電大汽車機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)形成性考核冊(cè)作業(yè)答案.docx
電大汽車機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)形成性考核冊(cè)作業(yè)1-4答案汽車機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)形成性作業(yè)1一 填空題(每空1分,共15分)1.繪圖的比例是圖形與實(shí)物相應(yīng)要素的線性尺寸之比。2.工程制圖采用的是正投影法,正投影的基本特性有類似性、積聚性、真實(shí)性、平行性和等比性 。3三視圖中尺寸的三等關(guān)系是:主、俯視圖 , 主、左視圖 , 俯、左視圖 。4零件圖有 圖形、尺寸、技術(shù)要求和標(biāo)題欄 等四項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。5配合的種類有 間隙配合,過盈配合,過渡配合等三種。二判斷題(每題2分,共30分)1.圖紙上所標(biāo)注的尺寸,是物體的真實(shí)尺寸,與繪圖的比例無關(guān)。 ( )2.螺紋的大徑是指外螺紋的牙底或內(nèi)螺紋的牙頂所在圓柱面的直徑。 ( ) 3.旋向不同的螺桿和螺母能旋合在起。 ( )4.螺紋的五個(gè)要素必須完全相同時(shí),才能正確旋合在一起。 ( )5. 導(dǎo)程是相鄰兩牙對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)之間的軸向距離。 ( )6. 同一零件的剖視圖,剖面線應(yīng)與水平成45O,方向可以不同,間隔也可以不等。 ( ) 7.n是螺紋的線數(shù),螺紋的螺距P與導(dǎo)程L的關(guān)系是: P=Ln ( )8. 模數(shù)m反映了齒形的大小,模數(shù)越大,齒形也越大,承載能力就越小。 ( )9.半剖視圖適用于對(duì)稱零件,一半畫成視圖,以反映外形,一半畫成剖視,以反映內(nèi)形。( ) 10齒輪的分度圓是指輪齒的齒厚s和齒槽間e相等的圓。 ( )11標(biāo)準(zhǔn)公差有20個(gè)等級(jí),代號(hào)為IT01、IT0、IT1、IT2、IT18、精度按代號(hào)順序依次降低。()12公差帶越寬,尺寸公差的數(shù)值就越小,允許尺寸的變動(dòng)量也越小。 ( )13基本偏差是指上偏差和下偏差中遠(yuǎn)離零線的那個(gè)偏差。 ( )14零件圖中的技術(shù)要求包括尺寸公差、形位公差、表面粗糙度等內(nèi)容。 ( )15基孔制中孔的基本偏差代號(hào)是H,其上偏差為0。 ( )三.選擇題(每題2分,共28 分)1圖樣中選用的比例2:1是(B )的比例。A 縮小 B 放大 C 原值2圖樣上的虛線用來表示(C )。 A 圓的中心線 B 可見輪廓線 C 不可見輪廓線3國(guó)標(biāo)規(guī)定,機(jī)械圖樣中的尺寸不加注明的尺寸單位均是(B )。 A m B mm C cm4普通螺紋的公稱直徑是指螺紋的( A)。 A 大徑 B 中徑 C 小徑 5.輪齒的齒厚S與齒槽寬e相等的圓是(C)。 A 齒頂圓 B 齒根圓 C 分度圓 6.輪齒的齒頂高h(yuǎn)a比齒根高h(yuǎn)f(C)。 A 長(zhǎng) B 相等 C 短 7.當(dāng)孔的實(shí)際尺寸( C)軸的實(shí)際尺寸時(shí),是間隙配合。A 小于 B 等于 C 大于8.從公差帶圖上看,孔的公差帶在軸的公差帶之下時(shí),屬于( B)配合。 A 間隙 B 過盈 C 過渡9.表面粗糙度的參數(shù)值越(A),其表面光潔度越高,加工成本也越大。 A 小 B 大 C 多 10.螺紋的畫法規(guī)定,在垂直于軸線的視圖圓中,表示牙底的細(xì)實(shí)線畫(B )。 A 1/2圈 B 3/4圈 C 一整圈11.普通螺紋的牙型角是(B )的三角形 。 A 55O B 60O C 30O12在標(biāo)注尺寸60f7中的f是軸的(C )代號(hào)。 A 基本尺寸 B 公差等級(jí) C 基本偏差13.公差帶圖中的零線是表示( C)的一條直線。 A 上偏差 B 下偏差 C 基本尺寸14.圖樣上標(biāo)注的尺寸 是(A )。 A 裝配圖上有配合關(guān)系的尺寸 B 單一零件的尺寸 C 無配合關(guān)系的尺寸四識(shí)圖題(每空2分,共18分)1.