高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第一部分 閱讀知識(shí)部分 第一章 閱讀理解課件.ppt

第一部分閱讀知識(shí)部分第一章閱讀理解,一、考綱解讀閱讀理解測(cè)試考生的英語(yǔ)閱讀能力，要求考生能夠讀懂書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的簡(jiǎn)短文段以及公告、說(shuō)明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息。考生應(yīng)能：1.理解主旨和要義；2.理解文中具體信息；3.根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；4.通過(guò)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析和細(xì)節(jié)的暗示做出判斷和推理；5.理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；6.理解作者的意圖、觀(guān)點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。從近幾年新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷來(lái)看，閱讀理解考查的詞匯量有所增加，更加注重考查考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行推理判斷的能力。,二、命題特點(diǎn)閱讀理解的考查特點(diǎn)具體體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：1體裁豐富，題材廣泛。高考閱讀理解的體裁涉及記敘文、夾敘夾議文、說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文和議論文；內(nèi)容涉及社會(huì)、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科普、新聞和廣告等多種題材，尤其是國(guó)內(nèi)外的新科技、新發(fā)明，時(shí)代感強(qiáng)，特別關(guān)注當(dāng)今的熱點(diǎn)話(huà)題。,2閱讀量、信息量大?？疾殚喿x能力的一個(gè)重要方面是閱讀速度，較大的閱讀量、信息量對(duì)考生的閱讀技能是一種有效的檢測(cè)方法。近幾年高考試題都保持了較大的詞匯量，所涉及的內(nèi)容廣泛而深刻，對(duì)于詞匯能力的考查也繼續(xù)保持了較高的要求，為考生提供了施展閱讀才能的機(jī)會(huì)和開(kāi)闊的思維空間。,3語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。閱讀材料基本保留了其原有的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格，語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定難度。作者在闡述問(wèn)題時(shí)都使用多種技巧和修辭方法，文章的展開(kāi)不全是平鋪直敘，而是間有倒敘、插敘等多種方式。行文的跳躍程度較大，陳述次序富于變化，隱含信息較多，再加上閱讀材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣詞造句趨于地道，因此，許多文段讀起來(lái)感到“生澀”，有時(shí)讀懂了文字，但不一定能夠立刻領(lǐng)悟語(yǔ)篇的意思，常常要反復(fù)閱讀幾次才能讀懂。,4語(yǔ)言難度較大。具體表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)句的長(zhǎng)度、措辭的靈活性、一定量的生詞量以及替代和省略手法的運(yùn)用上。簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)合句、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句、倒裝句、省略句以及插入語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象隨處可見(jiàn)，而且多種時(shí)態(tài)混用。詞匯運(yùn)用要求更高，活用詞比比皆是，一詞多義、熟詞生義現(xiàn)象更是頻繁出現(xiàn)。,5題型設(shè)置合理。設(shè)題手法更加靈活，設(shè)題方式呈多樣化的趨勢(shì)。題干及選項(xiàng)設(shè)置科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、簡(jiǎn)潔精煉，信息定位具體，考點(diǎn)分布均勻，語(yǔ)言表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔、準(zhǔn)確。不僅考查對(duì)文中的特定信息的理解把握，又涉及文章的主旨要義、作者的態(tài)度意圖等深層理解題，更加注重考查學(xué)生的綜合分析和概括能力。題型以細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主，主旨大意題一般每年2個(gè)左右，詞義猜測(cè)題一般每年不超過(guò)1個(gè)。,三、考查話(huà)題及題型分布近五年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)、新課標(biāo)卷閱讀理解話(huà)題分布情況：,根據(jù)最近五年全國(guó)、新課標(biāo)卷高考閱讀理解的話(huà)題所涉及的內(nèi)容看，高考閱讀理解注重素材的多樣化、現(xiàn)代化和生活化，不僅主題廣泛、科學(xué)實(shí)用，而且生動(dòng)有趣、異彩紛呈。其題材涵蓋人物故事、名人傳記、前沿科技、環(huán)境保護(hù)、地理現(xiàn)象、歷史文化、廣告信息等，充分體現(xiàn)了“語(yǔ)言是文化的載體”這一重要理念，這些將是今后高考閱讀理解選材的主要方向。,五年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)、新課標(biāo)卷閱讀理解題型分布情況：,高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解著重考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的整體把握能力、根據(jù)所提供的語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行語(yǔ)篇分析的能力以及綜合利用有效信息解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力。在近幾年的高考中，在表層理解的事實(shí)性和細(xì)節(jié)性考題占有一定比例的同時(shí)，詞義猜測(cè)、推理判斷和主旨大意等深層次試題占有越來(lái)越大的比重，這反映了高考仍突出語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力考查的命題思想。,事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題一、考綱要求高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解部分考查的重點(diǎn)之一是考生對(duì)于文章細(xì)節(jié)信息的捕捉、理解和分析能力。