安徽大學(xué)研究生讀寫譯教程課文總結(jié)翻譯答案上冊全.doc

Unit OneText A How to Read A BookIntroductory Remarks“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” Francis Bacon warned readers several hundred years ago. However, what are the criteria for those books to be “chewed and digested?” How to tell good literature from bad literature? On these issues, people dont seem to have reached an agreement. In the article, Nobel laureate Joseph Brodsky first states that peoples life is generally much shorter than books, and that it is important for people to select good books to read. Yet, the author further argues that selecting good books from the ocean of literary works is no easy job; even book reviewers cant help much. In the end, the author suggests that reading poetry is the way to develop good taste in literature, because it is the supreme form of human locution, the most concise way of conveying the human experience, and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.Text-related Information1. The Last JudgmentThe last judgment (sometime referred to as universal judgment) is a firmly held belief of Roman Catholicism. Immediately upon death each soul undergoes a particular judgment, and, depending upon the state of that persons soul, goes to heaven, purgatory, or hell. The last judgment will occur after the resurrection of the dead and the reuniting of a persons soul with his or her own physical body.At the time of the last judgment Christ will come in his glory, and all the angels with him, and in his presence the truth of each mans relationship with God will be laid bare, and each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice. Those already in heaven will remain in heaven; those already in hell will remain in hell; and those in purgatory will be released into heaven. The Roman Catholic Church holds no doctrinal position on the fate of those in Limbo. Following the last judgment, the bliss of heaven and the pains of hell will be perfected in that those present will also be capable of physical bliss/pain. After the last judgment the universe itself will be renewed with a new heaven and a new earth.2. The rhetoric “anticlimax”In rhetoric, climax is a figure of speech, in which words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importance. Climax comes from the Greek word for "ladder".Examples:There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love. But the greatest of these is love."I think weve reached a point of great decision, not just for our nation, not only for all humanity, but for life upon the earth." George Wald A Generation in Search of a Future, March 4, 1969. ".Lost, vaded, broken, dead within an hour. William Shakespeare, The Passionate Pilgrim, XIII.".the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream.Similarly an anticlimax is an abrupt declension (either deliberate or unintended) on the part of a speaker or writer from the dignity of the idea which he appeared to be aiming at; as in the following well-known distich:-"The great Dalhousie, he, the god of war, Lieutenant-colonel to the earl of Mar." An anticlimax can be intentionally employed only for a jocular or satiric purpose. It frequently partakes of the nature of antithesis, as in,"Die and endow a college or a cat." 3. Belles lettres Belles letters (from the French for literature, literally "fine letters") refers to literature that is appreciated for the beauty, artistry, and originality of its style and tone rather than for its ideas and informational content. Earlier the term was synonymous with literature, referring particularly to fiction, poetry, drama, criticism, and essays. However, belletristic literature has come to mean light, artificial writing and essays extolling the beauties of literature.Language Points1. On the whole, books are less limited than ourselves. Often they sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust - and it is precisely the appetite for this posthumous dimension that sets ones pen in motion.On the whole, books have longer lives than the writers who write them. Long after the writer has died, his or her books may remain on bookshelves absorbing dust. It is due to the desire to be remembered after death that motivates the author to write continuously. 