一篇鳥語，我直接看題目，猜、蒙、錯(cuò)所以解決閱讀理解很重要的第一步是對(duì)文章的把握，那你要知道什么？文章的段落組織模式：（可以是第一張PPT） 列舉型： 簡(jiǎn)單列舉，熟知列舉，主次列舉 時(shí)間型：信息詞（first, then, afterwards, shortly, after that, later, next, before, at last, finally） 空間型：信息詞（on the left/right, on the top of, above, in front of, behind, near, on the other side of, in the center） 分類型：信息詞 （divide into, break into, kinds, sorts, types, classes, groups）在對(duì)文章進(jìn)行整體感知后，我們過渡到題干和題目來。千篇一律！ 題目總結(jié)為四大類題型：1. 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題2. 猜測(cè)詞義3. 推理判斷4. 主旨大意分開一塊塊講就太落伍了，我們今天來點(diǎn)小小創(chuàng)新：先看下各塊歷年分值44%26%15%14%今天我們處理的是閱讀理解。為什么？你先看看閱讀在你的高考卷里的地位好了。閱讀是高考試卷中分會(huì)比例非常大的一塊，將近占了30%的分會(huì)比例。所以我們會(huì)花幾節(jié)課的時(shí)間好好的把這塊好東西啃下來。先說說你對(duì)閱讀理解的感覺吧。你的問題其實(shí)也是大家對(duì)閱讀題的普遍問題，我們會(huì)在這個(gè)專題里各個(gè)擊破，逐個(gè)解決。我們先來看一下閱讀理解文章的幾種比較多見的結(jié)構(gòu)以及題目的類型。OH NO!為什么是閱讀。那倒是，題特別長，最廢紙！好像也挺貴。我的感覺？有的題像那種廣告啊，通知什么的挺簡(jiǎn)單的，用以前說的劃關(guān)聯(lián)詞然后找到原文里有用的句子就可以選了。有一些文章我看得懂，可是常常找不到解題有用的信息，就做不出來。還有就是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都能在文章里找到，但是好像這個(gè)也對(duì)那個(gè)也對(duì)的。對(duì)了！還有的文章太難了，單詞都是不認(rèn)識(shí)的，我就根本看不懂了，就只能亂選了。所以，介紹下我們這節(jié)課的基本框架：我們是從主旨大意題切入1.主旨大意題解題策略1） 簡(jiǎn)單類（對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)推測(cè)）2）復(fù)雜類（對(duì)文章大意推斷）2.細(xì)節(jié)題1） 簡(jiǎn)單類2） 復(fù)雜類（推斷題）Now thats come to the first important part:主旨大意題：考察情況：數(shù)量平衡，每年2-4題，需要對(duì)文章的主旨大意進(jìn)行綜合、歸納、判斷（從題目和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行分析）題目特征：1. The main idea/key point of this passage is that_.2. The passage is mainly about_.3. The best title/headline for this passage is_.4. The topic/subject discussed in this passage is_.5. From the passage we can learn/conclude that_.6. The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with_.7. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?8. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?如何考?總結(jié)下題目特點(diǎn)：1. best title 簡(jiǎn)單類的主旨 選項(xiàng)特征：（選項(xiàng)較短，名詞短語為主）（如2011 福建B 4 ；06年 福建 E篇 ）2. mainly about3. Which conveyed? True or false? (創(chuàng)新考察點(diǎn)) （2011 浙江 C，6） 五三P229 簡(jiǎn)單類的主旨大意題，解題秘籍1. 定位關(guān)鍵字2. 以量取勝,判斷要快準(zhǔn)狠（出現(xiàn)頻率最多）B For five days,Edmonton's Downtown Park is transformed into one huge stage where artists are able to share their talents, and where people are able to celebrate and enjoy themselves .Since is beginning in 1980,the Edmonton Folk Music Festival has been commemorating(念）the ture feeling of what folk music is all about and that's the traditional togetherness(友愛）that is felt when people gather to share stories and feelings through song.This year will be the sixth year when volunteer Riedel will be offering up her time to the festival. "People coming off a busy spring and summer have a moment of relaxation ," Riedel said. "It's really east to relax, and it's great seeing family and friends have fun together." These families and friends come from all different kinds of musical tastes. People who take pleasure in Blues are there, so are people who love Bluegrass. This festival does its best to develop everyone's musical interests. With so many years of experience .the festival has become a well-oiled machine, and does whatever it can to make attendees feel as possible. There are free water stations throughout the venue(舉辦地）for people to fill up their travel cups. When people buy food, reusable ashes are given a $2 plate fee, but that is returned when the plate is brought back.The festival has completely sold out of tickets, and in record time. But with big names such as Van Morrison and Jakob Dylan, its easy to see how that was going to happen. There is no parking area during the festival, so using the Park & Ride system or Edmonton Transit is highly recommended. A bike lock-up area is provided and will be available Thursday until Sunday one hour before the gates open until 45 minutes after the gates close.The Edmonton Folk Music Festival begins on Wednesday, Aug.4 with Van Morrison playing the special donation fund （基金）concert, and will finish up on Sunday, Aug.8.63. What would the best title for the passenger?A. Folk Music of BluesB. One Festival for allC. Festival for Family Gathering D. Edmontons Downtown Park （06 福建E篇） E Despite the high technology and investment(投資)in flood defenses by the Environment Agency.