細(xì)節(jié)題的比重一般為五分之一，換句話(huà)說(shuō)，高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的五篇文章中，每篇文章都至少設(shè)有一道細(xì)節(jié)題。細(xì)節(jié)題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中闡述主題的細(xì)節(jié)與具體事實(shí)的把握能力，內(nèi)容涉及詢(xún)問(wèn)事實(shí)、原因、結(jié)果、目的等。細(xì)節(jié)題屬于淺層理解題，難度較低，答案明確具體，考生一般可以從閱讀材料中直接找到。,二、命題規(guī)律1這類(lèi)試題一般只針對(duì)文章中某一特定的細(xì)節(jié)，也可能涉及若干個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，或者針對(duì)文章的主要事實(shí)，或利用圖形圖表或地圖來(lái)表示信息等。2此類(lèi)試題一般又可分為兩類(lèi)：一是直接理解題，答案可在原文中直接找到；二是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題，答案是原文中有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，而不能在原文中直接找到。,三、備考策略細(xì)節(jié)理解題占所有閱讀理解題的50%左右，是做好閱讀理解的關(guān)鍵。細(xì)節(jié)理解題是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對(duì)原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問(wèn)。一般包括直接理解題(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提問(wèn))、語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)境上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論)、數(shù)字計(jì)算題、排列順序題、圖表圖畫(huà)題等。,所以破解事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)類(lèi)題目時(shí)，要網(wǎng)羅所有事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，然后去偽存真，揭去面紗，做到撥云見(jiàn)日，把握住作者真正要表達(dá)的東西，選取最佳選項(xiàng)。,做這類(lèi)題一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問(wèn)題快速閱讀文章，找出與問(wèn)題有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，找出答案。另外，在題干中尋找線(xiàn)索詞，并注意題干中的名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞等實(shí)詞。注意線(xiàn)索詞在文章中的位置，并標(biāo)出實(shí)詞的出處，為快速、準(zhǔn)確地選擇答案打下基礎(chǔ)。,下面這些線(xiàn)索詞能夠反映句子間的邏輯關(guān)系。如：because，since，for，as等表示因果關(guān)系；after，first，next，later，meantime等表示時(shí)間關(guān)系；above，below，behind，infrontof等表示方位關(guān)系；but，onthecontrary，ontheotherhand等表示轉(zhuǎn)折或相對(duì)關(guān)系；furthermore，whatsmore等表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系；forinstance，forexample，suchas等表示例證關(guān)系。這些表示邏輯關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)能為考生解答細(xì)節(jié)題提供重要的線(xiàn)索，考生要特別注意。,解答此類(lèi)題目有時(shí)還要注意細(xì)讀全文，變通理解，多方歸納，綜合事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)選定答案，平時(shí)閱讀時(shí)，注意作者描述人物、事件等細(xì)節(jié)的常用寫(xiě)作手法與技巧，這樣方可以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變，達(dá)到撥云見(jiàn)日的效果。,四、解題建議1高考試題中的細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要是通過(guò)語(yǔ)句的同義或反義轉(zhuǎn)換來(lái)考查考生對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的理解能力。解答這類(lèi)題可用“尋找題眼”，即從問(wèn)題入手，找到問(wèn)題中的題眼，有針對(duì)性地掃讀短文，迅速鎖定相關(guān)詞句或信息點(diǎn)，然后尋找相關(guān)的同義或反義表述，圍繞主旨深刻理解材料。,2一般可以在文章中直接或間接找到答案，但是不可能與閱讀材料一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型表達(dá)相同的意思。但正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)當(dāng)與主旨相關(guān)聯(lián)。3如果問(wèn)題中含有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)，如有not,except等，要特別留心，不要理解錯(cuò)了，而選相反的答案。,五、典例精析【2015湖北卷】DTheoddnessoflifeinspaceneverquitegoesaway.Herearesomeexamples.,Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassleep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.Themainquestioniswhetheryouwantyourarmsinsideoroutsidethesleepingbag.Ifyouleaveyourarmsout,theyfloatfreeinzerogravity,oftengivingasleepingastronautthelookofafunnyballed(芭蕾)dancer.“Imaninsideguy，”MikeHopkinssays,whoreturnedfromasixmonthtourontheInternationalSpaceStation.