2. So as we toss and turn these rectangular objects in our hands we wont be terribly amiss if we surmise that we fondle, as it were, the urns with our returning ashes.Therefore, when we take a book in our hands, it is not totally wrong for us to think that we are, actually, handling the urn containing our own ashes.amiss adj.: not functioning properly;e.g. A few words of introduction may not come amiss. Is there anything amiss?surmise v: infer from incomplete evidence; e.g. We surmised that he must have had an accident.Theres so little to go on, we can only surmise what happened.n.: a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidencee.g. His surmise proved correct.Your first surmise was right.3. Whoever said that to philosophize is an exercise in dying was right in more ways than one, for by writing a book nobody gets younger.Some people say that to think philosophically is to experience the process of death. That is right in many aspects, as in the process of writing a book, the author only gets older and older.philosophize v.: conduct philosophical thinking; reason philosophicallye.g., They spend their time philosophizing about the mysteries of life.a tendency to philosophize about racial harmony4. The paradox, however, lies in the fact that in literature “good” is defined by its distinction from “bad”.But, what seems contradictory is that in literature good works are identified by its distinction from bad works, i.e., a piece of work is good because it is not bad.5. Thats what may constitute bad literatures best defense at the Last Judgment.That may be the reason why there exist so many pieces of bad literature.6. Of course, there is no denying the pleasure of holding up with a fat, slow-moving, mediocre novel; but in the end, we read not for readings sake but to learn.Of course, there is pleasure of some kind in reading a thick, lengthy and ordinary novel; but in the end, we do not read just for the sake of reading but read for learning something.there is no denying: it cannot be denied; one cannot deny the fact thate.g. There is no denying the enjoyment of a vacation after long period of hard work.There is no denying the fact that he is a faithful husband.7. Hence the need for the works that bring the human predicament into its sharpest possible focus. Hence, too, the need for some compass in the ocean of available printed matter.Therefore, we need to read works that reflect the puzzle of human beings. We also need some guidance in search of good works among all the books ever printed.bring into focus: make something sharply visible; make something clear and understandablee.g. I adjusted the binoculars until I brought the bird sharply into focus. Please try to bring your major point into focus earlier in the essay.8. he can have strong predilections for a certain kind of writing or simply be on the take with the publishing industryhe may have his own preference for a certain kind of writing or he may gain some profit from the publishing houses (by recommending books published by those publishing houses).on the take: taking or seeking to take bribes or illegal income;e.g. There were policemen on the take. The mayor is reported to have been on the take with the real estate enterprise.9. The alternative, therefore, would be to develop your own taste, to build your own compass, to familiarize yourself, as it were, with particular stars and constellations - dim or bright but always remote.Therefore, what you can do is develop your own judgment, establish your own criteria for guidance, familiarize yourself with particular authors or writers who may serve as guiders. These artists may be well or little known, but regardless they are always set apart.10. This, however, takes a hell of a lot of time and you may easily find yourself old and grey, heading for the exit with a lousy volume under your arm.However, this will take you a lot of time, so much so that when you are old and coming to the end of your life, you still cannot find the guidance for selecting good books and end up reading the ordinary ones.heading for the exit: coming to the end of ones lifelousy adj.: very bad; mean; contemptible;e.g. The food was lousy and there was not enough of it.He wrote only lousy poems.11. The source of the suggestion to come belongs to the category of people for whom literature has always been a matter of some hundred names; to the people who feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discussing politics; the people who dislike themselves far more than their detractors do; who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to heroin or marijuana.The source of the following suggestion belongs to those people for whom literature has always been just a list of some hundred authors; to those people who feel ill at ease at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find philosophical excuses for adultery, and are fussy about discussing politics; to those people who dislike themselves even more than those who belittle them do; to those people who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs.12. “one will not find on the barricades and who never shoot themselves or their lover”.