閱讀表達 (2)

閱讀表達初探 一、閱讀表達概述閱讀表達是高考英語四川卷的一個新題型。要求考生閱讀一篇300詞左右的短文，并根據(jù)短文后的要求用英語回答問題，完成閱讀任務(wù)。每篇文章后有五個小題，每小題2分，共計10 分。答題時間約為10-15分鐘。旨在加強學生通過閱讀獲取信息、處理信息、分析和解決問題的能力，特別是用英語進行思維、表達的能力。它將閱讀理解能力、邏輯思維能力和語言表達能力有機地融合起來，考查學生語言綜合運用能力。同時結(jié)合我省教學實際，加強高考英語試題進行改革，體現(xiàn)英語語言的開放性、靈活性和語用性原則，同時也充分體現(xiàn)新課標中注重語言學習策略，強化語言運用能力，達成"用英語做事"的新課程目標理念。它著重加強對考生"個性發(fā)展"和"思維的多樣性和開放性"進行考查。這就要求考生同時具備較高的閱讀理解能力和較好的語言表達能力，能根據(jù)英語短文后的題目要求，用簡潔的語言表達出文中作者的觀點和意圖。二、閱讀表達設(shè)題類型主要有以下幾種：（一）概括段落或文章大意或擬定標題      （二）根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容解釋生詞、短語等詞義或識別指代關(guān)系（三）根據(jù)文章意思，按要求表達讀者的觀點、態(tài)度（四）根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容，補全文章中空缺的內(nèi)容 （五）將文章中劃線部分翻譯成漢語      （六）閱讀文章后，理解、獲取信息并按要求回答問題    （七）簡單闡述作者的觀點、態(tài)度或?qū)懽饕鈭D三、閱讀表達試題的解題技巧（一）主旨性問題要求概括出文章的某一段、或整篇文章的大意或擬定標題。目的是考查學生的語篇理解和語言應(yīng)用能力。設(shè)題形式：What is the main idea of the first (or second) paragraph /the article? What is the purpose of the first(or second) paragraph /the article? what does the passage/the first (or second) paragraph mainly tell us?What is the best title of the passage? 解題策略：1、讀懂全文，找到topic sentence，重點關(guān)注key words      此類題型與閱讀理解選擇題（主旨大意題、歸納概括題、中心思想題）一樣。眾所周知，文章是由多個段落組成，而段落又總是圍繞著文章的主旨展開，按照作者的邏輯思路和意圖有計劃地組織起來。一篇文章通常有一個主題，作者常把它安排在首段中，體現(xiàn)作者的意圖和目的，起引領(lǐng)下文的作用；也可能放在最后一段，起對全文歸納、總結(jié)的作用；間或也有出現(xiàn)在文章中間段落，采用“分總分”的方法，用一段話來統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文。另外，段落是由一個個句子組成的，而句子又總是圍繞某一主旨，按照一定的思路有計劃地組織起來。一段文字中往往有一個中心句，通常出現(xiàn)在一段文字的開頭；或出現(xiàn)在段落的段尾，起總結(jié)的作用；也可能出現(xiàn)在段落中間，用一句話來統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段。主題句提示該段的主題含義，是全段的核心或關(guān)鍵，其它句子都是圍繞它從不同角度、不同方面進行展開。找準了中心句，就把握住了段落的核心，其它句子的意義和作用也就迎刃而解了。2. 概括提煉     概括文章大意、標題，抓好文中關(guān)鍵詞，同時利用好詞數(shù)限制所暗含的提示。  對于擬定文章標題的題型，在閱讀理解中比較常見。在弄清楚文章的大意后，用簡潔的一句話或短語概括出文章的標題。對于大多數(shù)文章而言，在文章的第一段往往就交待了該文章作者所要表達的的中心內(nèi)容，而且該段的首句或尾句通常會點明該段的中心。因此一般而言，通過歸納第一段的首、尾句便可寫出該文章的標題。在作答時，切記要抓住關(guān)鍵詞，不要出現(xiàn)語法錯誤或拖泥帶水，同時注意詞數(shù)限制。3. 規(guī)范表達 （1）如果是標題，實詞的第一個字母大寫；回答 title主要使用名詞或名詞短語。 The Possible Causes of Cancer 或The possible causes of cancer（2）如果是文章大意，一般要寫成完整句子。The reasons why many fires happened in America. 或：It tells the mother helps us form a good habit.文章大意 也可以用不定式等短語來回答，關(guān)鍵注意詞數(shù)限制。To introduce the origin of Valentines Day and the modern style.注意：標題和主旨題的區(qū)別標題應(yīng)該能夠高度概括文章的主要內(nèi)容，要有一定的針對性，同時標題還應(yīng)能吸引讀者的注意力，喚起讀者對閱讀文章的興趣。這一點也是標題和主旨大意的區(qū)別所在。      下面以今年濟南市4月份統(tǒng)考試題的閱讀表達題為例，來看一下本題型的三種題目的回答方式：       What is the best title of the passage?       Answer: What is the real smartness? What is the main idea of the passage? /What does the passage mainly talk about?       Answer: The summit of smartness is honesty and credibility.       What is the purpose of the passage? Answer: To tell us the summit of smartness is honesty and credibility.(Or To tell us what the real smartness is.)范文：There are many ways to self-improvement. Here are some tips for getting rid of a bad habit.Habits are as we all know some sort of automatic behaviors and most of us employ habits that are far from good, thus we want to change them. There are lots of examples; smoking habits, the habit of over-eating, the habit of forgetting certain things like umbrellas and gloves, the habit of interrupting other people when they talk etc.從第二句可知文章標題為：How To Get Rid Of a Bad Habit 或 Tips for Getting Rid of A Bad Habit。