國際貿(mào)易壁壘:關(guān)稅.ppt
1,Part2,Internationaltradepolicy國際貿(mào)易政策,2,Chapter8TradeRestrictions:Tariffs(貿(mào)易壁壘:關(guān)稅),Mainpointsofthischapter:,theconceptoftariff關(guān)稅的概念partialequilibriumanalysisofatariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析therateofeffectiveprotection有效保護(hù)率generalequilibriumanalysisofatariff關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析theoptimumtariff最優(yōu)關(guān)稅,3,8.1introduction,tariff:ataxordutyleviedonthetradedcommodityasitcrossesanationalboundary.關(guān)稅:對通過一國國境的貿(mào)易商品所課征的一種稅收。征收關(guān)稅的目的:增加政府的財政收入(revenuetariff財政關(guān)稅);保護(hù)本國的產(chǎn)品和市場(protectivetariff保護(hù)關(guān)稅)。,4,關(guān)稅的種類,importduty(tariff)進(jìn)口關(guān)稅:對進(jìn)口商品課征的關(guān)稅;exportduty(tariff)出口關(guān)稅:對出口商品課征的關(guān)稅;transitduty(tariff)過境關(guān)稅:對途經(jīng)本國關(guān)境,運往他國的外國商品課征的關(guān)稅。,5,關(guān)稅的征收方式,AdValoremDuty從價稅:afixedpercentageofthevalueofthetradedcommodity;按貿(mào)易商品價值的固定百分比征收;SpecificDuty從量稅:afixedsumperphysicalunitofthetradedcommodity;對每單位貿(mào)易商品征收固定稅額;CompoundDuty混合稅:acombinationofanadvaloremdutyandaspecificduty;同時采用從價、從量兩種方法征收。,6,8.2Apartialequilibriumeffectsofatariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡效應(yīng)(smallnation),經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)意義上的“小國”指的是該國在世界生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易中所占的份額甚小,以至于其產(chǎn)量和貿(mào)易量的任何變化都不足以影響國際市場上商品的價格,它只能是世界價格的接受者。,7,a,S1,圖8.1小國關(guān)稅的局部均衡效應(yīng),PW,Pt,P*,PX,E,S2,D2,D1,X,0,M1,M2,b,c,d,SX,DX,A,H,B,SF,J,C,D,M,N,T,SF+T,關(guān)稅對小國消費量、產(chǎn)量、貿(mào)易量和財政收入的影響,Consumptioneffectofatariff關(guān)稅消費效應(yīng):由關(guān)稅帶來的國內(nèi)消費的減少,即:D1D2;,Tradeeffectofatariff關(guān)稅收入效應(yīng):由關(guān)稅所導(dǎo)致的政府財政收入的增加,即:c。,Productioneffectofatariff關(guān)稅生產(chǎn)效應(yīng):由關(guān)稅導(dǎo)致的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的增加,即:S2S1;,Tradeeffectofatariff關(guān)稅貿(mào)易效應(yīng):由關(guān)稅導(dǎo)致的進(jìn)口的減少,即:M1M2;,8,Consumersurplus:消費者購買一定數(shù)量的產(chǎn)品愿意支付的價格與實際支付的價格之間的差額;Producersurplus:企業(yè)銷售一定數(shù)量的商品愿意接受的價格與實際得到的價格之間的差額。,consumersurplus,producersurplus,E,P,PE,QE,Q,D,S,F,G,o,Q1,P1,P2,Q2,P1,P2,8.2Beffectofatariffonconsumerandproducersurplus消費者和生產(chǎn)者剩余的關(guān)稅效應(yīng),9,1.Tariffleadstoareductioninconsumersurplus(shadedareaAGHB):fromARBtoGRH,消費者剩余減少梯形AGHB,圖8.2關(guān)稅對消費者剩余的影響,征收關(guān)稅前消費者剩余為三角形ARB,征收關(guān)稅后消費者剩余為三角形GRH,10,征收關(guān)稅前,生產(chǎn)者剩余為三角形0AC,征收關(guān)稅后,生產(chǎn)者剩余為三角形0GJ,2.Tariffleadstoanincreaseinproducersurplus(shadedareaAGJC):from0ACto0GJ,生產(chǎn)者剩余增加梯形AGJC,圖8.2關(guān)稅對生產(chǎn)者剩余的影響,11,P,Q,D,S,H,PW,PT,T,Q1,C,G,Q2,A,Q3,B,Q4,Whensmallnationimposesatariff,P,S(供給),D(需求),M(進(jìn)口),自由貿(mào)易下,價格為PW,征收關(guān)稅后,國內(nèi)價格為PT=PW+T,8.2CCostsandBenefitsofaTariff關(guān)稅的成本和利益,12,S,C,E,F,3、governmenttariffrevenue:+c,1.consumersurplus:-(a+b+c+d),8.2CCostsandBenefitsofaTariff關(guān)稅的成本和利益,2.producersurplus:+a,Deadweightloss(protectioncost):b+d,a,13,總結(jié):小國征收關(guān)稅,對生產(chǎn)者有利,損害消費者的利益,整個國家存在凈福利損失b+d其中b:生產(chǎn)凈損失:多余的生產(chǎn)消耗d:消費凈損失:獲取消費者剩余機(jī)會的喪失。,14,習(xí)題:用局部均衡法作圖分析,一小國取消關(guān)稅后,其國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)、消費、貿(mào)易量、生產(chǎn)者剩余、消費者剩余、政府收益及國民福利的變化,用字母表示。