已知主視圖和左視圖,選擇正確的俯視圖,在括弧里打。 2根據(jù)立體圖,找出正確的三視圖,并補(bǔ)畫視圖中的缺線。3根據(jù)立體圖,選擇正確的剖視圖(A)。4下面螺紋孔的畫法,正確的是(B )。5局部剖視圖正確的是(A )。 A B C五解釋螺紋代號(hào)(3分) M101.5-5g6g-L它表示公稱直徑為10,螺距為1.5,左旋的普通螺紋,中徑公差代號(hào)為5g,頂徑公差代號(hào)為6g,中等旋合長(zhǎng)度。六讀零件圖,并填空回答問題(每題2分,共6分)1.這個(gè)零件的名稱是齒輪 ,圖形采用的是局部剖視圖,采用的比例是1:1。2圖中,是齒輪的齒頂圓直徑,它的最大極限尺寸是35.975,最小極限尺寸是 35.950 ,公差值是 0.025 。0015A3圖中形位公差代號(hào)中的位置公差項(xiàng)目符號(hào)是 垂直度 ,被測(cè)要素是齒輪的左端面,基準(zhǔn)要素A是的 軸線,公差數(shù)值是0.015。汽車機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)形成性考核冊(cè)答案2一填空題(每空1分,共 25分)1力的三要素是力的大小 、 力的方向 、 力的作用點(diǎn)。2平衡狀態(tài)是指物體相對(duì)于地面保持靜止 或作勻速運(yùn)動(dòng)的狀態(tài)。3四桿機(jī)構(gòu)中“死點(diǎn)”的位置是:當(dāng)搖桿為主動(dòng)件時(shí),在連桿與曲柄共線的兩個(gè)極限位置,連桿傳給曲柄 的力通過了其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)中心, 此時(shí),傳動(dòng)力 等于零。所以出現(xiàn)卡死現(xiàn)象。4凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)中的壓力角是指從動(dòng)件的受力方向和運(yùn)動(dòng) 方向線之間的夾角。5凸輪的形狀有盤形凸輪 、 移動(dòng)凸輪 、 柱體凸輪等三種。7螺紋聯(lián)接的基本形式有螺栓聯(lián)接 、 雙頭螺柱聯(lián)接 、 螺釘聯(lián)接和緊定螺釘聯(lián)接。8力偶是由一對(duì)大小相等、方向相反,且不在一條直線上的一對(duì) 平行力所組成。8螺紋的防松方法有摩擦防松 和 機(jī)械防松 。二、判斷題 (每小題1分,共20分)1作用力和反作用力是一組平衡力系。 ( )2使剛體平衡的三個(gè)力,若其中兩個(gè)力的作用線匯交于一點(diǎn),則第三個(gè)力的作用線必通過匯交點(diǎn)。 ( )3在已知力系上加上或減去任意力系,不改變?cè)ο祵?duì)剛體的作用。( ) 4力可沿作用線任意移動(dòng),而不改變?cè)摿?duì)剛體的作用。 ( )5內(nèi)燃機(jī)的曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)是應(yīng)用曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的原理工作的。 ( )6力偶不能與力平衡,只能與力偶平衡。 ( )7規(guī)定力矩的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向,逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)為負(fù),順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)為正。 ( )8物體受到的摩擦力的方向總是與其運(yùn)動(dòng)方向相反。 ( )9凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)中的壓力角越大,對(duì)工作越有利。 ( )10在凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)中,若從動(dòng)件在推程和回程采用等速運(yùn)動(dòng),則運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn),無沖擊。 ( )11靜摩擦系數(shù)與接觸物體的材料和表面情況有關(guān)。 ( )12平面匯交力系平衡的必要和充分的條件是,該力系的合力等于零。( )13任一力偶可以在其作用面內(nèi)任意移動(dòng),而不改變它對(duì)剛體的作用。( )14鉸鏈四桿機(jī)構(gòu)中有曲柄存在的條件是:最短桿與最長(zhǎng)桿的長(zhǎng)度之和大于其余兩桿的長(zhǎng)度之和。 ( )15急回運(yùn)動(dòng)特性系數(shù)K。 ( )16凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)從動(dòng)件等速運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律由于在起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn)時(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)改變突然,會(huì)引起剛性沖擊。 ( )17雙頭螺柱聯(lián)接用于被聯(lián)接件是光孔的結(jié)構(gòu)。 ( ) 18螺栓聯(lián)接用于被聯(lián)接件是光孔的場(chǎng)合。 ( )19螺紋的自鎖是指螺紋受到軸向力的作用后,螺紋不會(huì)自行下滑。 ( )20對(duì)于受軸向工作載荷的緊螺栓聯(lián)接,不必控制預(yù)緊力。 ( )三、選擇題(每小題1分,共15分)1.內(nèi)燃機(jī)配氣機(jī)構(gòu)中的凸輪形狀類型是(A)。A、盤形B、圓柱形C、移動(dòng)式2.設(shè)計(jì)凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí),凸輪的輪廓曲線形狀取決于從動(dòng)件的(A)。A、運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律B、運(yùn)動(dòng)形式C、結(jié)構(gòu)形狀3.力矩中的力臂是指從矩心O到F作用線的(C)。A、任意距離B、直接連線C、垂直距離4.四桿機(jī)構(gòu)中的傳動(dòng)角是壓力角的(B)。A、補(bǔ)角B、余角C、相等的角5.急回運(yùn)動(dòng)特性是指搖桿空回行程的速度(A)工作行程的速度。A、大于B、小于C、等于6.凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)中的從動(dòng)件在推程時(shí),壓力角的許用值是(A)。A、30B、30C、807作用力與反作用力的大小相等,方向相反并且(C)。A作用于第二個(gè)物體上B作用于第一個(gè)物體上C分別作用于兩個(gè)物體上8鉸鏈四桿機(jī)構(gòu)中的運(yùn)動(dòng)副是(C)。A移動(dòng)副B高副C轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)副9在鉸鏈四桿機(jī)構(gòu)中的兩個(gè)連架桿中,能作整周旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的桿件稱為(B)。A搖桿B曲柄C連桿10某曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu),搖桿CD兩極限位置夾角=60,則該機(jī)構(gòu)的急回特性系數(shù)K是(C)。A1B1.5C211凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)等加速等減速運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)律的曲線是(B)。直線拋物線圓弧12汽車前輪轉(zhuǎn)向梯形結(jié)構(gòu)采用的是(A)機(jī)構(gòu)的原理。A雙搖桿B曲柄搖桿C雙曲柄13凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)是一種(A)機(jī)構(gòu)。A高副B低副C螺旋副14機(jī)械式千斤頂需要螺紋“自鎖”,自鎖的條件是(A)AC=15螺桿原地旋轉(zhuǎn),螺母直線移動(dòng)的應(yīng)用實(shí)例是(B)。A千斤頂B舉升器C觀察鏡四判斷下列四桿機(jī)構(gòu)屬于哪種類型?