(環(huán)保局)，there is no way to stop all flooding-sooner or later nature will produce something that will beat even the strongest defenses. Warning people of this danger is very important if we are to prevent the great loss of life seen fifty-three years ago. Indeed if the Flood Warning system that currently exists had been around on that cold, stormy night in January 1953 ,many lives would have been spared. The Environment Agency took over the mile of flood warning in 1995 from the police who had to go door to door or sound alarms to get the news known. The service is being constantly improved and a combination of better technology and increased investment following the Easter Floods of 1998 has led to the creation of Flood line and an alternative(自動(dòng))messaging system that can warn thousands of people in very little time. The Flood Warning team in Kent has also sent letters to the people living close to the rivers or the sea and invited them to join the AVM (automated voice messaging) system. Anyone choosing to take up this free service will receive a recorded message directly to their home, business or pager telling them of the level of warming, giving them as much time as possible to carry out their flood plan and save items that cannot be replaced if lost or damaged, such as photographs or childrens favorite toys.75.The best title for this passage may probably be_.A. Environment AgencyB. Technology in Flood DefensesC. Flood Warning SystemD. Easter Floods2. mainly about3. Which conveyed? True or false? (創(chuàng)新考察點(diǎn)) （復(fù)雜類主旨大意題）選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：（為總結(jié)全文觀點(diǎn)的長句）復(fù)雜類主旨大意題解題秘籍：1 首尾包抄，不忘topic sentence2 綜合文章，進(jìn)行合理推斷（06 福建D篇；2011 福建 A篇）DThere are two main forms of teaching in Nottingham University: seminar (研討會(huì))and lecture. They are very different from the sort of teaching most often used in schools and colleges. In seminars you will be taught will discussion focusing on a text or topic sel in advance in a Friendly and inferred atmosphere. The purpose is to provide an opportunity to try out new ideas and to think through difficulties with fellow Learners. Students develop friendships through groups, as well as learning more about other peoples ideas. You can also know your tutors as an individual rather than a face at the end of the room. Lectures are the most formal. There may be over a hundred in the audience and the lecture will last about fifty minutes. The value of the lecture is that it can present to a large number of people information which is not readily available in books, that it can give you an opportunely to hear a specialist develop a coherent(有條理的)argument, and that it can show visual material to a wide audience. You typical weeks a work will feel strange after school or college since there are fewer timetabled teaching hours. Each week in the first year you may attend about six lectures and four to six seminars or tutorials(輔導(dǎo)). For the rest of the time you are working on your own, doing the necessary reading in preparation for tutorials or writing seminar papers. When writing an essay or carrying out project work, you can often discuss with your about the title and topic.68. The purpose of the passage is_.A. to introduce two main forms of researchingB. to persuade you to try out new ideas C. to stress the importance of discussionD. to make you believe that seminar is more helpfulADriving a car is not just handling controls and judging speed and distance. It requires you to predict what other road users will do and get ready to react to something unexpected , When alcohol is consumed, it enters your bloodstream and acts as a depressant （抑制藥），damaging eyesight, judgment and co-ordination （協(xié)調(diào)），slowing down reaction time and greatly increasing the risk of accidents. Even below the drink driving link , driving well be affected.Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain. Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.The present Road Traffic Ordinance states clearly that the limit of alcohol concentration is : 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of blood ;or 22 micrograms of alcohol per 100ml of breath ;or 67 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of urine(尿液)Drivers who cause traffic accidents, or who commit a moving traffic offence or are being suspected of drink driving will be tested.Any drive found drinking beyond the limit will be charged.The driver declared guilty may be fined a maximum of HK25,000 and be sentenced to up to 3 years in prison and punished for 10 driving-offence points; or temporarily banned from driving.The same punishment applices to failing to provide speciments(樣本) far breath, blood or urine tests without good excuse.Drink driving is a criminal offebce.Be a responsible,driver,think before you drink. For the safety of yourself and other road users, never drive after consuming alcohol.56.The first paragraph is mainly about_.A. the introductions of driving skills B. the damage of drinking to your bodyC. the effect of drinking on driving D. the process of alcohol being absorbed總結(jié)下，主旨大意題呢，其實(shí)融合了細(xì)節(jié)和推斷。主旨大意題解題思路總結(jié)總體解題套路：1.認(rèn)真閱讀文章的第一段或每段的第一個(gè)句子。2.留意反復(fù)論述的內(nèi)容和高頻詞。3.文章或段落的主題句常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一些標(biāo)志性的提示 語后。 如： On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above , I would For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would 解題誤區(qū)：1以偏概全。只抓住了主題的一個(gè)側(cè)面。 2過于籠統(tǒng)。歸納的主題太泛，與細(xì)節(jié)脫節(jié)或是沒有對(duì) 細(xì)節(jié)加 以充分論證。 3把觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加給作者。常識(shí)誤區(qū)，并非作者觀點(diǎn)。OK , 完成了主旨大意題，接下看另外一個(gè)重頭戲：2.細(xì)節(jié)題閱讀技巧講解主要分為三大部分：-簡(jiǎn)要介紹細(xì)節(jié)推理題的幾種分類。-重點(diǎn)講解定位法在細(xì)節(jié)推理題中的運(yùn)用。-總結(jié)歸納細(xì)節(jié)推理題的做題技巧。一、細(xì)節(jié)推理題的分類現(xiàn)在我們先來看下第一部分。細(xì)節(jié)推理題的答案往往不是文章中的細(xì)節(jié)在選項(xiàng)中的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，而是根據(jù)文中的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過合理的推理或轉(zhuǎn)化得出的。1同樣，按照答案在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置，細(xì)節(jié)推理題可以分為集中型細(xì)節(jié)推理題和分散型細(xì)節(jié)推理題。（1）集中型：就文章的單個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)提問，答案在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置一般也位于單句話或幾句話中。因?yàn)榫唧w細(xì)節(jié)不同，出題形式千變?nèi)f化，因題而異。如：【2010江西 A】56. Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier?58. How did Andy avoid the bees in the end?59. Which of he following can best describe Andys escape from the bees?【2010福建 E】73. According to the passage, the Pawnee Indians built their houses _.（2）分散型：題目涉及到文章某一段或幾段，甚至貫穿全文的各個(gè)位置，需要考生尋找文章中的多個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。請(qǐng)注意，分散型細(xì)節(jié)推理題并不意味著題目的正確答案出現(xiàn)在文章的不同位置，正確答案往往也是關(guān)于文章的某一個(gè)句子或細(xì)節(jié)。只是說文章的干擾選項(xiàng)是關(guān)于不同的細(xì)節(jié)，需要我們?cè)诙ㄎ坏臅r(shí)候閱讀某一個(gè)區(qū)域。分散型細(xì)節(jié)推理題常見的出題方式有：Which of the following is not true? We can learn/infer from the passage that Which of the following is NOT mentioned about ?也有因題而異的，有些看似集中的其實(shí)也分散在文中，需要考生仔細(xì)定位。如：【2010江西 A】57. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the swarm of bees in the passage?【2010福建 E】74.All the native Indian houses described in the passage were_.原文所陳述的事實(shí)有很多段，而并不是單個(gè)的句子。2. 就題目形式而言，細(xì)節(jié)推理題的表現(xiàn)形式是多種多樣的，最常見的有：（1）文章細(xì)節(jié)：針對(duì)文中細(xì)節(jié)直接提問（2）指代判斷：判斷文中某個(gè)代詞或特定詞組的指代關(guān)系（3）圖表數(shù)據(jù)：對(duì)題目中的圖標(biāo)和數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算 （4）詞義猜測(cè)：推測(cè)文中某個(gè)詞或詞組的含義 （5）順序排列：選擇文中細(xì)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的正確的時(shí)間順序或邏輯順序 （6）態(tài)度目的：作者在文中引入某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的目的，或?qū)δ硞€(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或細(xì)節(jié)人物的態(tài)度。