八年級(jí)(上)Unit 1-4英語(yǔ)知識(shí)要點(diǎn)

年級(jí)(上)Unit 1-4英語(yǔ)知識(shí)要點(diǎn) 日期：2004-09-05 作者（來(lái)源）：網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源【我來(lái)說(shuō)兩句】【關(guān)閉】八年級(jí)(上)Unit 1-4英語(yǔ)知識(shí)要點(diǎn) Unit 1知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：概述：本單元是初中二年級(jí)第一學(xué)期的第一個(gè)單元。除復(fù)習(xí)初一學(xué)過(guò)的動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)外，重點(diǎn)還有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（may），物質(zhì)名詞paper及其數(shù)量的表達(dá)法。序數(shù)詞r音節(jié)的拼讀規(guī)則。閱讀訓(xùn)練材料為第3課第一部分的兩段對(duì)話。為了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀能力，還應(yīng)充分利用閱讀訓(xùn)練材料，同步完成。有條件的話，準(zhǔn)備一些初級(jí)閱讀材料，最好是中英對(duì)照的英語(yǔ)讀物，逐步提高自身的閱讀能力。重點(diǎn)：（1）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may用來(lái)請(qǐng)求允許及答應(yīng)。本單元只要求聽(tīng)懂，會(huì)說(shuō)，知道意思就可以。 （2）物質(zhì)名詞paper及其數(shù)量的表達(dá)法：例如：a piece of paper; two pieces of paper（3）序數(shù)詞first, second, third和fourth。（4）r音節(jié)的拼讀規(guī)則。掌握其一個(gè)音標(biāo)是某個(gè)字母或字母組合的讀音。明確英語(yǔ)單詞的發(fā)音特點(diǎn)（即一個(gè)字母特別是元音字母不只一個(gè)讀音，一個(gè)音標(biāo)（也叫音素）也不只由一個(gè)字母或字母組合來(lái)構(gòu)成的）這點(diǎn)會(huì)在重點(diǎn)講解中加以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。（5）為了培養(yǎng)良好的書(shū)寫(xiě)習(xí)慣。抄寫(xiě)造句是十分必要的。難點(diǎn)：?jiǎn)卧~量，詞匯量的加大會(huì)造成學(xué)習(xí)的困難。因此，要注意方法，千萬(wàn)不能死記硬背，要在聽(tīng)懂，讀懂的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)拼讀規(guī)則來(lái)記憶單詞，而詞義和詞的搭配及用法，還必須通過(guò)有情景的課文，并結(jié)合各種言語(yǔ)實(shí)踐才能達(dá)到。只有本著“詞不離句，句不離文”的原則，才能降低詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的難度。比如first如果掌握了發(fā)音f:st而ir字母組合發(fā):的音，那么很輕松地就能寫(xiě)正確。就不會(huì)寫(xiě)成frist了。除此之外，名詞復(fù)數(shù)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)還是難點(diǎn)，方法之一就是學(xué)會(huì)寫(xiě)完一句檢查一句。 疑點(diǎn)：（1）may與can May I (we).? 是請(qǐng)求允許的日常用語(yǔ)，可有不同的答語(yǔ)。 例如：May I come in? Yes, you may. /Yes, you can. May I have a piece of paper? Certainly! Here you are.（2）Im sorry 的呼語(yǔ)也應(yīng)是具體情況具體對(duì)待。 Im sorry Im late.It doesnt matter. Im sorry. Dont mention it. Im sorry. Not at all.（3）time的用法。Time有時(shí)間的意思，是不可數(shù)名詞，例如： : Whats the time, please? 幾點(diǎn)鐘了？ : I have no time to play football! 我沒(méi)時(shí)間踢足球？ : Its time to go to school. 該是上學(xué)的時(shí)候了。 : have a good time. 玩得很高興。（有“次”或“次數(shù)”講，是可數(shù)名詞。有復(fù)數(shù)形式。） : time and again. 一再，屢屢。（4）Welcome back to school. 歡迎回校。 注意，地點(diǎn)是名詞時(shí)一般都不能省略“to”，例如，Welcome to Beijing. 歡迎到北京來(lái)。Welcome to China! 歡迎到中國(guó)來(lái)。 但如果后面是home, here, there 時(shí)就不能用to。例如Welcome home! 歡迎歸來(lái)。類似的詞組還有g(shù)et here, get there 等。（5）Good morning, Sir. 先生早晨好。 Sir是對(duì)男士的尊稱，學(xué)生對(duì)男教師的稱呼。根據(jù)教師的性別，稱為Miss.或Mr.英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的學(xué)生稱呼教師在不帶姓氏進(jìn)，就稱呼Sir或Madam，口語(yǔ)中人們常用ma'am代替madam。中考考點(diǎn)：（1）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may用來(lái)請(qǐng)求，允許及答應(yīng)。（2）物質(zhì)名詞paper及其數(shù)量的表達(dá)法。例如：a piece of paper.（3）序數(shù)詞 first, second, third, fourth.（4）r音節(jié)的拼讀規(guī)則。（5）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。學(xué)法指導(dǎo)：在英語(yǔ)課上一定要大膽開(kāi)口練習(xí)英語(yǔ)，少講漢語(yǔ)，在家應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮錄音帶的作用。反復(fù)跟讀模仿。