(每題3分,共6分) 曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu) 雙搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)五、簡(jiǎn)答題(每小題5分,共10分)1.試述螺紋聯(lián)接預(yù)緊的目的。答:螺紋聯(lián)接預(yù)緊的目的:一方面是為了防止螺栓聯(lián)接的松動(dòng);另一方面是對(duì)于受軸向載荷的螺栓聯(lián)接,可使被連接件承載后不產(chǎn)生間隙,對(duì)于受剪螺栓聯(lián)接,則可增大聯(lián)接件之間的摩擦力,以提高傳遞載荷的能力。2.機(jī)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)死點(diǎn)位置時(shí),用哪些方法可使機(jī)構(gòu)順利通過死點(diǎn)位置?答:為了使機(jī)構(gòu)能順利通過死點(diǎn)位置,通常在從動(dòng)曲柄上安裝飛輪,利用飛輪的慣性通過死點(diǎn)位置;還可以利用多組機(jī)構(gòu)錯(cuò)位排列的方法,使左右兩機(jī)構(gòu)不同時(shí)處于死點(diǎn)位置,以順利通過死點(diǎn)。六作圖題(4分)已經(jīng)平面匯交力系,用幾何法求合力R 。七.計(jì)算題(7分)1. 如圖所示,已知: F=10N,L=0.2m,=30o求:力F對(duì)點(diǎn)O之矩。(3分)2. 如圖所示,重為P的物體放在傾角為的斜面上,物體保持靜止,求物體所受的支反力N和摩擦力Ff。(4分)汽車機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)形成性考核冊(cè)答案3一、填空題:(每空1分,共50分)1帶傳動(dòng)按嚙合性質(zhì)分為 摩擦傳到 和 嚙合傳到兩類。2普通V帶的橫截面是等腰梯形,按截面尺寸不同,分為Y、Z、A、B、C、D、E等七種型號(hào)。3漸開線的形成是:一條直線,稱為 發(fā)生線 ,沿一個(gè)圓,稱為基圓,作純滾動(dòng)。直線上任一點(diǎn)K的軌跡。稱為漸開線。4漸開線上任一點(diǎn)K的法線,必然與基圓相切 。5一對(duì)嚙合齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的傳動(dòng)比是主動(dòng)輪 的轉(zhuǎn)速n1與 從動(dòng)輪 的轉(zhuǎn)速n2的比值,傳動(dòng)比的數(shù)值還等于主、從動(dòng)齒輪齒數(shù) 的反比。6軸的功用是用來支承傳動(dòng)零件,傳遞 轉(zhuǎn)矩 和 動(dòng)力 。7軸上零件軸向固定的目的是:使軸上零件不產(chǎn)生 軸向移動(dòng) 并承受 軸向力 。8軸承根據(jù)其摩擦性質(zhì)不同,分為 滑動(dòng) 軸承和 滾動(dòng) 軸承。9滾動(dòng)軸承是由外圈、內(nèi)圈 、滾動(dòng)體 和 保持架所組成。10剖分式滑動(dòng)軸承由軸承器、軸承座、對(duì)開軸瓦、墊片、螺栓和潤(rùn)滑油杯組成。11軸套和軸瓦內(nèi)襯的材料有金屬、金屬陶瓷和非金屬等。常用的金屬材料有 鋼和鑄鐵等。持續(xù)更新中.12常用的滾動(dòng)體有 等13滾動(dòng)軸承的特點(diǎn)是 和效率高。14根據(jù)所承受載荷不同,滾動(dòng)軸承分為 軸承、推力軸承、和 軸承三種。15齒輪的失效形式有 、 、 、 和 等五種。16V帶傳動(dòng)時(shí),傳動(dòng)帶在工作時(shí)受到拉應(yīng)力、 和 等三種17鍵聯(lián)接的種類有 等。18軸轂聯(lián)接常用的方法有 聯(lián)接, 聯(lián)接,和 聯(lián)接等。19軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)滿足的要求有 、 、便于安裝和拆卸,合理的形狀和尺寸等。20平鍵聯(lián)接按端部形狀不同,分有A、B、C三種。其中是A 。二、選擇題:(每題2分,共20分)1、準(zhǔn)雙曲線齒輪屬于( )軸齒輪傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。A、相交 B、交錯(cuò) C、平行2斜齒圓柱齒輪的( )的模數(shù)是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值。