“Iliketobewrappedup.”,Onthestation,theordinarybecomesstrange.TheexercisebikefortheAmericanastronautshasnohandlebars.Italsohasnoseat.Withnogravity,itsjustaseasytopedalviolently.Youcanwatchamoviewhileyoupedalbyfloatingamicrocomputeranywhereyouwant.Butstationresidentshavetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.Withoutgravitytohelpcirculateair,thecarbondioxideyouexhale(呼氣)hasatendencytoformaninvisible(隱形的)cloudaroundyourhead.Youcanendupwithwhatastronautscallacarbondioxideheadache.,LeroyChiao,54,anAmericanretiredastronautafterfourflights,describeswhathappensevenbeforeyoufloatoutofyourseat，“Yourinnerearthinksyourrefalling.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyourestandingstraight.Thatcanbeannoyingthatswhysomepeoplefeelsick.”Withinacoupledaystrulyterribledaysforsomeastronautsbrainslearntoignorethepanickysignalsfromtheinnerear,andspacesicknessdisappears.,Spacetravelcanbesodelightfulbutatthesametimeinvisiblydangerous.Forinstance,astronautslosebonemass.ThatswhyexerciseisconsideredsovitalthatNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)putsitrightontheworkdayschedule.Thefocusonfitnessisasmuchaboutscienceandthefutureasitisaboutkeepinganyindividualastronautsreturnhome,andmoreimportantly,howtomaintainstrengthandfitnessforthetwoandahalfyearsormorethatitwouldtaketomakearoundtriptoMars.,1Whatisthemajorchallengetoastronautswhentheysleepinspace?ADecidingonapropersleepposition.BChoosingacomfortablesleepingbag.CSeekingawaytofallasleepquickly.DFindingarighttimetogotosleep.,2Theastronautswillsufferfromacarbondioxideheadachewhen_AtheycirclearoundontheirbikesBtheyusemicrocomputerswithoutastopCtheyexerciseinoneplaceforalongtimeDtheywatchamoviewhilepedaling,3Someastronautsfeelsickonthestationduringthefirstfewdaysbecause_AtheirsensesstopworkingBtheyhavetostandupstraightCtheyfloatoutoftheirseatsunexpectedlyDtheirbrainsreceivecontradictorymessages,4OneoftheNASAsmajorconcernsaboutastronautsis_A.howmuchexercisetheydoonthestationBhowtheycanremainhealthyforlonginspaceCwhethertheycanrecoverafterreturninghomeDwhethertheyareabletogobacktothestation,【試題分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。本文通過(guò)舉例說(shuō)明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡覺(jué)時(shí)，對(duì)宇航員來(lái)說(shuō)主要的挑戰(zhàn)在于恰當(dāng)?shù)乃咦藙?shì)；宇航員在一個(gè)地方運(yùn)動(dòng)久了會(huì)出現(xiàn)碳毒性頭痛；宇航員的大腦接收到矛盾的信息時(shí)會(huì)感到惡心。最后告訴我們美國(guó)國(guó)家宇航局對(duì)宇航員主要的擔(dān)心是宇航員回家后的修養(yǎng)期和如何在太空長(zhǎng)久地保持健康。,1解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句“Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassleep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.”可知在太空睡覺(jué)時(shí)，對(duì)宇航員來(lái)說(shuō)主要的挑戰(zhàn)在于恰當(dāng)?shù)乃咦藙?shì)。故選A項(xiàng)。答案：A2.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Butstationresidentshavetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.Youcanendupwithwhatastronautscallacarbondioxideheadache”可知宇航員在一個(gè)地方運(yùn)動(dòng)久了會(huì)出現(xiàn)碳毒性頭痛。故選C項(xiàng)。答案：C,3.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Yourinnerearthinksyourefailing.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyourestandingstraight.Thatcanbeannoyingthatswhysomepeoplefeelsick.”可知宇航員在大腦接收到矛盾的信息時(shí)會(huì)感到惡心。故選D項(xiàng)。答案：D,4解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第一、二句“ThefocusonfitnessisasmuchaboutscienceandthefutureasisaboutkeepinganyindividualastronauthealthyNASAisworriedabouttwothings：.and,moreimportantly,howmaintainstrengthandfitness.”可知美國(guó)國(guó)家宇航局對(duì)宇航員主要的擔(dān)心之一是如何在太空長(zhǎng)久地保持健康。故選B項(xiàng)。