而且應(yīng)該做到有聲閱讀，要隨時(shí)為自己創(chuàng)設(shè)情景，練習(xí)日常交際用語(yǔ)。有條件的話，與講英語(yǔ)的人多交流。這樣，提高的更快。要點(diǎn)講解 1、英語(yǔ)的序數(shù)詞都有簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)形式： frist (1st) second (2nd) third (3rd) fourth (4th) twenty-first (21st) thirty-second (32nd) forty-third (43rd) fifty-fourth (54th)2、one 除了是數(shù)詞外，還可以是代詞。請(qǐng)看下列各句中one的用法和譯法。（1）Here, take this one. 來(lái)，拿上這支。（2）Do you have a black one? 你有支黑的嗎？（3）Who has a long one? 誰(shuí)有一把長(zhǎng)的？（4）I have one here, Mr Wu. 吳老師，我這兒有一把。（5）I have two books, One is old, the other is new. 我有兩本書(shū)，一本是舊的，另外一本是新的。3、這里補(bǔ)充r音節(jié)的拼讀規(guī)則的語(yǔ)音單詞以供參考。ara: ere: ire: ore: ure: car her sir word fur 以下內(nèi)容目的在于學(xué)習(xí)新內(nèi)容的同時(shí)，不要遺忘舊知識(shí)。4、5兩部分將新舊知識(shí)結(jié)合在一起。4、補(bǔ)充詞組：（1）many people 許多人（2）an English teacher 一名英語(yǔ)教師（3）look mice and happy 看起來(lái)很快樂(lè)（4）Peters parents 彼得的父母（5）talk in low voices 低聲談話。（6）give a present to sb.（=give sb. a present）給某人禮物。（7）enjoy oneself 玩得很高興，過(guò)得很愉快。（8）at the party 在宴會(huì)上，在聚會(huì)上。（9）write to sb. 給某人寫(xiě)信。（10）in another city 在另外一座城市（11）go to see 去參觀（12）be free 有空的（13）at the school gate 在學(xué)校大門(mén)口（14）the Science Museum 科技館（15）the History Museum 博物館（16）make friends with 與.交朋友（17）enjoy doing 樂(lè)于做某事5、補(bǔ)充日常交際用語(yǔ)：（1） Would you like to come? 你愿意來(lái)嗎？（2） May I bring Tom along? 我可以帶Tom(一同)前往嗎？Good idea. 好主意。（3） Its very kind of you. 你真好。（4） Will you join us? Yes, Id love to./Yes, Id like to.你也參加嗎？是的，我很愿意。（5） How can we get there?我們?cè)鯓幽艿侥莾?？（也可以說(shuō)How do we get there? 兩句意思差別很小。）（6） Shall we meet at the market? 我們?cè)谑袌?chǎng)見(jiàn)面好嗎？All right. 好吧。（7） What do you think of your new teacher? 你以為你的新老師是什么樣的（人）？Hes very nice/ kind-hearted/quiet and kind/., I think. 我想他是個(gè)非常好的/熱心腸的/文靜而善良的/.人。（8） What kind of person is he? 他是哪種類型的人？或他是什么樣的人。Unit 2 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：學(xué)習(xí)by交通工具用法，如： by bike學(xué)習(xí)句型：How do you usually come to school?often, sometimes, usually 用法及一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)1、介詞by交通工具可以構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句子中做方式狀語(yǔ)，這些短語(yǔ)已形成固定搭配：by bike騎自行車by bus乘公共汽車by car乘小汽車by train乘火車by ship乘輪船by plane乘飛機(jī)還可以說(shuō)：by sea乘船by air乘飛機(jī)但注意學(xué)習(xí)：on foot步行以上短語(yǔ)注意兩點(diǎn)：by后面的名詞只能是單數(shù)，不能用復(fù)數(shù)；在by與交通工具的名詞之間不能加其它詞，如冠詞或代詞，若一定要加上的話，則不用介詞by，如by bike可以說(shuō)成on ones bike。eg：They usually go to school by bus.他們通常乘公共汽車上學(xué)。Jim come to school by bike today.吉姆今天是騎車到學(xué)校的。Lucy goes home in her fathers car.露西坐她父親的汽車回家去了。Do they go to work on foot?他們是步行去上班嗎？2、How do you usually come to school?你通常怎樣去上學(xué)？How是特殊疑問(wèn)詞，對(duì)方式狀語(yǔ)by提問(wèn)，要學(xué)會(huì)掌握。How does he go to school?How do they go to work?How does Mr. Green go to work?3、What about ?怎么樣？這是一個(gè)用來(lái)詢問(wèn)或征求意見(jiàn)，提出建議的句型，一般都有上文，其后可接名詞，代詞和動(dòng)名詞，how about和其用法一樣。eg：Its too hot. What about some water?You study very hard. What about your brother?How about picking apples? We like working on the form.4、副詞用法：usually通常sometimes有時(shí)always總是often經(jīng)常這四個(gè)副詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，單個(gè)副詞在句子中的位置應(yīng)是：行為動(dòng)詞的前面，be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的后面，sometimes一詞比較靈活，可放句首，句中或句尾。