A、法面 B、端面 C、法面和端面3標(biāo)準(zhǔn)壓力角是指分度圓上的壓力角,其數(shù)值等于( )。A、400 B、300 C、2004十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器是屬于( )。A、撓性聯(lián)軸器 B、剛性聯(lián)軸器 C、離合器5凸緣式聯(lián)軸器屬于( )A、撓性聯(lián)軸器 B、剛性聯(lián)軸器 C、離合器6臺(tái)階軸上軸承支承的部分是( )。A、軸頭 B、軸頸 C、軸身7臺(tái)階軸各部分的名稱有軸頭、軸頸、和軸身,安裝輪轂的部分是( )A、軸頭 B、軸頸 C、軸身8蝸輪蝸桿用于兩( )軸的傳動(dòng)。A、 平行 B、相交 C、交錯(cuò)9既傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩,又承受彎矩的軸,稱為( )。A、心軸 B、傳動(dòng)軸 C、轉(zhuǎn)軸10向心軸承主要承受的是( )。A、徑向載荷 B、軸向載荷 C、徑向和軸向兩種載荷三解釋下列滾動(dòng)軸承代號(hào):(每題3分,共6分)131302252315四簡(jiǎn)答題:(每題3分,共12分)1、什么是帶輪的包角?包角 的大小對(duì)傳動(dòng)有何影響?1、 為什么要驗(yàn)算帶速v?合適的帶速v的范圍是多少?3、離合器的功用是什么?4根據(jù)所受載荷不同,軸可分為哪三種?五計(jì)算題:(每題4分,共12分)1如圖所示:以知Z1 =25,Z2=100,Z3=30,Z4=60。求:i14。并用箭頭標(biāo)出各齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)向。2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直齒圓柱齒輪,已知齒數(shù)Z=36,齒頂圓直徑da=118(mm) 求:m, ha, hf, d, df 。3如圖所示行星輪系中,已知Z1=50,Z2=30,Z3 =100。求傳動(dòng)比i1H汽車機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)形成性考核冊(cè)答案4一 填空題(每空1分,共40分)1金屬材料的力學(xué)性能是 金屬材料在外載荷作用下表現(xiàn)出的性能,力學(xué)性能的指標(biāo)有強(qiáng)度 、 塑性 、 硬度 、 沖擊韌性 、疲勞強(qiáng)度等。2屈服極限S是指 材料發(fā)生屈服時(shí)的應(yīng)力 ,抗拉強(qiáng)度b是指 材料在拉斷前所承受的最大應(yīng)力。3碳素鋼按用途分有 碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼 和 碳素工具鋼 。4碳素鋼按質(zhì)量分有 普通碳素鋼 、優(yōu)質(zhì)碳素鋼 、和 高級(jí)優(yōu)質(zhì)碳素鋼 。5根據(jù)鑄鐵中石墨存在的形態(tài)不同,分為 灰口鑄鐵、 可鍛 鑄鐵和 球墨鑄鐵。6汽油的辛烷值的測(cè)定方法有 研究法(RON) 和 馬達(dá)法(MON) 。7汽油的蒸發(fā)性是指 汽油由液態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變成氣態(tài) 的性能。8汽油的牌號(hào)是根據(jù)研究法辛烷值來劃分的,汽油的牌號(hào)有90、93、95、97、98等。9柴油的發(fā)火性是指柴油 自燃能力,如果發(fā)火性差,會(huì)引起 易引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作粗暴。10評(píng)定柴油發(fā)火性的指標(biāo)是十六烷值,一般汽車用柴油合適的十六烷值是 4560。9發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑油有 潤(rùn)滑 、冷卻 、密封 、 防銹 、清洗等作用。10發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑油的粘溫性能是指 機(jī)油的粘度隨溫度的變化而變化的關(guān)系 。