(成都七中高2013級高三“一診”模擬考試題)Its a fine line parents walk as they try to guide their kids into adulthood. You want to protect but not treat too kindly, advise but not control and let them live their own live-with some input, of course.If your child asks you to tie a particular hard-to-tie knot (繩結(jié)) for a project she is working on just tie the knot. Dont start helping with the rest of the project or making suggestions on how to do it. She wants to do it herself, in her own way. Before offering help or advice which your child has not asked for, count to ten. Perhaps in those seconds youll decide that the advice would do no good or isnt really that important and youll drop it. _, you will give it but the pause may lead you to give it in a more thoughtful way. Remember that your child is not you and is not a reflection of you. We make a serious mistake if we try to shape our children into copies of ourselves, or if we think of them as extensions of ourselves. We need to help them to be them, not try to turn them into us or into something that we think will make us look good. Our primary responsibility to our children is not that of telling them moment-to-moment or day-to-day how to behave but providing them with a healthy environment in which to develop. For example, one of the best ways you can help your kids is to work with your community to create safe-enough outdoor places to play in your neighborhood. 56. Whats the best title of this text? (No more than 8 words) _ （Answer: How to Guide Kids Into Adulthood Wisely）（成都七中實驗學校高2013級12月考試題）When Dan Shaw gets up from the sofa in his home, Cuddles is never far away. When he wants to go outside, he doesnt take Cuddles out for walkCuddles takes him for a walk. Cuddles is clearly no ordinary family pet. It is a two-foot-high miniature horse and serves as the guiding eyes of Shaw, who is blind.When Shaw lost his sight, his wife suggested he apply for a guide dog. Shaw, an animal lover, said he couldnt bear to part with a dog (which usually lives about eight to ten years) and get used to a new one, perhaps several times in his life.Then Shaw heard of a program about the tiny guide horses. He learned that the horse possess many qualities that make them an excellent choice for guiding people. They are clean friendly, smart and have great memories. They can be trained to remain calm in noisy and crowded places. Best of all, they live for 25-25years, which would enable Shaw to have the same guide companion for most or all of his life.Shaw immediately applied to be and was accepted as the first person to receive a guide horse. The instant he met Cuddles, he knew he was making the right choice. Then he began his training.Through training ,Shaw and Cuddles learned to find way on busy streets, step over curbs（便道沿兒）and find elevator buttons. Cuddles even demonstrated（顯示）its ability to step in front of Shaw and block him, to prevent him from walking into a dangerous situation. The little horse also expertly led Shaw through busy shopping malls. They got along without any difficulties. Now Shaw is confident that Cuddles will change his life for the better.58. What does Paragraph 3 mainly tell us? (No more than 10 words) （Answer: The tiny horses possess have many good qualities to guide people Or The tiny horses possess have many good qualities to be ideal guides）范文：（山東濟南高2012級統(tǒng)一考試試題）Happiness is all around you. And it doesnt care how much money you have or what the