下面試著做練習(xí)。eg：LiLei usually gets up at six.Sometimes he gets up at half past six.Kate is a good girl. She is always ready（樂(lè)于）to help others.Do you often go to see your grandma?5、Dont you usually come to school by bike?這是一個(gè)否定疑問(wèn)句，可譯為“難道不嗎？”常用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的一種驚奇或疑惑的語(yǔ)氣，學(xué)習(xí)這個(gè)句型時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)回答部分的內(nèi)容。eg：Dont you play basketball?Cant you carry that box?Doesnt he come from England?Isnt she a doctor?回答時(shí)，若符合事實(shí)，用Yes，不符合事實(shí)用No。但中文意思與英文不同，請(qǐng)注意。eg：Isnt she a doctor? 難道她不是醫(yī)生嗎？Yes, she is. （不，她是醫(yī)生。）No, she isnt. （是的，她不是醫(yī)生。）Arent they going to the form? 他們不打算去農(nóng)場(chǎng)嗎？Yes, they are. 不，他們打算去。No, they arent. 是的，他們不打算去。在這類句子中，用Yes時(shí)，后面是肯定，用No時(shí)后面用否定，決不會(huì)出現(xiàn)Yes, it isnt. No, they are.的情況。請(qǐng)?jiān)囍毩?xí)：Doesnt he speak Chinese well? He was born in China.AYes, he doesnt.BNo, he is.CNo, he doesnt.DYes, he does.答案：D。6、定冠詞用法：用來(lái)修飾世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物時(shí)。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the sea, the land用在序數(shù)詞前面：the first, the second, the fifth lesson上文提到的人或物：Theres a boy under the tree. The boy is tall.談話人都知道的人或物：Look at the blackboard and listen to me.Would you like to see the film?在江河、山脈的名詞前用the：the Yellow River黃河the Changjiang River長(zhǎng)江the Himalayas喜馬拉雅山注意：下列情況不用定冠詞：在表示體育運(yùn)動(dòng)、娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)的名詞前：play football踢足球play cards打牌季節(jié)、月份、星期前：Do you often go swimming in summer?We have no classes on Sunday.May is the fifth month of a year.在三餐的名詞前：She usually has breakfast at home.We like rice for supper.語(yǔ)音學(xué)習(xí)：發(fā)長(zhǎng)元音i:的字母有e，i和字母組合ea，ee，重點(diǎn)掌握ea字母組合，請(qǐng)?jiān)嚻醋x：i:（發(fā)聲 ）ealeave, cheap, teach, lead, reach, mealeefeel, deep, seek, peepUnit 3 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：1、英語(yǔ)的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形容詞和副詞有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，其詞的變化規(guī)則如下：?一般情況下在詞尾 +er 或esttall taller tallest（原級(jí)）（比較級(jí)）（最高級(jí)）long longer longestdear dearer dearest 在這個(gè)單詞中r發(fā)音讀為r¢dir ¢dirist?以e結(jié)尾的詞，只需加r或stlatelaterlatestlargelargerlargest?以輔音字母 + y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，要去y變i再加er，estheavyheavierheaviesteasyeasiereasiesthappyhappierhappiest?重讀閉音節(jié)詞，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)，要雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母，再加er，estbigbiggerbiggestredredderreddest有些詞的變化是特殊的，要特殊記：原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)good/wellbetterbestmany/muchmoremostbadworseworstlittle less least在兩個(gè)人或物之間進(jìn)行比較，就要用比較級(jí)，我們看一下比較級(jí)句子的形成過(guò)程：Mr. Read is tall.Mr. King is taller.把這兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合并為一個(gè)帶有比較狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句：Mr. King is taller than Mr. Read (is tall.)省略由此可見(jiàn)，than后面的是主語(yǔ)，使用代詞時(shí)一般用主格，口語(yǔ)中有時(shí)用賓格eg：His brother is shorter than he.(主格)下面根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的情況給同學(xué)們兩個(gè)句型以便掌握比較級(jí)的句型：?主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + adj. 