11根據(jù)液壓控制閥在液壓系統(tǒng)中的作用可分為方向控制閥、壓力控制閥、 順序閥 和流量閥。12液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中,方向控制閥有 單向閥 和 換向閥。13溢流閥在液壓系統(tǒng)中起穩(wěn)壓 作用,當(dāng)溢流閥進(jìn)口壓力低于調(diào)速整壓力時(shí),閥口是 關(guān)閉的,溢流量為 零 。 14柴油的凝點(diǎn)是指柴油遇冷而失去流動(dòng)性的溫度。二判斷題(每題2分,共20分)1金屬的工藝性能包括力學(xué)性能、物理性能、化學(xué)性能。 ( )2硫、磷在鋼中是有益元素。 ( )3硅和錳在鋼中是有害元素。 ( )4碳素鋼是含碳量大于2.11%,并含有少量硅、錳、硫、磷等雜質(zhì)的鐵碳合金。 ( )5碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼都是優(yōu)質(zhì)碳素鋼。 ( )6鑄鐵的強(qiáng)度、硬度、塑性都很高。 ( )7柴油的牌號(hào)是按粘度制定的。 ( )8我國(guó)潤(rùn)滑油的牌號(hào)SF是指汽油機(jī)油。 ( )9在保證活塞環(huán)密封良好機(jī)件磨損正常的前提下,機(jī)油的粘度應(yīng)盡量選得小一些。( ) 10單向閥的作用是使油液可以向任意的方向流動(dòng)。 ( )三名詞解釋(每題2分,共10分)1強(qiáng)度答:強(qiáng)度是指金屬材料在靜載荷的作用下,抵抗永久變形和破壞的能力。2塑性答:塑性是指材料在外力作用下同,產(chǎn)生塑性變形而不斷裂的能力。3沖擊韌性答:沖擊韌性是指材料抵抗沖擊載荷而不被破壞的能力。4爆燃答:爆燃是指氣缸中的混合氣在火焰前鋒還未到達(dá)時(shí),由于熱輻射作用,混合氣形成多個(gè)火焰中心,使末端的混合氣過早產(chǎn)生自燃的現(xiàn)象。5柴油的閃點(diǎn)答:柴油的閃點(diǎn)是指在一定的試驗(yàn)條件下,柴油蒸汽與空氣混合氣接近火焰時(shí)開始出現(xiàn)閃火的溫度四簡(jiǎn)答題(每題3分,共30分)1含碳量的多少對(duì)鋼的性能有何影響?答:碳是決定鋼的力學(xué)性能的最主要因素,隨含碳量的增加,硬度增大,塑性、韌性下降。當(dāng)含碳量1.0%以后,強(qiáng)度反而下降。 2什么是鑄鐵?鑄鐵有哪些主要性能?答:鑄鐵是含碳量2.11%,并含有Si,Mn,S,等雜質(zhì)的鐵碳合金。鑄鐵有良好的鑄造性、切削加工性和減震、耐磨等性能。 3汽油的的辛烷值是如何制定的?答:是以抗爆性來制定辛烷值的。異辛烷的抗爆性很好,其辛烷值為100,正構(gòu)烷的抗爆性很差,其辛烷值為0,將二者按不同體積比例摻和,得到辛烷值從0到100和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)燃料。4發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油SAE粘度是怎樣分類的?有哪些牌號(hào)?答:發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油按SAE粘度分冬用機(jī)油和非冬用機(jī)油兩大類;冬用機(jī)油有0W、5W,10W,15W,20W和25W六個(gè)等級(jí),非冬用機(jī)油有20,30,40,50,60五個(gè)等級(jí)。5機(jī)油API使用性能是如何分類的?有哪些級(jí)別?答:機(jī)油API的分類也稱為質(zhì)量分類或性能分類,根據(jù)機(jī)油的性能質(zhì)量和使用條件的不同,分為S系列和C系列。S系列(汽油機(jī)油系列)有SA,SB,SC,SD,SE,SF,SG,SH,SI,SJ等級(jí)別,C系列(柴油機(jī)油系列)有 CA,CB,CC,CD,CD,CE,CF,CF2,CF4,CG2,CG4等級(jí)別。6什么是多級(jí)機(jī)油?答:在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油中加入了粘度指數(shù)改進(jìn)劑以后,改善了溫粘性能,可在很寬的溫度范圍內(nèi)使用,這種機(jī)油稱為多級(jí)機(jī)油。7什么是齒輪油的極壓抗磨性?答:齒輪油的極壓抗磨性是指在摩擦表面的高溫下,極壓劑與金屬反應(yīng)生成化學(xué)反應(yīng)膜的能力。