寫作常用句型結(jié)構(gòu).ppt

寫作常用句型結(jié)構(gòu),比較結(jié)構(gòu),1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster. 2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.,對兩個事物進行比較的句式為: Compared with A, B.,只能用compare的過去分詞，不能用現(xiàn)在分詞，因為B是分詞的邏輯主語，只能被比較；將天氣與城市進行比較，而二者沒有可比性，只有將后者改為其他城市的天氣才符合邏輯，很顯然，這種錯誤是受了漢語表達習慣的影響。,2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.,1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.,In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years. as much as,比較結(jié)構(gòu)常用的表達方法,1同級比較,Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before. We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water.,2比較級,This is the most interesting book Ive ever read. Of all his novels I like this one best.,3最高級,The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.,4the morethe more,1）I prefer staying at home to going out. 2）They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly. 3）He prefers to work alone.,5選擇比較,這里的1）句用的是Prefer A to B結(jié)構(gòu)，to為介詞，后接名詞或動名詞；2）句是以不定式作prefer的賓語；3）句用法同2）。,.,Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigor.,6對比,while 和whereas均可用于連接兩個意義對立的分句，相當于漢語的而字。尤其在圖表作文中，要學會使用這一句式。,1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek. 2.The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.,表達原因的結(jié)構(gòu),1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek. 2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard. .,掌握好表達原因的結(jié)構(gòu)是十分重要的，幾乎所有的寫作試題都要求寫原因或可以寫原因。英語中用來表達原因這一概念的結(jié)構(gòu)有多種。,1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country. 2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress. 3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.,1. Some people think we neednt to worry about fresh water. 2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, too.,否定結(jié)構(gòu),1. Some people think we neednt worry (或dont need to worry) about fresh water. 2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, either.,need作為情態(tài)動詞時，用于否定句時，后面的動詞不帶to, neednt worry。need作為實意動詞時，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問句，dont need to worry ；在英語中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。,除了在助動詞、情態(tài)動詞，be和have后面加not之外，還有許多不含not的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。若能正確使用他們，文章會顯得生動活潑，增加寫作的閃光點。,1. 含有否定意義的詞匯和短語,介詞：against, beyond, but, except, without,.形容詞和動詞：fail, miss, refuse, used to, reluctant, lack, keep.from, protect.from, prevent.from, let alone, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too.to, by no means, ,1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries. 2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis. 3） We should protect trees from being destroyed. 4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.,hardly, few, little, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything 1）We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago. 2）These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.,2. 含有半否定意義的詞語,1）We cant but face the reality. 我們只有面對現(xiàn)實。 2）They will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.(很快) 3) I didnt go to bed until 12clock last night. 4) No sooner had we left the village than it began to rain (一-就),3. 不含否定意義的否定結(jié)構(gòu),有時為了強調(diào)而把否定詞和詞組放在句首，這時句子結(jié)構(gòu)應倒裝,1） On no account should we follow blindly. 我們決不應當盲從。 2） No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our country. 沒有任何其他地方有我國這樣高的學習熱情。,4. 否定結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝語序,1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. 2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.,含有it的結(jié)構(gòu),1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. 2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect.,如果用it作形式主語，后面的主語從句必須由that引起；,It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not.,1. 作形式主語,We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it possible for people to grow healthily and live longer.,2. 作形式賓語,It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.,3. 