,15,8.3thetheoryoftariffstructure關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)理論,Definitionoftherateofeffectiveprotection有效保護(hù)率的定義Measurementoftherateofeffectiveprotection有效保護(hù)率的測度Relationshipbetweenrateofeffectiveprotectionandnominalrateofprotection有效保護(hù)率與名義保護(hù)率的關(guān)系,16,8.3Atherateofeffectiveprotection有效保護(hù)率,名義保護(hù)率t(nominalrateofprotection):是指由進(jìn)口的最終產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅所決定的一種保護(hù)率。t=(征稅后的國內(nèi)市場價國際市場價)/國際市場價有效保護(hù)率g(effectiverateofprotection):是指由進(jìn)口的最終產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口的中間產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅所共同決定的一種保護(hù)率,有效保護(hù)率反映了關(guān)稅對國內(nèi)進(jìn)口競爭產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者的實際保護(hù)水平。,17,nominaltariffrateisimportanttoconsumers,itindicateshowmuchthepriceofthefinalcommodityincreasesasaresultofthetariff.effectivetariffrateisimportanttoproducers,itindicateshowmuchprotectionisactuallyprovidedtothedomesticprocessingoftheimport-competingcommodity.,18,Measurementoftherateofeffectiveprotection有效保護(hù)率的測度,V:domesticvalueaddedwithatariffonimportsoffinalcommodityand/oronimportedinputs.V:domesticvalueaddedunderfreetrade.domesticvalueadded=thepriceofthefinalcommoditythecostoftheinputs,therateofeffectiveprotection(g)measuresthepercentageincreaseindomesticvalueaddedasaresultoftariff.,19,thecalculatingformulaoftherateofeffectiveprotection有效保護(hù)率的計算公式,其中:g=對最終產(chǎn)品的有效保護(hù)率;t=對最終產(chǎn)品的名義保護(hù)率;ai=無關(guān)稅時進(jìn)口中間投入品i的成本與最終產(chǎn)品價格比率;ti=對進(jìn)口中間投入品i征收的關(guān)稅率。,在上例中:t=0.5,ai=0.8,ti=0.25,因此有:g=(0.5-0.80.25)/(1-0.8)150,20,Ifai=0,g=t;Forgivenvaluesofaiandti,gislargerthegreateristhevalueoft;Forgivenvaluesoftandti,gislargerthegreateristhevalueofai;Thevalueofgexceeds,isequalto,orissmallerthant,astiissmallerthan,equalto,orlargerthant;Whenaitiexceedst,gisnegative.,8.3Btherelationshipbetweengandt,21,如果ai=0,則g=t;對給定的ai和ti值,t越大,則g越大;對給定的t和ti,ai的值越大,則g越大;當(dāng)ti小于、等于或大于t時,則g值大于、等于或小于t;若aitit,則g<0,8.3Btherelationshipbetweengandt,22,8.4Generalequilibriumanalysisofatariffinasmallcountry,Smallcountry:thenationistoosmalltoaffectworldpricesbyitstrading.Largecountry:thenationislargeenoughtoaffectworldpricesbyitstrading.,23,8.4Billustrationoftheeffectsofatariffinasmallcountry小國關(guān)稅效應(yīng)分析,Fromfigure8.5,wecansee:freetradeequilibrium:Pw=1,producingpoint:Bconsumingpoint:Eimport60X,export60Y,tarifftradeequilibrium:Pw=1,producingpoint:F(進(jìn)口品X的國內(nèi)價格上升,生產(chǎn)增加,替代進(jìn)口;出口品Y的生產(chǎn)減少,出口下降)consumingpoint:Himport30X(GH),export30Y(FG)HH:政府關(guān)稅收入,FromEtoH,DeadweightlossE-H,24,8.4Billustrationoftheeffectsofatariffinasmallcountry小國關(guān)稅效應(yīng)分析,Fromfigure8.5,wecansee:freetradeequilibrium:Pw=1,producingpoint:Bconsumingpoint:Eimport60X,export60Y,tarifftradeequilibrium:Pw=1,producingpoint:F(進(jìn)口品X的國內(nèi)價格上升,生產(chǎn)增加,替代進(jìn)口;出口品Y的生產(chǎn)減少,出口下降)consumingpoint:Himport30X(GH),export30Y(FG)HH:政府關(guān)稅收入,FromEtoH,DeadweightlossE-H,25,8.6theoptimumtariff最優(yōu)關(guān)稅,theoptimumtariff:rateoftariffthatmaximizesthenetbenefitresultingfromtheimprovementinthenationstermsoftradeagainstthenegativeeffectresultingfromreductioninthevolumeoftrade.(使得一國貿(mào)易條件的改善相對于其貿(mào)易量減少的負(fù)面影響的凈所得最大化的關(guān)稅率),26,partialequilibriumeffectsofatariffinalargecountry,Q,P,S,D,PW,PW,PT,T,A,B,C,G,Q1,Q3,Q4,Q2,e,e部分代表征稅后進(jìn)口費用節(jié)約的部分,也就是國際貿(mào)易條件改善而獲得的福利。稱為貿(mào)易條件效應(yīng)。,大國的征收關(guān)稅凈效應(yīng)要通過比較b+d與e的值。,a,b,c,d,27,theoptimumtariff(t*)Largenation:whenMaxe-(b+d),t=t*Smallnation:t*=0,