齒輪油的極壓抗磨性可用油的負(fù)荷承載能力來評(píng)定。(齒輪表面的損傷形式有膠合、擦傷、波紋、螺脊、點(diǎn)蝕、剝落、拋光、磨粒磨損、腐蝕性磨損等。齒輪油防止上述損傷出現(xiàn)的能力叫做承載性或承載能力?;瘜W(xué)反應(yīng)膜可以防止出現(xiàn)膠合、擦傷、波紋,螺脊,減輕點(diǎn)蝕、剝落和磨粒磨損,但是化學(xué)反應(yīng)膜的臨界剪切強(qiáng)度低于基體金屬,在摩擦過程中,化學(xué)反應(yīng)膜不斷被磨損掉而成為磨屑,所以化學(xué)反應(yīng)膜的生成和磨損就是一種腐蝕性磨損。齒輪油的極壓性強(qiáng),表明油中的極壓劑化學(xué)活性高,與金屬的反應(yīng)速度常數(shù)大,反應(yīng)活化能低。在相同條件下,比極壓性弱的齒輪油生成的化學(xué)反應(yīng)膜厚。如果齒輪油的極壓性太強(qiáng),就會(huì)出現(xiàn)腐蝕性磨損,承載能力反而下降。綜上所述,齒輪油的承載性和極壓性不完全是一回事。) 8我國(guó)車輛齒輪油按使用性能分為哪三種?答:我國(guó)車輛齒輪油按使用性能分為普通車輛齒輪油、中負(fù)載齒輪油和重負(fù)載齒輪油三種。 9液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)由哪四部分組成?答:一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)一般由動(dòng)力部分、執(zhí)行部分、控制部分和輔助部分等四部分組成。 (1動(dòng)力部分 這部分主要是由液壓泵組成的。其作用是把原動(dòng)機(jī)(如電動(dòng)機(jī))的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐簤耗?,提供給液壓工作系統(tǒng),也就是向液壓工作系統(tǒng)提供壓力油。 2執(zhí)行部分 這部分主要是由液壓缸或液壓馬達(dá)組成。其作用是把系統(tǒng)的液壓能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)械能,帶動(dòng)外負(fù)載做功。 3控制部分 這部分主要是由各類液壓控制閥組成的。其作用是控制和調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的壓力、流量和方向,以滿足執(zhí)行部分對(duì)力、速度和運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的要求。 4輔助部分 這部分包括油箱、油管、管接頭、濾油器。壓力表等。其作用是儲(chǔ)油、濾油。檢測(cè)等,并把液壓系統(tǒng)的各元件按要求連接起來構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)。)10簡(jiǎn)述齒輪泵的工作原理答:齒輪泵的最基本形式就是兩個(gè)尺寸相同的齒輪在一個(gè)緊密配合的殼體內(nèi)相互嚙合旋轉(zhuǎn),這個(gè)殼體的內(nèi)部類似“8”字形,兩個(gè)齒輪裝在里面,齒輪的外徑及兩側(cè)與殼體緊密配合。當(dāng)兩齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),其中一個(gè)齒輪的輪齒進(jìn)入另一個(gè)齒輪的齒槽時(shí),使排油腔的容積減少,油壓升高,完成壓油工作。而在吸油腔,一對(duì)對(duì)相互嚙合的齒連續(xù)退出嚙合,使吸油腔容積增大,產(chǎn)生真空度,油箱中的油在大氣壓的作用下進(jìn)入油箱,完成吸油過程。其他齒依此類推,即形成了連續(xù)的供油。請(qǐng)您務(wù)必刪除一下內(nèi)容,O(_)O萬分謝謝!2015年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄,電大考試必過小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The Safari on Foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, Chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the