答案：B,即學(xué)即練【2015北京卷】BRevolutionaryTVEarsTVEarshashelpedthousandsofpeoplewithvariousdegreesofhearinglosshearthetelevisionclearlywithoutturningupthevolume(音量)andnowitsbetterandmoreaffordablethanever!,WithTVEarswirelesstechnology,yousetyourownheadsetvolume,whileotherTVlistenershearthetelevisionatavolumelevelthatscomfortableforthem.YoucanevenlistenthroughtheheadsetonlyandputtheTVonmute(靜音)ifthesituationcallsforaquietenvironmentmaybethebabyissleeping.Orperhapsyouaretheonlyonewhoisinterestedinlisteningtotheballgame.,TVEarspatentedtechnologyincludesarevolutionarynoisereductioncartip,notusedinanyothercommerciallyavailableheadset.Thistipreducesoutsidenoisesothattelevisiondialogueisclearandunderstandable.Getthetechnologythathasproventohelpthemostdemandingcustomers.ThatswhyTVEarshasearnedthetrustandconfidenceofaudiologists(聽(tīng)覺(jué)學(xué)家)nationwideaswellasworldfamousdoctors.,RiskFreeTrial!TVEarscomeswitha30dayriskfreetrial.SpecialOfferNow$59.95.Ifyourenotsatisfied,returnit.Moneybackguarantee!Callnow!8001237832,【試題分析】本文是一個(gè)廣告，介紹的是一個(gè)全新的“電視耳機(jī)”，題目比較簡(jiǎn)單。1TVEarshelpsyou_AimproveyoursleepingqualityBlistentoTVwithoutdisturbingothersCchangeTVchannelswithoutdifficultyDbecomeinterestedinballgameprograms,解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“whileotherTVlistenershearthetelevisionatavolumelevelthatscomfortableforthem”可知這種新型“電視耳機(jī)”不會(huì)打擾到其他人，符合B選項(xiàng)中的withoutdisturbingothers。故選B。答案：B,2WhatmakesTVEarsdifferentfromotherheadsets?AItcaneasilysetTVonmute.BItsheadsetvolumeisadjustable.CIthasanewnoisereductioncartip.DItappliesspecialwirelesstechnology.,解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一行“includesarevolutionarynoisereductioneartip,notusedinanyothercommerciallyavailableheadset?！笨芍@個(gè)全新的“電視耳機(jī)”包括一個(gè)全新的降噪耳塞，符合C中的”Ithasanewnoisereductioneartip?！惫蔬xC。答案：C,3.Thisadvertisementismademorebelievableby_AusingrecommendationsBofferingreasonsforthisinventionCprovidingstatistics.Dshowingtheresultsofexperiments.,解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文中方框的內(nèi)容很明顯是來(lái)自醫(yī)生和顧客的推薦(recommend)，故選A。答案：A,意義猜測(cè)題一、考綱要求猜詞悟義是應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的重要能力，也是高考閱讀理解中必考的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。考生應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)通過(guò)構(gòu)詞、定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、同義、反義及上下文線(xiàn)索等確定詞義。,詞義猜測(cè)題有逐漸增加的趨勢(shì)，尤其是猜測(cè)詞組、句義題。因?yàn)椴聹y(cè)詞組、句義題涉及題材背景、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、文章主旨、作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)態(tài)度等。聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵。近幾年閱讀理解的生詞率略有上升，加大了猜測(cè)力度。命題者著重考查考生利用同義或反義關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)篇文脈等理解生詞的能力。,二、命題規(guī)律1要求根據(jù)閱讀材料所提供的信息，結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，正確判斷生詞詞組的含義或成熟詞在特定語(yǔ)境中表達(dá)的具體含義以及一些句子的意思。2要求猜測(cè)詞義的詞一般為實(shí)詞及其詞組，通過(guò)構(gòu)詞、定義、對(duì)比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線(xiàn)索確定詞義的具體內(nèi)容。3代詞復(fù)指理解題也是猜測(cè)詞義的常考類(lèi)型。用“邏輯關(guān)系梳理法”、“遞向?qū)ほ櫡ā崩砬迦宋锛笆挛镏g的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在。,三、備考策略詞義猜測(cè)題要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語(yǔ)境上下文來(lái)判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類(lèi)題時(shí)慣用常規(guī)詞義來(lái)麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語(yǔ)境主觀(guān)臆斷。1根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語(yǔ)，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋?zhuān)@就是判斷該詞或短語(yǔ)意義的主要依據(jù)。