circumstances of your life are like. Look through the tips on how to look on the bright side and find the happiness in front of you.Create a love listIf Im feeling low, one of the best ways I know how to cheer up is to make a love list.Find lost friendsI recently took some time to seek out people that Id lost touch with over the years.Wish upon a starThe best time to see shooting stars that I know of is the Question:1、whats the best title of the passage? (No more than 10 words) 2、What does the passage mainly tell us? (No more than 15 words) （Answer: 1、Ways to find the happiness in front of you； Or How to find the happiness in front of you ；Or Tips on how to find the happiness around you 2、It tells us some ways to find the happiness in front of you. Its mainly about some ways to find the happiness in front of you.）范文：(2012江西卷)1Stamp collectors usually collect stamps only from certain countries or regions. The traditional method of stamp collecting is to organize stamp collection according to the issue dates.2Of course, there are many _. You can collect stamps relating to a particular theme. For example, sport lovers may choose the Olympic theme. They try their best to find Olympic stamps issued by various parts of the world every four years. Some of them may want to concentrate on even more specific sport activities like ball games, gymnasium, swimming, etc.3If you like astronomy, you may be keen on collecting stamps describing the stars, planets, spacecraft, spacemen, etc. once you have fixed the topic, you no longer need to bother about stamps other than the theme you selected. Then, you can put all your effort to collect the stamps around it.4China issues zodiac animal stamps (十二生肖郵票) every year to celebrate the Lunar New Year. They are extremely popular and a lot of collectors wait patiently for 12 years to collect a full set of them. Hong Kongs Lunar New Year special stamp series began in 2000 with the Year of Dragon and the twelfth and final set was issued in 2011, the Year of Rabbit. Recently some Western countries have issued zodiac animal stamps, which attract a lot of attention as well.5You may choose any theme you like. However, you should bear in mind an essential point. The topic you choose should not be too narrow. Otherwise, it is very difficult to accumulate stamps around the topic. You will be depressed and even lose your interest in collecting stamps.6Collecting stamps with these is especially popular among teenagers because there is a wide range of choices for them. The main challenge is how you organize and expand your collection around your theme.76What is the main idea of the passage? （no more than 5 words）_（Answer: collecting stamps with themes）(二)根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容解釋生詞、短語等詞義或識別指代關(guān)系1、解釋生詞或短語：（1） 首先要根據(jù)上下文，標點符號，連詞等理解句子并猜測詞意。如： ： ； （）一般用來解釋說明，與前句為同義關(guān)系。并列關(guān)系的連詞：and, similarly，that is，equally, consequently，for example對比關(guān)系的連詞： or, but，however，on the contrary，in spite of，whereas，on the other hand，yet，while，nor，in contrast 因果關(guān)系的連詞：because, so，therefore，hence例文：(2012江西卷) 6Collecting stamps with these is especially popular among teenagers because there is a wide range of choices for them. The main challenge is how you organize and expand your collection around your theme.80What does the word "them" （Line2, Paragraph6） probably refer to? （1 word）_（Answer: teenagers）（2）表達時最好從替換的角度思考，即根據(jù)劃線生詞或短語的詞意、詞性、形式、句子成分等，找到具備同樣條件的詞或短語來替換。