3. 細(xì)節(jié)推理題常見的設(shè)問方式設(shè)問方式：疑問句式（五個(gè)W，一個(gè)H），不完整的陳述句式，排除句式1、Which of the following is true/false/mentioned?2、What does the writer pay least attention to?3、Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in the Europe?4、How did Christy McKinley know Ms. Schatzmans opinion of the chi tea? 5、D was created for .6、Which of the following is NOT mentioned about ?二、定位法在細(xì)節(jié)推理題中的運(yùn)用定位法：通過定位詞解題，就是說我們?cè)陂喿x題干的時(shí)候迅速的把題干中有標(biāo)記意義的詞或詞組劃記出來，然后用這個(gè)詞回到原文當(dāng)中定位。（1）什么詞才算是定位詞呢？我們首先要關(guān)注的是表示人名、地名等的專有名詞和表示年份、數(shù)字、百分?jǐn)?shù)等的數(shù)詞，以及題干中出現(xiàn)的大寫的名詞。如【2010全國卷II】51. Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in the Europe?【2010遼寧】61. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?【2011福建 C】64. Which of the following best describes Roth s feeling in Book 1?【2011全國卷I C】65 .Which of the following might be a bed of proper length according to Phil Heinricy? 【2011全國卷I E】73. We learn from the ads that the Enterprise Shopping Centre needs a person who _【2010全國I】61. How did Christy McKinley know Ms. Schatzmans opinion of the chi tea? 【2010山東】57. D was created for .【2010湖南】62, We can know that before 1995 Mary .【2010四川】46. What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards?在上面的例子當(dāng)中，表示地名的New York, Europe；表示人名的 Roth, Phil Heinricy，表示時(shí)間的1995 以及大寫的特殊專有名詞D, Green Communities Standards等都是定位詞，在原文當(dāng)中都有出現(xiàn)，能幫助我們迅速地找找到出題點(diǎn)?？墒俏覀儾灰欢看味歼\(yùn)氣好碰到專有名詞等，在沒有上面這些類詞的時(shí)候我們需要留意一些表示實(shí)體意義，指代一件具體事物的具象的名詞。如：【2009安徽 D】70If you would like to have some vegetable beef, what may be your choice? 【2010江蘇】56. Which of the following do the surnames in the passage NOT cover?【2010全國I】56. Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeares Birthplace?【2010全國I】66. Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes? 如果我們?cè)陬}干中連一個(gè)實(shí)體名詞都找不到的話應(yīng)該怎么辦呢？這時(shí)我們還可以關(guān)注題干中詞義鮮明的動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等。但是因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞的同義表達(dá)太多，題干中這些詞往往是原文中的同義表達(dá)或轉(zhuǎn)化，需要引起我們的注意。這個(gè)我們?cè)谙挛闹羞€會(huì)專門提到。請(qǐng)看下面一個(gè)用形容詞、副詞作定位詞的例子：【2010上海】67. Indian elephants are getting increasingly angry and they revenge because 在原文中我們可以找到對(duì)應(yīng)的句子：Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry: for many years, illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land. It is now fighting back. （2）定位法在集中型題中的運(yùn)用（2010江西）AAndy rode slowly on his way to school, day-dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him. He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him.詞義的轉(zhuǎn)換，unaware= fail to notice ，day-dreaming about the fishing trip直接可以找到He rode along until a strange around drew him to the present. He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens. What he saw shocked him. A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like clack cloud and the buzzing mass towards him.With no time to waste. Andy sped off in the opposite direction, riding furiously without knowing how to escape the swarm. With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously, he sped down the rough road. As the bees came closer, his panic increased. Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇). The last sting had landed him in hospitaland that was only one bee sting! He had been forced to stay in bead for two whole days. Suddenly, his fathers words came to him. “When you are in a tight situation, dont panic. Use your brain and think your ways out of it. ”O(jiān)n a nearby hill, he could see smoke waving slowly skywards form the chimney of the Nelson family home. “Bees dont like smoke,” he thought. “They couldnt get into the house.”Andy raced towards the Nelson house, but the bees were gaining ground. Andy knew be could not reach the house in time. He estimated that the bees would catch up with him soon.Suddenly, out of the corner of his eyes, he spotted a small dam used by Mr. Nelson to irrigate his vegetable garden. Off his bike and into the cool water he dived, disappearing below the surface and away from the savage insects. into the cool water he dived，表示andy躲避開蜜蜂是因?yàn)樗胶永顰fter holding his breath for as long as he could, Andy came up for air and noticed the bees have gone. Dragging himself out of the date, he struggled up the hilly slope and rang the doorbell. Mr Nelson took his inside and rang his mother.