湖南省高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第8講 非謂語動(dòng)詞與with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)案

第8講 非謂語動(dòng)詞與with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)1. The ability _ an idea is as important as the idea itself. (2011·湖南卷21) A. expressing B. expressed C. to express D. to be expressed【解析】選C。主語the ability 為“能力”，抽象名詞。通常使用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語。句意：表達(dá)思想的能力與思想本身同等重要。我們也可以聯(lián)想到be able to do “能夠干”而得出答案。2. The players _ from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game. (2011·湖南卷23) A. selecting B. to select C. selected D. having selected【解析】選C。select 與the players 間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。因此select用過去分詞形式表被動(dòng)完成。句意：從整個(gè)國家挑選出來的運(yùn)動(dòng)員有望在今年的夏季運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)給我們帶來榮譽(yù)。 _ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. (2011·遼寧卷30) A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering【解析】選C。 句子主語是the tourists, gather和tourists存有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，因此用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。非謂語動(dòng)詞 “sb.”。 2. 非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語時(shí)，他們的邏輯主語一般就是句子的主語。當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作由句子主語發(fā)出時(shí)，非謂語動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式；當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作是句子主語所承受時(shí)，用過去分詞或不定式、動(dòng)詞的­ing形式的被動(dòng)形式。 3. “代詞主格或名詞的普通格 非謂語動(dòng)詞”構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。非謂語動(dòng)詞邏輯主語為代詞或名詞。4動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由“物主代詞或名詞所有格動(dòng)名詞”構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)既可用作主語，也可用作賓語，但作賓語時(shí)，還可用代詞賓格或名詞普通格動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。 5不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：for sb. to do sth.。 _you the truth, I feel like _ to bed now.A. Telling; going B. To tell; going C. Telling; to go D. To tell; to go【解析】選B。to tell you the truth作獨(dú)立成分；like是介詞，其后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語。非謂語動(dòng)詞作獨(dú)立成分的有： judging by/ from, provided/ providing, given, to be true, to tell you the truth等。例1：Claire had her luggage _ an hour before her plane left. (2011·陜西卷14) A. check B. checking C. to check D. checked【解析】選D。Claire在飛機(jī)起飛之前的一小時(shí)讓人把行李檢查了。have sth. done讓某人做某事。例2：The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house. (2011·新課標(biāo)卷27) A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen【解析】選B。句意：他接下來看見的事是從房子后面正冒著煙?，F(xiàn)在分詞rising表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，和修飾詞smoke間有主謂關(guān)系。rising from behind the house現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語。動(dòng)詞不定式一般表示在謂語動(dòng)作之后的事情，要表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前的事情，須用不定式的完成式；動(dòng)詞的­ing形式一般表示與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，若要表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前的事情，須用動(dòng)詞的­ing形式的完成式。 1. 作主語、表語： 動(dòng)名詞表示一般性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。不定式表示一次性的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞、不定式作主語常用it作其形式主語，但no use, no good作表語時(shí)，真正主語常用動(dòng)名詞。2. 作賓語： (1)有些動(dòng)詞只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語 常用的這類動(dòng)詞有： mind, finish, enjoy, excuse, imagine, keep, practice, suggest, miss, consider, prevent, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, admit, delay, escape, permit, forbid等。 (2)有些動(dòng)詞只跟不定式作賓語 常用的這類動(dòng)詞有： want, wish, hope, expect, agree, decide, learn, pretend, ask, promise, plan, refuse, beg, demand, manage, offer, prepare, claim, struggle等。(3)remember, forget, regret后接動(dòng)名詞和不定式的區(qū)別：后接動(dòng)名詞表示先于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作；后接不定式表示后于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作。 (4)want, need, require和deserve后接動(dòng)名詞和不定式的用法：當(dāng)它們后面所接的動(dòng)詞與句子的主語是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式或不定式的被動(dòng)式。 (5)在try, stop, mean, go on, can't help后，用動(dòng)名詞和不定式所表達(dá)的含義不同，要注意：try doing sth. 試著做某事try to do sth. 盡力做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事stop to do sth. 停下來做另一件不同的事mean doing sth. 意味著做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做剛做的事go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做另一件事can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事can't help (to) do sth. 不能幫助做某事3. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語： 例1： Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams. (2011·重慶卷33) A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind【解析】選C。