范文：Some years ago industries had more freedom than they have now, and they did not need to be as careful as they must today. They did not to worry a lot about the safety of the new products that they must today. They took little notice of the health and safety of the people who worked for them. Often new products were dangerous for the people who used them, often conditions in the work place had very bad effects on the health of the workers.Question: Please explain the underlined phrase in English. （Answer: paid little attention to (必須用過去時）)解題策略：1盡量使用同義詞或近義詞，利用詞根、詞綴來解釋。 target: aim fortunately: luckily yielded: produced looked at: checked up indifference: carelessness/coldness pointless: meaningless2用“名詞+定語（從句）”解釋： shopaholics : people who are addicted to shopping addict: someone who is really fond of something no-brainer: something that is very easy3. 借助介詞短語，如用with或without表示“有”或“沒有” breathless: without breath carefree: without care painless: without pain范文：You might wish that you were born in a different family. Maybe you could not accept the fact they you are not as lucky as others, who seem to get whatever they want effortlessly because of their background.Question: Please explain the underlined word “effortlessly” in English. （Answer: Without making any effort）4. 理解上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系范文：Thus, if you magnified a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just the size of a pinhead, while a grown-up human enlarged by the same amount would be over a mile tall.magnified: enlarged5. 有時上下文之間會有提示，或者從句意或邏輯關(guān)系上也可以看出。范文：Breathe better. OK, so you already know how to breathe. But did you know that breathing exercises can help calm you down? (Just try not to take in too much air because it might make you feel dizzy.) Heres how to do it: Inhale (breathe in) slowly and deeply through your nose, and then exhale slowly through your mouth. Do this two to four times and you just might breathe easier the next time youre taking a test!exhale: breathe out （三）識別指代關(guān)系一般來講，此類題目要求考生明確文章中的名詞和代詞之間的關(guān)系。代詞應(yīng)該指代離它最近的一個名詞，而且就位置而言，代詞所指代的名詞通常應(yīng)在本句或上一個句子中。范文：For many students, middle school graduation marks a big change in their lives. This is a step that takes students away from junior high school but towards the elementary level before senior high school. Compared to elementary school, middle school means more lessons and more classes, but of course, students can also see it as an opportunity to make new friends.Question: What does the underlined word “it” refer to?It refers to “middle school”.范文：In the old days I used to reach for the tissues until I realized that passing a person a tissue may be just another way to shut them down. Now I just listen. This simple thing has not been that easy to learn. It certainly went against everything I had been taught since I was very young. This simple thing: Listening （四）陳述個人觀點、態(tài)度1、設(shè)題形式：What do you think of the writers opinion and why?What would you do if you were in such a situation? Why?Do you agree with what the writer says in this passage? Why?How would you solve the problem if you were on the spot? Why?What do you think of ? Please give your reasons.2、解題策略：（1）雖然是個開放性的問題，但是回答時一定要文章有關(guān)，必須針對文章內(nèi)容闡述個人觀點。（2）發(fā)表個人見解時，觀點要明確，不要偏激，言之有理。 （3）表達準確，語言規(guī)范，要注意字數(shù)要求。