“those who wont be found to participate in street demonstrations and who never kill themselves or their lovers”.13. If such people occasionally find themselves swimming in their blood on the floor of prison cells or speaking from a platform, it is because they object not to some particular injustice but the order of the whole world as a whole.If those people are found to be killed in a prison or are making a public speech on a platform, thats not because they object to any specific injustice but because they are against the general order of the whole world.14. They have no illusions about the objectivity of their views; on the contrary, they insist on their unpardonable subjectivity.They are very clear that their views are not objective, and they stick to their subjective views even though it is inexcusable to do so.15. they consider vulnerability the primary trait of living matter. they think that susceptibility to injury or attack is the attribute of all living things.16. This has less to do with masochistic tendencies than with their instinctive knowledge that extreme subjectivity, prejudice, and indeed idiosyncrasy are what help art to avoid clich.This is not because they have the tendency to derive pleasure from being abused, but because they instinctively believe that extreme subjectivity, prejudice and idiosyncrasy are the best ways for art to avoid being ordinary.17. I am no union man.I do not belong to any literary association.18. The point is that being the supreme form of human locution, poetry is not only the most concise way of conveying the human experience; it also offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation - especially one on paper.The point is that, as the most advanced form of human language, poetry is not only the most concise way of expressing the human experience, but it also sets up the highest standards for all other language forms, especially for the written language.19. A child of epitaph and epigram, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose. Derived from epitaph and epigram, poetry sets the standards for prose.20. It teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, the technique of anticlimax.It teaches prose not only the value of each word but also thinking patterns outside the linear composition, techniques of omitting self-evident parts, of emphasizing the details, and of the use of anticlimax.mercurial adj.: changeable; varyinge.g. a mercurial natureShe has a mercurial turn of conversation.In Roman mythology, Mercury was a messenger, and a god of trade, profit and commerce. Mercury has influenced the name of a number of things in a variety of scientific fields, such as the planet Mercury, and the element mercury. The word mercurial is commonly used to refer to something or someone erratic, volatile or unstable, derived from Mercurys swift flights from place to place. knack n.: a special skill, talent, or ability;e.g. a knack for making clothesHes got the knack of getting people to listen.anticlimax n: a disappointing decline after a previous risee.g. It was sad that his international career should end so anticlimactically.21. Above all, poetry develops in prose that appetite for metaphysics which distinguishes a work of art from mere belles letters. Most important of all, poetry directs prose toward the metaphysical forms, and it is in this pursuit that good literature becomes distinguished from bad literature.22. All I am trying to do is to be practical and spare your eyesight and brain cells a lot of useless printed matter.All I am trying to do is to be of some practical use to you and help you avoid those useless books.spare v.: refrain from harming; save or relieve from an experience or actione.g. I cant spare him today we need everybody here.The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as enjoyable as possible. It was a horrible accident-Ill spare you the details.23. All you have to do is to arm yourselves with the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century, and you will be in great shape.All you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, especially the poets from the first half of this century, and you will gain the most from reading.be in shape: be in good health; strong and healthy; fit. e.g. Bob exercises frequently, so hes in good condition. If I were in shape, I could run faster and farther. Im really overweight. I have to try to get into shape.24. If, after going through the works of any of these, you drop a book of prose picked from the shelf, it wont be your fault.After you have read the works of any of these poets, if you cannot keep on reading a book of prose taken randomly from the bookshelf, it wont be your fault. (Here, the author implies that the prose does not measure up to the standards