比較級(jí) + than + 對(duì)比成分Lily is younger than Li Tao.Han Meimei is hungrier than Lucy.?主語(yǔ) + 行為動(dòng)詞 + adv. 比較級(jí) + than + 對(duì)比成分Jim comes to school earlier than Mike.Mike comes to school later than Jim.形容詞和副詞的最高級(jí)用于三者或三者以上的人或物之間的比較，一般有一定的范圍，常表達(dá)“最之一”，這個(gè)范圍一般用in或of的無(wú)定語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)，形容詞的最高級(jí)前一定要用定冠詞“the”。eg：Lin Tao is the tallest in our class. 林濤是我們班最高的。The cake with meat is the nicest of all. 帶肉的月餅是所有里面最好的。句型：?主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + the + adj. 最高級(jí) + 名詞 + 范圍Changjiang River is the longest river in China.She is the oldest of the three. 她是三個(gè)人中最大的。?主語(yǔ) + 行為動(dòng)詞 + adv. 最高級(jí) + 范圍Miss Hu comes to school earliest is our school. Who comes latest, Lucy, Lily or LiLei?2、be free 有空，free的反義詞是busy, 也可be busy 忙的Are you free now? 你現(xiàn)在有空嗎？He is busy now. 他正忙著呢。3、come over 過(guò)來(lái)，順便拜訪。Come over to my house. I'm free tonight.4、would like 是想要，語(yǔ)氣較委婉、客氣記住以下兩個(gè)句型：would like would like sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事?Would you like to have some coffee?Yes, I'd like to.?I would like some tea. = like?We would like you to sing an English song for us. ?He'd like to talk with you.5、a little的用法：a little在本單元中做副詞短語(yǔ)，修飾形容詞：1）Are you hungry?Yes, a little.a little = I'm a little hungry.2）You are speaking a little fast. I can hardly follow you.3）Can you speak English?Yes, a little.a little還可以做定語(yǔ)，修飾不可數(shù)名詞。意思是“有一點(diǎn)”。eg：There is a little milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有一點(diǎn)牛奶。We have a little bread for breakfast. 而little做定語(yǔ)時(shí)，則意思是“幾乎沒(méi)有”eg：There is little water here. 這兒幾乎沒(méi)有水了。6、學(xué)習(xí)下列短語(yǔ)：many different kinds of 許多不同種類的at night 在夜晚in the day 在白天in the open air 在戶外come from 來(lái)自于one of其中之一be hungry 饑餓be full 飽了7、Thank you for having me. 謝謝你招待我。句型Thank you for + doing sth. eg：Thank you for helping me a lot. Thank you for telling me that.8、感嘆句專題講座（見(jiàn)后面）語(yǔ)音學(xué)習(xí)：? 注意：ea字母組合有兩種發(fā)音即：i: 和e?字母a在重讀音閉音節(jié)中一般發(fā)e 如：fat, back, hard, ladder?下面歸納一下發(fā)L的元音字母和字母組合：字母u讀L：cup, mum, much, jump, lunch, must, nut, hungry, under, number, study, Sunday.字母o發(fā)L：（一般在m, n, th, v等字母前讀L）son, some, other, another, colour, love, come.字母組合ou讀L：young, trouble, touch, country, enough?定冠詞“the”的三種發(fā)音：eg： ：the truck, the classroom, the mooncakesUnit 4 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：學(xué)習(xí)be going to用法學(xué)習(xí)Why don't you come with me?It's time for.1、be going to表達(dá)的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的概念，是表示說(shuō)話人打算最近或?qū)?lái)要做的事情。強(qiáng)調(diào)計(jì)劃和打算。結(jié)構(gòu)：be going to do其中be是助動(dòng)詞，do是行為動(dòng)詞，代表動(dòng)詞原形，具體用在句子中be要變?yōu)椋? going to doeg：I'm going to fly kites this afternoon.We are going to play football after class.Wei Hua is going to do some shopping tomorrow morning.否定句：+ not + going to doI'm not going to meet my friends at the bus stop.They are not going to climb the hill next Sunday.一般疑問(wèn)句：Are you going to clean the classroom this afternoon?Is she going to wash her hair?特殊疑問(wèn)句：wh- +一般疑問(wèn)句What are you going to do this afternoon?When is he going to play football?Where are they going to fly kites?How much meat is she going to buy?