注意表示積極性觀點詞匯的使用：believe, trust, agree, positive, supportive, approval, optimistic, confident, impressive, active, instructive, beneficial, smart, clever, exciting, educational, enjoyable, happy, helpful范文：Maybe you are an average student. You probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessarily so, however. Anyone can become a better student if he or she wants to. Here is how. Plan your time carefully. Find a good place for study. Make good use of your time in class. Study regularly. Develop a good attitude about the tests.Question: What advice do you think is the best for you? Why? (Please answer within 30 words.)（Answer: “Make full use of your time in class.” is the best for me. Because listening carefully in class can make me learn more than after class by myself. Or “Plan your time carefully.” is the best for me. Because time is very precious, I must value time and make full use of it to study hard.）（五）補全文章中空缺的句子1、概要： 這道題主要考查考生的邏輯思維能力，考生必須在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上了解主旨大意，把握上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，例如解說式、總分式、遞進式、并列式、對比式、轉(zhuǎn)折式、因果式等，運用減法省去不必要信息抓出啟承轉(zhuǎn)合信息詞，定下大體的結(jié)構(gòu)思路及形式，需要填寫的是短語還是完整句子，然后根據(jù)上下文添加適當內(nèi)容。設(shè)題形式：Please fill in the blank in the passage with a proper sentence / proper words or phrases.2、解題策略：注意使用正確的語言形式表達思想。句子缺主語時，常用動詞的v+ing 或名詞形式。由and 連接時前后詞性保持一致。非謂語動詞應(yīng)注意主動和被動形式的使用。在基本的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中，應(yīng)該選用合適的詞性來承擔句子的主語、賓語、表語。補全句子參考過度詞匯：  表總結(jié)：in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, on the whole, in general, in short, to be brief 表比較：on the other hand, on the contrary, in comparison with, in contrast to/with 表原因：due to, owing to, because of, on account of 表結(jié)果：as a result, therefore, thus, consequently 表層進：in addition, moreover, furthermore, in other words,  whats more,  last but not least 表轉(zhuǎn)折：but, however, nevertheless, at the same time, in spite of, despite 表選擇：rather than, instead of  （六）根據(jù)語境翻譯句子主要是讓考生翻譯文章中的長句、難句、關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵句，英譯漢必須做到忠實于原文的語義內(nèi)容，并且語句通順，符合漢語表達習慣。在做題時需要注意兩種語言之間的差異，同時還要了解常用的翻譯方法。1、 掌握英漢兩種語言句子構(gòu)成之間的差異。英語重信息的傳達, 把新的信息放在句首, 已知信息放在句尾, 句子結(jié)構(gòu)相對復雜; 漢語重句子的層次, 一般遵循時間順序、邏輯順序,句子在安排上往往以"先舊后新、先因后果、先條件后結(jié)論"等為原則, 句子結(jié)構(gòu)往往簡短。舉例來說:"An earthquake happened in Japan last week. "句子在安排上首先強調(diào)的是最重要的信息是"earthquake ", 其次是"in Japan ,last week"。漢語則是: "上周日本發(fā)生了地震"。句子在安排上并沒有以信息為先, 而是把時間、地點和事件逐一說來。       2、 兩種句式的翻譯：      （1）定語從句：英語的句子是向外擴展的, 因為詞可以有定語從句來修飾, 而定語從句可以無限地疊加, 所以說有時一個句子長到可以獨立成段, 此時如果還按照漢語定語置于主體詞之前的習慣來翻譯, 句子不僅會很長,讀起來很費力, 而且翻譯出的句子也不像是地道的漢語, 達意上當然就會有很大的問題了, 更何況有時不做調(diào)整根本就無法翻譯。遇到這類問題就要根據(jù)兩種語言句法的不同點, 把英語的長定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的短句, 適當調(diào)整句子之間的先后順序, 做到句子條理清楚, 意思明確即可。比如說在翻譯"After graduation , he got a job as a programmer in a big company that paid 1, 000 a month"這個句子時, 就可以把其中的定語從句進行拆分, 譯成"畢業(yè)之后,他到一家大公司做編程工作, 月薪一千美金"。        （2）被動句：被動句的翻譯也是應(yīng)該注意的。英語和漢語的不同點之一是: 英語較多使用被動句。漢語總體來說, 被動句的使用不多, 且多數(shù)情況下所傳達的都是負面的信息或者是極其肯定的信息: 如: "我被打了", "我的車被盜了", "他被授予諾貝爾和平獎"等等。在做翻譯時, 一定要注意這一現(xiàn)象, 并把英語大量的被動句轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的主動句或把字句等。舉例來說:"The wallet was lost when I was on my way back home", 可譯成" 我昨天在回家的路上丟了錢包" "The U. S was attacked by t he ter2rorist s on Sept. 11th, 2001", 可譯成"美國在2001 年9 月11 日遭到了恐怖分子的襲擊"。       