of the works of those poets.)25. If you continue to read it, that will be to the authors credit: that will mean that this author has something to add to the truth about our existence.If you can go on with the reading, the author, then, is worth reading, and it also means that this author has provided us with some truth about our lives.to sb.s credit: worthy of praise; in ones namee.g. It is greatly to your credit that you gave back the money you found; your honesty does you credit. It is to my credit to help those in want. Key to ExercisesI. Comprehension1. Often books sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust. / Books remain on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has died.2. Because, according to the author, good literature is defined by its distinction from bad literature. That is to say, good literature is good because it is not bad, and bad literature is bad because it is not good. This is rather paradoxical.3. Since we are all moribund, and since reading books is time-consuming, we need a compass in the ocean of books. If we do not have such a compass, it is difficult for us to find the right books to read.4. a. he can be a hack, as ignorant as ourselves; b. he can have strong preference for a certain kind of writing or simply take bribery from the publishing house; c. he might turn his review writing into an independent art form.5. If he had been a publisher, he would be putting on the books covers not only their authors names but also the exact age at which they composed this or that work. By so doing, he would enable readers to decide whether they care to consider the views of a book written by a person so much younger or so much older than themselves.6. This group of people are special because literature has always been a matter of some hundred names to them, because they feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discussing politics; because they dislike themselves far more than their detractors do; because they still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs. These people wont participate in demonstrations, and they wont shoot themselves or their lovers.7. These people are unpardonably subjective in their views.8. The author suggests that the best way to develop good taste in literature is to read poetry. In the authors point of view, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose and teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, and the technique of anticlimax.9. If you believe in what the author says, all you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century.10. It means that the book, which has added something to the truth about our existence, is worth reading. It would also mean, at the same time, that you have developed an incurable addiction to reading which is good for your life.II. Vocabulary1. dimension2. idiosyncratic3. reckon4. stance5. lousy6. paradox7. debunk8. disciplinary9. semblance10. vulnerableIII. Phrases1. on the take2. headed for3. to his credit4. puttingon; putting on5. might as well6. armed with7. in more ways than one8. act inIV. Error detection and correction1. the greatest problems2. in which 改成 which3. credited 改成 credited with4. Greatly high 改成 High5. stood改成 standing6. any other student7. as much 改成as many8. Though remembered9. considering 改成 to consider10. that they got 改成did they getV. Cloze1. shaped2. desperate3. objectivity4. hierarchies5. expected6. chiefly7. driven8. unimpeachable9. evaluate10. perspective11. industrial 12. affiliation 13. sponsors14. support15. acknowledgementText A 的參考譯文論讀書（趙亞莉譯）總的來說，書本的壽命要比我們自己長。常常是寫書的人早已化為了一堆黃土而其著作卻依舊立在書架上積聚塵土，但恰恰是死后占有這一席之地的欲望促使人們筆耕不墜。所以，當(dāng)我們手中擺弄和翻動這些方塊形物體的時候，設(shè)想我們手里撫弄的不是具體的書本，而是盛著我們自己回歸大地的骨灰的甕，那也沒什么不對。畢竟，寫一本書投入進去的，說到底是一個人只有一次的生命。有人說過進行哲學(xué)思考就是一步步趨向死亡。不管是誰說的，這種說法從幾種意義來說都是有道理的，因為一個人絕不會因為寫一本書而變年輕。同樣讀一本書也不會使人更年輕。既然如此，我們自然傾向于讀好書。然而，困難在于文學(xué)中的“好”是通過區(qū)別“壞”來鑒定的。此外，要寫出一本好書，一個作家必須閱讀大量平庸讀物，否則他是沒法找到必要的寫作標準的。這可能就會為壞文學(xué)作品在最后審判日為自己辯護的最佳理由。既然我們精力不濟，既然讀書很耗費時間，我們就必須找出一個能讓我們至少表面上省時省力的方法來。當(dāng)然不可否認長時間讀一本厚厚的、情節(jié)發(fā)展緩慢的平庸小說所帶來的樂趣，但我們最終目的畢竟不是為讀書而讀書，而是為了學(xué)到點什么。因此，我們需要一些最大限度地濃縮人生矛盾困境的作品，需要一些在浩如煙海的書籍中類似指南針一樣的作品。當(dāng)然，這個指南針的職責(zé)是由文學(xué)評論及評論家們來擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)?。不幸的是，指南針的針擺動得太沒譜了。對某些人來說它指北，而對另一些人來說卻是指南。評論家的問題有三：第一，他可能是個作品低劣的平庸文人，而且就和我們自己一樣無知；第二，他可能對某一類作品特別偏愛或者干脆從出版社得到好處；第三，如果他是一個有才華的作家的話，他會將他的評論寫成一篇獨立于原作的文學(xué)作品，在這一點上喬治路易斯博爾赫斯就是一個典型例子。結(jié)果，你可能會只讀他的評論而不去管他評論的那本書了。無論何種情況，你都會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己漂流在海洋中，緊緊抓住一只你不知道它能漂浮多久的木筏。因此，你如另謀他途就只好培養(yǎng)你自己的品味，制造自己的指南針，親自去熟悉那些特殊的星星及星座，無論它們是暗淡的還是明亮的，但總是那么遙遠的。不過，這樣做要耗費大量的時間，以至于你很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己老了，頭發(fā)白了，胳肢窩里夾著一本一無是處的書，正在走向人生的終點。那么這樣漂浮究竟在哪兒著