“Youll really need that fishing break to help you recover,”laughed his mother with relief. “Thank goodness you didnt panic! But Andy did not hear her. He was dreaming once again of the fish he would catch tomorrow. ”56. Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier?A. He was riding to school.B. He was listening to a strange sound.C. He was going fishing with his father.D. He was lost in the thought of the fishing trip.57. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the swarm of bees in the passage?A. They crowded like a black cloud.B. They shocked and terrified Andy.C. They tried to attack Andy in a mass.D. They made Andy stay in hospital for two days.58. How did Andy avoid the bees in the end?A. He asked Mr. Nelson in help.B. He hid himself under the water.C. He rushed into the Nelson house.D. He rode off in the opposite direction.（2011全國1，C） While small may be beautiful，tall is just plain uncomfortable it seems，particularly when it comes to staying in hotels and eating in restaurants. The Tall Persons Club Great Britain(TPCGB)，which was formed six months ago to campaign(發(fā)起運(yùn)動(dòng))for the needs of the tallfor the needs of the tall這句話直接告訴你這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)起是為了高的人的需要has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants Beds that are too small，shower heads that are too low ,and restaurant tables with hardly any leg-room all make life difficult for those of above average height it says. But it is not just the extra-tail whose needs are not being met. The average height of thepopulation has been increasing yet the standard size of beds，doorways，and chairs has remained unchanged “The bedding industry says a bed should be six inches larger than the person using it ,so even a king-size bed at 6'6"(6feet and 6 inches) is falling short for 25of men，while the standard 6'3" bed caters for(滿足需要)less than half of the male(男性)population，"said TPCGB president Phil Heinricy , "Seven-foot beds would work fine."“Seven-foot beds would work fine”這是TPCGB president Phil Heinricy明明白白說明的 Similarly ,restaurant tables can cause no end of problems Small tables，which mean the long-legged have to sit a foot or so away from them are enough to make tall customers go elsewhere Some have already taken note，however At Queens Moat Houses Caledonian Hotel inEdinburgh6'6" beds are now put in as standard after requests for longer beds from taller visitors, particularly Americans.6'6" beds are now put in as standard是說明6'6" 的床是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，而以前的上文提到的6'3" 將被他所取代64 What is the purpose of the TPCGB campaign? A. To provide better services B. To rebuild hotels and restaurants C. To draw public attention to the needs of the tall D. To attract more people to become its members65 .Which of the following might be a bed of proper length according to Phil Heinricy? A .72 B. 7 C. 66 D .6367. What change has already been made in a hotel in Edinburgh? A .Tall people pay more for larger beds B. 66 beds have taken the place of 63beds C. Special rooms are kept for AmericansD. Guest rooms are standardized（3）定位法在分散型題中的應(yīng)用請(qǐng)注意：離散型細(xì)節(jié)推理題的解題步驟和技巧基本上與集中型是一致的，但是離散型細(xì)節(jié)推理題在題干中除了告知特定的目標(biāo)段落之外，往往找不到定位詞。這就需要我們?cè)陬}干找不到定位詞時(shí)，迅速的瀏覽一下選項(xiàng)，在選項(xiàng)中找到定位詞。（2010安徽）A The engineer Camillo Olivetti was 40 years old when he started the company in 1908. At his factory in lvera, he designed and produced the first Italian typewriter. Today the companys head office is still in Ivrea, near Turin, but the company is much larger than it was in those days and there are offices all around the world.By