3、常用的翻譯方法      * 意譯法：通常我們采用最多的是直譯法?？墒俏覀兂龅揭恍┤菀桌斫?但難以表達或者表達不到位的情況, 往往是英文中一個常見詞就是找不到確切的漢語來表達。這時我們可以采用意譯法。比如：Distance from the event should make the memories less painful.(時過境遷，痛苦的往事會在記憶中淡漠。)。再如； She showered us with telegrams.(她的電報紛至沓來。)       * 增譯法：指在英譯漢時需要根據(jù)情況適當?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來表示，而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關(guān)系。如：What about calling him right away? 馬上給他打個電話，你覺得如何？ （增譯主語和謂語）。       * 拆句法：拆句法是把一個長而復雜的句子拆譯成若干個較短、較簡單的句子。如：Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中國加強合作，符合美國的利益。 （在主謂連接處拆譯）       * 倒置法：在漢語中，定語修飾語和狀語修飾語往往位于被修飾語之前；在英語中，許多修飾語常常位于被修飾語之后，因此翻譯時往往要把原文的語序顛倒過來，即對英語長句按照漢語的習慣表達法進行前后調(diào)換，按意群進行全部倒置，原則是使?jié)h語譯句安排符合現(xiàn)代漢語論理敘事的一般邏輯順序。如：       Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.改革開放以來，中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。(全部倒置)       * 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法：詞類可根據(jù)詞語在上下文中所起的作用進行轉(zhuǎn)換，也可根據(jù)漢語表達習慣的要求進行轉(zhuǎn)換，在實際操作中須變通處理、靈活掌握。        名詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞       Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. (機器人已經(jīng)被用于探索外空間。)        名詞轉(zhuǎn)形容詞       He is a stranger to the operation of the helicopter. (他對直升機的操作很陌生。)       動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞       The university aims at the first rate of the world. (學校的目標是成為世界一流的大學。)       形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞 The Internet is different from traditional media in that it sends and receives information faster. (因特網(wǎng)和傳統(tǒng)媒體的區(qū)別就在于因特網(wǎng)可以更快地發(fā)送和接收信息。)       形容詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞       Success is dependent on his efforts. (成功與否取決于他的努力。)       形容詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞       The pictures give a visual representation of the situation. (這些圖片直觀地展示了當時的情景。)       介詞轉(zhuǎn)連詞       With all its shortcomings this composition is regarded as the best. (盡管這篇作文有缺陷，但仍被認為是最佳的。)       總之，只要我們把握準文章意思，再根據(jù)上下文和文章的含義合理地翻譯出來就可以了。但要做到表達完整、句子通順，切勿望文生義，偏離主題。( 6 ) 理解、獲取具體信息要求考生在理解文章內(nèi)容，領(lǐng)會文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對問題進行回答。一般需要考生用自己的語言進行回答。解答這類題目時，要求考生一定不要天馬行空的回答，所有答案都應(yīng)該基于文章的內(nèi)容，應(yīng)該從文章已知的內(nèi)容中經(jīng)過合理的推測和推理，給出合理的答案，并且不要太啰嗦，控制在限定的字數(shù)以內(nèi)。In college, Spring Break （春假）is usually associated with the beach, parties and sleepless nights, bringing about relaxation, free time and friends. Students who wish to spend their break doing something productive and rewarding, however, may choose to participate in the Alternative Break Program. It places college students in communities both at home and abroad.The Program allows students to take part in various projects dealing with issues such as literacy （識字）, homelessness and the environment. It includes helping kids with their lessons, raising money for families in need and collecting data for environmental research.The hope is that, by getting themselves involved in different environments, students will have the opportunity to learn about members of communities and broaden their view. In turn, they will incorporate (融合) their experiences and lessons learned into their own communities. In a word, the Program aims to encourage students to be active citizens nd engage themselves in making a difference in society.In the spring of 2006, about 36,000 students in the US