,2根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)@時(shí)可利用同位關(guān)系對(duì)前面或后面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。3根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化等)進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。在英語(yǔ)中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，在后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)詞，乍看起來(lái)，這個(gè)詞可能是新詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)，就不難猜出它的詞義。,4根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。5根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。文章中的代詞it,that,this,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；也有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。,6根據(jù)同義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。當(dāng)詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或or時(shí)，其連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。7根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來(lái)確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(hào)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。,8通過(guò)上下文理解猜測(cè)詞義。通過(guò)上下文的具體信息猜測(cè)詞義是目前高考閱讀理解題中最常見(jiàn)的一種命題形式。四、解題建議1理解含生詞部分的上下文來(lái)推測(cè)其意思，“順著”作者的思想、態(tài)度去理解，然后“上下求證”是否合乎邏輯或作者的思想等。,2.根據(jù)前后的因果關(guān)系來(lái)推斷其中的某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。既可由因推果，也可由果推因。3必須通過(guò)上下文得出其在特定場(chǎng)合下的特殊意思，那些常規(guī)含義的選項(xiàng)不會(huì)是要選擇的正確答案。,五、典例精析【2015四川卷】ENooneissurehowtheancientEgyptiansbuiltthepyramidsnearCairo.Butanewstudysuggeststheyusedalittlerocknroll.Longagobuilderscouldhaveattachedwoodenpolestothestonesandrolledthenacrossthesand,thescientistssay.“Technically,Ithinkwhattheyreproposingispossible，”physicistDanielBonnsaid.,PeoplehavelongpuzzledoverhowtheEgyptiansmovedsuchhugerocks.Andtheresnoobviousanswer.Onaverage,eachofthetwomillionbigstonesweighedaboutasmuchasalargepickuptruck.TheEgyptianssomehowmovedthestoneblockstothepyramidsitefromaboutonekilometeraway.,ThemostpopularviewisthatEgyptianworkersslidtheblocksalongsmoothpaths.Manyscientistssuspectworkersfirstwouldhaveputtheblocksonsleds(滑板)Thentheywouldhavedraggedthemalongpaths.Tomaketheworkeasier,workersmayhavelubricated_the_pathseitherwithwetclayorwiththefatfromcattle.Bonnhasnowtestedthisideabybuildingsmallsledsanddraggingheavyobjectsoversand.,Evidencefromthesandsupportsthisidea.Researchersfoundsmallamountsoffat,aswellasalargeamountofstoneandtheremainsofpaths.However,physicistJosephWestthinkstheremighthavebeenasimplerway,wholedthenewstudy.Westsaid，“Iwasinspiredwhilewatchingatelevisionprogramshowinghowsledsmighthavehelpedwithpyramidconstruction.Ithought，Whydonttheyjusttryrollingthethings？”“Asquarecouldbeturnedintoaroughsortofwheelbyattachingwoodenpolestoitssides”，herealized.“That”，henotes，“shouldmakeablockofstone，aloteasiertorollthanasquare”,SohetrieditHeandhisstudentstiedsomepolestoeachoffoursidesofa30kilogramstoneblock.Thatactionturnedtheblockintosomewhatawheel.Thentheyplacedtheblockontheground.Theywrappedoneendofaropearoundtheblockandpulled.Theresearchersfoundtheycouldeasilyrolltheblockalongdifferentkindsofpaths.Theycalculatedthatrollingtheblockrequiredaboutasmuchforceasmovingitalongaslippery(滑的)path.,Westhasnttestedhisideaonlargerblocks,buthethinksrollinghasclearadvantagesoversliding.Atleast,workerswouldnthaveneededtocarrycattlefatorwatertosmooththepaths.1Itswidelybelievedthatthestoneblocksweremovedtothepyramidsiteby_ArollingthemonroadsBpushingthemoverthesandCslidingthemonsmoothpathsDdraggingthemonsomepoles,2Theunderlinedpart“l(fā)ubricatedthepaths”inParagraph4means_AmadethepathwetBmadethepathhardCmadethepathwideDmadethepathslippery,3Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph7referto?ARollingtheblockswithpolesattached.BRollingtheblocksonwoodenwheels.CRollingpolestomovetheblocks.DRollingtheblockswithfat.,4WhyisrollingbetterthanslidingaccordingtoWest?ABecausemoreforceisneededforsliding.BBecauserollingworkcanbedonebyfewercattle.CBecauseslidingonsmoothroadismoredangerous.DBecauselesspreparationonpathisneededforrolling.,5Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Anexperimentonwaysofmovingblockstothepyramidsite.BAnapplicationofthemethodofmovingblockstothepyramidsite.CAnargumentaboutdifferentmethodsofmovingblockstothepyramidsite.DAnintroductiontoapossiblenewwayofmovingblockstothepyramidsite.,【試題分析】本文主要講述的是關(guān)于金字塔的建造，不同的專(zhuān)家有著不同的見(jiàn)解。這篇文章主要講述了兩種看法。1C2.解析：詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段的“Tomaketheworkeasier”，以及下文的“eitherwithwetclayorwiththefatfromcattle.”可知，這樣做是為了讓路更加平滑，故選擇D。答案：D,3解析：詞義猜測(cè)題。這是考查指代詞的指代內(nèi)容，由于是指代詞，可知內(nèi)容應(yīng)該在上文，根據(jù)第六段的內(nèi)容可知，選擇A，意為把桿綁在石塊上，然后滾動(dòng)石塊。答案：A4D5C,即學(xué)即練【2014四川省綿陽(yáng)中學(xué)高三上學(xué)期第五次月考】AudreyHepburn(奧黛麗赫本)wonanAcademyAwardasBestActressforherfirstmajorAmericanmovie,RomanHoliday,whichwasreleasedin1953.Butsheisrememberedasmuchforher_aid_workasforheracting.,BorninBelgiumin1929,AudreysfatherwasBritishandhermotherwasDutch.AudreywassenttoliveataBritishschoolforpartofherchildhood.DuringWorldWarII,shelivedandstudiedintheNetherlands.HermotherthoughtitwouldbesafefromGermanattacks.AudreystudieddanceasateenagerandduringcollegewhenshereturnedtoLondonafterthewar.Butsherealizedshewasntgoingtobeaballerina(芭蕾舞女演員)Soshebegantakingactingpartsinstageshows.Latershebegantogetsmallpartsinmovies.,ButitwasAudreyHepburnsmovetoAmericathatbroughthertruefame.In1951sheplayedthecharacter“Gigi”intheBroadwayplayofthesamenametogreatcriticalpraise.Twoyearslater,RomanHolidaymadeherastarattheageof24.Audreymademorethan25movies.AmonghermostpopularroleswasHollyGolightlyinBreakfastatTiffanysin1961.ThreeyearslatersheplayedElizaDoolittleinMyFairLady.,Shewasmarriedtwotimesandhadonesonbyeachhusband.In1989,theUNChildrensFundnamedAudreyagoodwillambassador.ShetravelledallovertheworldinsupportofUNICEF(聯(lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì))projects.TheUNagencysaidshewasatirelessworker.Sheoftengave15interviewsadaytogainmoneyandsupportforUNICEFprojects.,AudreyHepburnoftensaidherloyaltytoUNICEFwastheresultofherexperiencesasachildduringWorldWarII.Shesaidsheknewwhatitwasliketobestarvingandtobesavedbyinternationalaid.Shewasagoodwillambassadoruntilherdeathin1993fromcoloncancer.【試題分析】文章介紹了著名影星赫本的生平事跡。1953年主演的羅馬假日使她一舉成名。從1989年直至1993年去世，赫本一直擔(dān)任聯(lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì)的特使，為拉美和非洲兒童提供很大的幫助。,1InParagraph1,“heraidwork”means_AwinninganAcademyAwardasBestActressBtakingactingpartsinstageshowsCmakingherownmoviesDactingasagoodwillambassadorforUNICEF解析：詞義猜測(cè)題第一段是全文的概括，其重心在后面，即奧黛麗赫本盡管獲得奧斯卡最佳女主角獎(jiǎng)，但她擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)脑ぷ魍瑯邮谷算懹?。再結(jié)合文章接下來(lái)的敘述可知，D項(xiàng)正確。