在英語(yǔ)中g(shù)o, come, leave等詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)，就不必出現(xiàn)be going to do的情況了。例如：Are we going to the Great Wall tomorrow?The train is leaving. 火車要開(kāi)了。Look! The bus is coming! 看！汽車來(lái)了！學(xué)習(xí)一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，同時(shí)要學(xué)習(xí)其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this afternoon 今天下午this evening今天晚上tomorrow 明天2、Why don't you come with me? 為什么不呢？這個(gè)句型常用來(lái)提出建議，不需要回答。Why don't you tell us about that? 為什么不告訴我們有關(guān)那事呢？Why doesn't he go there by plane? 為什么他不乘飛機(jī)去呢？這個(gè)句型還可用另一種形式表達(dá)：Why not + 動(dòng)詞原形？Why not have some mooncakes?Why not read English in the morning?3、let動(dòng)詞，“使”、“讓”的意思，它的后面可以跟不帶to的不定式，記為：let sb. do sth.eg：Let me see. Let's go!Let him watch TV.Let's sing a song.Let me have a look.4、a few = some與可數(shù)名詞連用We're going to Da Lian for a few days. 我們要去大連幾天。I have a few friends. 我有一些朋友。注意：few表示幾乎沒(méi)有，帶有否定含義。Autumn is coming. There are few flowers over there. 秋天到了，那邊幾乎沒(méi)有花了。Few people like to see the film. 幾乎沒(méi)有人愛(ài)看這部電影。5、It's much better than having class. 摘蘋(píng)果比上課好得多。It在這句中是指picking apples, 即摘蘋(píng)果。所以這句話也可以說(shuō)成：Picking apples is much better than having class. 本句中picking是動(dòng)名詞，picking apples是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)，它和后面的having達(dá)成一致。eg：Playing football is good for your health. 本句中的much是副詞，修飾比較級(jí)better，表示“比的多”，much better是“好得多”，而very 卻不能這樣使用。eg：Lin Tao is much taller than Mike. 林濤比邁克高得多。They are working much harder this term. 他們這學(xué)期用功得多。6、It's time for class. 該上課了。這個(gè)句型可以演變?yōu)樗姆N形式，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們注意學(xué)習(xí)。It's time eg：It's time to go to school. 還可以說(shuō)成：It's time for school.It's time for us to go to school.It's time for going to school.7、下面我們做些詞匯辯析練習(xí)：?用little, a little, few, a few填空：1、I have quitefriends in my school.2、He is a man ofwords. He doesn't like talking.3、Get me some water, there'swater in my glass.4、I can't buy that dress, because I havemoney left.5、Lucy says she can only stay here forhours.6、There isink in my pen. May I use yours?7、Mike can speakChinese.?用hear, listen to填空。listen聽(tīng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)聽(tīng)的動(dòng)作，常與“to”連用短語(yǔ)有：listen to me聽(tīng)我說(shuō)listen to the radio 聽(tīng)收音機(jī)listen carefully仔細(xì)聽(tīng)1、Pleaseme carefully.2、Ibut I couldn'tanything.3、Uncle wangthe radio every morning.4、Did youthe news?5、Wesomeone laughing.答案：?1、a few2、few3、little4、little5、a few6、little7、a little?1、listen to2、heard（hear的過(guò)去式）；hear3、listens to4、hear5、heard8、語(yǔ)音：1）|u: |字母u和oo常發(fā)此音，一般oo在字母l, m , n的前面時(shí)，oo常發(fā)|u: |oo |u: | broom, school, moon, room, 但：food也發(fā)|u: |2）|u|是短元音，u和oo可發(fā)此音一般來(lái)說(shuō)oo在字母t, d, k前常發(fā)短音|u| u put fulloo foot good look但：classroom（在結(jié)尾讀短音）還有：oul 讀 |u| 如：could, should3）ure, ua是字母組合，發(fā)|u|如：sure |òu|9、學(xué)習(xí)一首小詩(shī)，要背熟并用以激勵(lì)自己不斷地努力。better, best是good的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)中文：Good, better, best好，較好，最好Never let it rest永遠(yuǎn)不歇腳Till good is better由好到較好And better best一直到最好