keep himself reminded of his own dreams(姚明的圖片)使他想起自己的夢想。過去分詞 reminded作賓補(bǔ)。 例2： Even the best writers sometimes find themselves _ for words. (2011·浙江卷14) A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost【解析】選B。可以從lost for words. (欲言又止；迷失語言)這一習(xí)語來理解。動(dòng)詞lose的基本義是“使迷路”，引申義是“使沉溺于”(使動(dòng)用法容易被考生忽略)，與邏輯主語themselves的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)，只有選項(xiàng)B滿足。 熟悉并掌握哪些動(dòng)詞或短語如advise, allow, like, wish, want, help等須接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語；哪些動(dòng)詞或短語如find, suggest, lead to等可接動(dòng)詞的­ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語；哪些動(dòng)詞或短語如feel, see, watch, hear, have 等既可接動(dòng)詞的­ing形式又可接過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語；何時(shí)用主動(dòng)形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，何時(shí)用被動(dòng)形式或過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，一般由非謂語動(dòng)詞與賓語的關(guān)系確定。4. 作定語： 例1：On receiving a phone call from his wife _ she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.(2011·江西卷32) A. says B. said C. saying D. to say【解析】選C。saying作后置定語修飾a phone call from his wife來自他妻子的一個(gè) 說。4. 作定語： 例2：Tsinghua University, _ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. (2011·福建卷23) A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded【解析】選C。過去分詞founded(成立于)作非限制性定語修飾Tsinghua University(清華大學(xué))。(1) 注意非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式，不定式作定語一般用主動(dòng)式，只有當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語不是句子的主語或賓語時(shí)，才用被動(dòng)式；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示主動(dòng)意義，動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)、完成含義。 (2) 非謂語動(dòng)詞的位置：非謂語動(dòng)詞短語作定語時(shí)，都要放在所修飾的詞之后；單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞的­ing形式或過去分詞作定語時(shí)，一般放在所修飾的詞之前。不及物動(dòng)詞的不定式作定語，與修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不及物動(dòng)詞后面的介詞不能丟。5. 不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語的區(qū)別： 不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞都能表示結(jié)果，其區(qū)別是：不定式一般表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，不定式前常用only修飾；而動(dòng)詞的­ing形式表示自然或必然的結(jié)果。 More highways have been built in China, _ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (2011·陜西卷20) A. making B. made C. to make D. having made【解析】選A。句意：在中國更多的公路已被修建，這樣使得人們從一個(gè)地方到另一個(gè)地方更為容易。making分詞短語表意料之中的結(jié)果。若是only to make則表示意料之外的結(jié)果。 1. 動(dòng)詞see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make 接不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式的to須省略，但句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式的to不能省略。 2. why, would rather, had better, may as well, cannot (help / choose) but等后須跟省to的不定式。 3. 介詞but, except等前若有行為動(dòng)詞do, 其后常用省to的不定式作賓語；若沒有行為動(dòng)詞do, 則用帶to的不定式。 4. 不定式作表語時(shí)，若主語中有行為動(dòng)詞do 的某一形式時(shí)，不定式的to可有可無。例1： It was a pity that the famous painter died _ his painting unfinished. A. of B. fromC. out D. with【解析】選D。本題考查with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)狀語的用法，不是詞組die of， die from和die out。 with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 例2：With his mother _ him, he is getting on well with his work. A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped【解析】選C。這是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)， his mother與help是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，所以排除D, 如選B則有將來的意思，顯然不合語境，選C表示“他媽一直在幫他”， 正合句意。with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作狀語和定語，常見形式有：1“with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語”。The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm. 2. “with+名詞/代詞+形容詞”。He likes to sleep with the door open. 3. “with+名詞/代詞+副詞”。The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on. 4. “with+名詞/代詞+名詞”。He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul. 5. “with+名詞/代詞+done”。在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，過去分詞和賓語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。With the problem solved, he went out to play. 6. “with+名詞/代詞+­ing分詞”。此結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞是­ing分詞的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者或某動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)正在進(jìn)行。He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him. 7. “with+賓語+to do”。此結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式和賓語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 With nothing to do, I'll go out for a walk in the park.