答案：D,2ThereasonwhyAudreylivedandstudiedintheNetherlandswasthat_AshewantedtobeaballerinaBherparentswerefromBritainCitwassafethereDtheeducationtherewasexcellent答案：C,3Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_AAudreysparentslivedinGermanyduringWorldWarBAudreylivedinAmericainthe1950sCAudreywasmadetogiveupdancingDthecharacter“Gigi”intheBroadwayplaywashermostpopularrole答案：B,4_istherightorderforAudreyslife.Thefirsttimeshebegantoplayinmovies.ShereturnedtoLondonfromtheNetherlands.ShewonanAcademyAwardasBestActress.Shetravelledalloverthewor1dinsupportofUNlCEFprojects.SheplayedapartinMyFairLady.,ABCD答案：A,推理判斷題一、考綱要求高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中的推理判斷題，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推斷題屬于主觀(guān)性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類(lèi)題目時(shí)，同學(xué)們要嚴(yán)格依據(jù)作者所陳述的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)以及作者的措詞、態(tài)度和語(yǔ)氣，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞句，然后利用自己已獲得的相關(guān)知識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。,二、命題規(guī)律1推理判斷題考查的都是最簡(jiǎn)單的推理判斷能力，不會(huì)涉及到復(fù)雜的推理和判斷。2綜合利用文章中提供的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)并根據(jù)上下文提供的線(xiàn)索進(jìn)行邏輯分析，尤其要讀透文章字里行間的含義，即透過(guò)表面認(rèn)識(shí)本質(zhì)，從而通過(guò)自己的推理、判斷和引申來(lái)得出正確的認(rèn)識(shí)。3推理判斷題涉及的文章內(nèi)容可能是一句話(huà)或幾句話(huà)、可能是一個(gè)或者兩三個(gè)段落、甚至也可能是整篇文章。,三、備考策略推理判斷題屬于深層理解題，要注意以下幾個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題：考生做題時(shí)一定要從整體上把握語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，在語(yǔ)篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息間架起橋梁，透過(guò)字里行間，去體會(huì)作者的“弦外之音”。,首先，考生在閱讀時(shí)，要抓住文章的主題和細(xì)節(jié)，分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，挖掘文章的深層含義。在進(jìn)行推理時(shí)，考生一定要仔細(xì)閱讀短文，千萬(wàn)不可脫離原文而僅憑個(gè)人的看法，主觀(guān)臆斷。其次，對(duì)于暗含在文章中的人物的行為動(dòng)機(jī)、事件的因果關(guān)系及作者未言明的傾向、意圖、態(tài)度、觀(guān)點(diǎn)等要進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的判斷、推理、分析，進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)理解能力，抓住材料實(shí)質(zhì)性的東西。再次，在解答推理性問(wèn)題時(shí)，應(yīng)清楚所要解答的問(wèn)題是針對(duì)某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷，還是針對(duì)主題思想、作者的意圖進(jìn)行推斷。,針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的推斷可運(yùn)用scanning方法，迅速在閱讀材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，然后再進(jìn)行推理判斷。針對(duì)主題思想作推斷時(shí)，其解題的主要依據(jù)是文章的主題思想，然后再分析句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，區(qū)分觀(guān)點(diǎn)與例證、原因與結(jié)果、主觀(guān)點(diǎn)與次觀(guān)點(diǎn)。,四、解題建議1要善于抓住某一段話(huà)中的關(guān)鍵信息，即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語(yǔ)去分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維或正面推理，從而推斷出這句話(huà)所隱含的深層含義。2做推理題時(shí)，有時(shí)需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息，綜合起來(lái)去推理判斷，確定最佳結(jié)論。3針對(duì)主題思想作推斷時(shí)，其解題的主要依據(jù)是文章的主題思想，然后再分析句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，區(qū)分觀(guān)點(diǎn)與例證、原因與結(jié)果、主觀(guān)點(diǎn)與次觀(guān)點(diǎn)。,五、典例精析【2015重慶卷】BInancientEgypt,ashopkeeperdiscoveredthathecouldattractcustomerstohisshopsimplybymakingchangestoitsenvironment.Modernbusinesseshavebeenfollowinghislead，withmoretactics(策略),Onetacticinvolveswheretodisplaythegoods.Forexample,storesplacefruitsandvegetablesinthefirstsection.Theyknowthatcustomerswhobuythehealthyfoodfirstwillfeelhappysothattheywillbuymorejunkfood(垃圾食品)laterintheirtrip.Indepartmentstores，thewomensshoesectionisgenerallynexttothewomenscosmetics(化妝品)section：whiletheshopassistantisgoingbacktofindtherightsizeshoe,boredcustomersarelikelytowanderovercosmeticstheymightwanttotrylater.,Besides,businessesseektoappealtocustomerssenses.Storesnoticethatthesmellofbakedgoodsencouragesshopping.Theymaketheirownbreadeachmorningandthenfanthebreadsmellintothestorethroughouttheday.Musicsellsgoods,too.ResearchersinBritainfoundthatwhenFrenchmusicwasplayed,salesofFrenchwinewentup.,Whenitcomestothesellingofhouses,businessesalsousehighlyrewardingtactics.Theyfindthatcustomersmakedecisioninthefirstfewseconduponwalkinginthedoor,andturnitintoabusinessopportunity.ACaliforniabuilderdesignedthestructureofitshousessmartly.Whenenteringthehouse,thecustomerwouldseethePacificOceanthroughthewindows,andthenthepoolthroughanopenstairwayleadingtothelowerlevel.Theinstantviewofwateronbothlevelshelpedsellthese$10millionhouses.,1.Whydostoresusuallydisplayfruitsandvegetablesinthefirstsection?ATosavecustomerstimes.BToshowtheyarehighqualityfoods.CTohelpselljunkfood.DTosellthematdiscountprices.,2.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingencouragescustomerstobuy?AOpeningthestoreearlyinthemorning.BDisplayingBritishwinesnexttoFrenchones.CInvitingcustomerstoplaymusic.DFillingthestorewiththesmelloffreshbread.,3.WhatistheCaliforniabuildersstoryintendedtoprove?AThehousestructureisakeyfactorcustomersconsider.BThemorecostlythehouseis,thebetteritsells.CAnoceanviewismuchtothecustomerstaste.DAgoodfirstimpressionincreasessales.,4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?AToexplainhowbusinessesturnpeopleintotheircustomers.BTointroduceshowbusinesseshavegrownfromthepast.CToreportresearchesoncustomerbehavior.DToshowdishonestbusinesspractices.,【試題分析】本文在解釋為什么要把水果放在店里的最顯眼的位置，目的是促進(jìn)后面的商業(yè)交易。1解析：推斷題。根據(jù)第二段提到“Theyknowthatcustomerswhobuythehealthyfoodfirstwillfeelhappysothattheywillbuysomemorejunkfoodlaterintheirtrip”為了是能夠在稍后賣(mài)出那些垃圾食品，故選C項(xiàng)。答案：C,2解析：推斷題。根據(jù)第三段提到“Storesnoticethatthesmellofbakedgoodsencouragesshopping，sotheymaketheirownbreadeachmorningandthenfanthebreadsmellintothestorethroughouttheday”可知烤面包的味道能促進(jìn)購(gòu)物，因此他們讓面包味充滿(mǎn)著整個(gè)商店，故選D項(xiàng)。答案：D,3解析：推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段提到“Whenenteringthehouse，thecustomerwouldseethePacificOceanthroughthewindows,andthenthepoolthroughanopenstairwayleadingtothelowerlevel.Theinstantviewofwateronbothlevelshelpedsellthese$10millionhouses”當(dāng)人們進(jìn)入房間，看到窗外的太平洋和游泳池時(shí)，銷(xiāo)售業(yè)績(jī)會(huì)增長(zhǎng)，故選D項(xiàng)。答案：D,4解析：推斷題。本文在解釋為什么要把水果放在店里的最顯眼的位置，目的是促進(jìn)后面的商業(yè)交易，故選A項(xiàng)。答案：A,即學(xué)即練【2015廣東卷】BWhenIwasnineyearsold,Ilovedtogofishingwithmydad.ButtheonlythingthatwasntveryfunaboutitwasthathecouldcatchmanyfishwhileIcouldntcatchanything.Iusuallygotprettyupsetandkeptaskinghimwhy.Healwaysanswered,“Son,ifyouwanttocatchafish,youhavetothinklikeafish”Irememberbeingevenmoreupsetthenbecause,“Imnotafish！”Ididntknowhowtothinklikeafish.Besides,Ireasoned,howcouldwhatIthinkinfluencewhatafishdoes?,AsIgotalittleolderIbegantounderstandwhatmydadreallymeant.So,Ireadsomebooksonfish.AndIevenjoinedthelocalfishingclubandstartedattendingthemonthlymeetings.Ilearnedthatafishisacoldbloodedanimalandthereforeisverysensitivetowatertemperature.Thatiswhyfishprefershallowwatertodeepwater，andtheformeriswarmer.Besides,waterisusuallywarmerindirectsunlightthanintheshade.Yet,fishdonthaveanyeyelids(眼皮)andthesunhutstheireyes.ThemoreIunderstoodfish,themoreIbecameeffectiveatfindingandcatchingthem.,WhenIgrewupandenteredthebusinessworld,Irememberhearingmyfirstbosssay，“Weallneedtothinklikesalespeople.”Butitdidntcompletelymakesense.Mydadneveroncesaid，“Ifyouwanttocatchafishyouneedt