引導強調(diào)句,倍數(shù)表示法 1) 倍數(shù)+名詞 eg. The output of cotton in 1985 was five times that of 1978. (是大小的5倍) 2)倍數(shù) + 形容詞/副詞比較級形式 + than The output of cotton in 1985 was five times greater than that in 1978. (是大小的5倍),3)倍數(shù)+ as + 形容詞/副詞 + as The output of cotton in 1985 was five times as much as that of 1978. 注：five times asas 是的5倍，與five times more/greater than所表達的含義在英語國家是沒有區(qū)別的。 4)動詞 + (by) + 倍數(shù) / 百分比 The landlord wanted to raise the rent by a third. 房東想把房租提高1/3。,I. 如果要強調(diào)特殊疑問句，要采用“特殊疑問詞+ is (was)+ it + that +句子”結(jié)構(gòu)。 Where was it (that) you saw the man? Who was it (that) you want to see? How is it (that) your answer differs from his? What is it that you want me to say?,Grammar,II. 雙重否定 在這個句子中同時出現(xiàn)兩個表示否定意義的詞-never 和without,構(gòu)成雙重否定句。這種句子語氣較強。又如： You cant make something out of nothing 巧婦難為無米之炊。（諺語） Nothing can be wholly beautiful that is not useful 凡是沒有用的東西就不能達到完美。,Unless you tell me，I shall not be able to help you 除非你告訴我，否則我就不會幫助你。 There isnt a mother but faces this problem. 每一個母親都會碰到這類問題的。 There is nothing so hard but it becomes easy by practice. 再難的事只要不斷練習，就會變得簡單。,III. 不定式復合結(jié)構(gòu) Ive sometimes waited half an hour or more for my husband to return from seeing a guest off. 不定式可以帶有邏輯主語，構(gòu)成不定式復合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中做主語、賓語、定語、表語或狀語等。,1. 做主語 It is quite possible for you to catch up with them in a short time. 2. 做賓語 We think it strange for him to say a thing like that. -We think (that) it (is) strange that he should say a thing like that.,3. 做表語 What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly. 我們所希望的是你對這件事有一個清楚地了解。 The most urgent thing is for us to get the preparation done. 最重要的事情是我們要把準備工作做好。 4. 做定語 He is an example for us to follow. 他是我們學習的榜樣。,5. 做狀語 I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like. 我送他幾張畫，讓他瞧瞧巴黎是什么樣子。 My home town has changed too much for me to recognize. 我的家鄉(xiāng)變化太大，簡直認不出來了。 6. 做同位語 The problem-which way to go - worried him for a long time.,7. 做主語補足語 She was seen to enter the building. The house was found to be empty. The contest was scheduled to have taken place in August. 比賽原計劃在八月舉行。,IV. 動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu) 動名詞也可以有邏輯主語，一般規(guī)則是： 1. 邏輯主語是有生命名詞時，用名詞或代詞所有格（做主語時邏輯主語只用所有格，若做賓語，邏輯主語也可用通格） 2. 邏輯主語是無生命名詞時或抽象概念名詞時，只用通格。,3. 邏輯主語是以s結(jié)尾的名詞或是一個以上名詞構(gòu)成的詞組，只用通格。 4. 邏輯主語是數(shù)詞，或是代詞或不定代詞this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone 時, 一般用通格。,It was quite unexpected _ so soon.,我們料到Tom會來。,他的離開是一個很大的損失。,_ is what we have expected.,母親不喜歡我工作到很晚。,_ is a great loss.,男女老少都愛她，這我并不奇怪。,Mother disliked _.,學生們這么快就答完考卷，是十分出乎意料的。,I am not surprised at _.,Toms coming,His leaving,me (my) working late,old and young falling in love with her,the students finishing the exam,Mother disliked me (my) working late. 母親不喜歡我工作到很晚。 I am not surprised at old and young falling in love with her. It was quite unexpected the students finishing the exam so soon. 學生們這么快就答完考卷，是十分出乎意料的。,He is opposed to the idea of money being everything. In spite of the four telling the same story, I couldnt believe it. He was awakened by somebody shouting outside. He disapproved of that being said about Jane.,V. be + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu) Besides, thats going against Chinese custom, because haste is to be avoided. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)通?？梢员磉_如下的含義： 1. 表示按計劃，安排將要發(fā)生的事： They are to marry next month. The expedition is to start in a weeks time. 探險隊預定在一周后出發(fā).,2. 表示未能實現(xiàn)的計劃（后接不定式完成時） I was to have left the next day. 我本應在第二天就離開的。 3. 表示命令或決定： No one is to leave this house without his permission . 未經(jīng)他的允許，任何人不得離開這所房子。 You are not to speak in this room. The man is guilty and is to undergo ten months imprisonment.,4. 表示事態(tài)發(fā)展的結(jié)果，預期的結(jié)果，或不幸的命運： He said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. He was to perish in a shipwreck and to leave a wife and two children. 后來他在一次船只失事中死了，留下了妻子和兩個孩子。,5. 表示目的： You must speak out, if we are to remain friends. 如果我們還想繼續(xù)做朋友的話，你就必須痛痛快快把話都說出來。 The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required. 下一步你要真正弄清楚需要的是什么。,