從禮貌用語看中西文化差異 英語專業(yè) 畢業(yè)論文.doc

成都XX學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文Cultural Differences between China and West from Courtesy LanguageAbstract: Language, as part of culture, is influenced by culture. So is courtesy. Courtesy language is the important part of the culture. All the courtesy languages are the mirrors to their cultures. Different cultures between China and West lead to different politeness principles. Courtesy language plays a very important role in the cross-cultural communication. It is the basic element to keep a good relationship. Whether the use of courtesy languages is proper or not will directly influence the communication. This article tries to analyze the cultural differences between Chinese and Western courtesy languages in their causes and effects on the cross-cultural communication, such as: addressing, greeting, compliments and responses and taboos. And, the paper deeply analyzes the causes for the differences from the histories, customs and social norms. The purpose is to know the use of the courtesy language and improve cross-cultural communication.Key words: courtesy language; cultural difference; cross-cultural communication從禮貌用語看中西文化差異摘要：語言既是文化的載體，又是文化的一部分，語言受到文化的影響，是文化的一面鏡子。因此禮貌用語作為語言的一部分與文化也是密不可分的，禮貌是文化的重要組成部分.英漢文化不同，英漢語言的禮貌原則也存在差異。禮貌用語在跨文化交際中起著十分重要的作用,是良好的人際關(guān)系得以維持的基石。禮貌用語在跨文化交際中使用的是否得體,將直接關(guān)系著交際是否能夠順利進行下去,甚至是否能夠達到交際目的。本文試圖從稱謂語、問候語、稱贊語、禁忌語四方面入手，重點探究中西方文化禮貌現(xiàn)象的差異，差異形成的原因以及對跨文化交際的啟示，并從地理因素，文化因素和價值觀的角度，對造成中西方禮貌差異的深層原因進行剖析，以期加深對禮貌現(xiàn)象的認識，旨在實現(xiàn)中西方文化的折中，實現(xiàn)正確的使用禮貌用語，提高跨文化交際能力。關(guān)鍵詞：禮貌用語；文化差異；跨文化交際Contents1. Introduction12. Differences in courtesy language between China and western12.1 Addressing12.1.1 The different use of the first-naming22.1.2 The different use of official and occupational titles32.2 Greetings32.2.1 The different ways to open a conversation in greetings32.2.2 The different topics of the greetings42.2.3 The different thinking about privacy in greetings42.3 Compliments52.3.1 The different use of compliments to the family52.3.2 The different use of the compliments to the opposite sex62.3.3 The different responses to the compliments62.4 Taboo62.4.1 The different views on taboo for title72.4.2 The different views on taboo for the privacy72.4.3 The different views on taboo for the numbers73. The causes for the differences83.1 Geography83.2 Culture83.3 The values94. Things to do to improve cross-cultural communication94.1 Respecting the others culture94.2 Creating more chances to communicate with the people from the different cultures104.3 Avoiding the cultural prejudice104.4 Seeking cultural similarities during the cross-cultural communication105. Conclusion11References12Acknowledgments1313Cultural Differences between China and West from Courtesy Language1. IntroductionLanguage is basically a product of culture, Language coexists with culture. Courtesy language, as part of language, is no doubt a reflection of culture. It is an indispensable part in the daily life. It is the social phenomenon shared by all the societies. Courtesy language directly determines the success of the communication. It generally exists in every language. But due to the cultural differences between China and west, people may have different understandings about the politeness, and they deal with politeness in different ways. When communicating with people from different cultures, one should pay close attention to the connotation due to different cultural values; otherwise it might cause misunderstandings in actual interactions for improper usage and expression. It will lead to failures in communications. This article tries to analyze the differences and the reasons of the differences in order to make the cross-cultural communication successful. 2. Differences in courtesy language between China and westernIn the second chapter, English courtesy language has been compared with Chinese courtesy language in the specific cases and situations such as addressings, greetings, compliments and taboo.2.1 AddressingAddressing is the mirror to the interpersonal relation and cultural convention. People are noticeably sensitive to the implications of different address forms, so it becomes very important to choose appropriate addressing forms for different occasions if one wants to fulfill politeness. The main function of addressing forms in the cross-cultural communication is to draw addressees attention, but they also help to establish or maintain social bonds, strengthen solidarity or show deference, the appropriate addressing does a great contribution to enhance the mutual understanding and trust while the misuse of addressing will arouse repugnance and suspicion from each other.(曹鳳靜,2007). Gu says that in comparison with other maxims, the address maxim can be seen as being essentially all expressions of linguistic politeness. A failure to use an appropriate address term is a sign of rudeness, or a signal of a breakdown of established social relation. Addressing in China is a way to show respectfulness and attitudinal warmth (Gu, 1990, p.248). Addressing forms can be divided into the following categories: (a) personal names, which include given names, surnames, full names or nicknames such as Alice, Bevin, Mr. Smith in English and Mao Zedong毛澤東,Wang Xiansheng 王先生in Chinese; (b) kinship terms like father, uncle, aunt in English and Ge(ge)哥哥, Jie(jie)姐姐in Chinese; (c)titles, including social titles, official titles and occupational titles.The common social titles in English are Mr., Miss, sir; in Chinese are Xiansheng先生, Xiaojie小姐, Shifu師傅, Tongzhi同志etc. There are offical titles indicating ones ranks, for example, Prime Minister, Captain in English and Zongli總理, Shengzhang省長, Chuzhang處長 in Chinese. Occupational titles are to show occupation, such as Professor, Doctor and Daifu大夫, Hushi護士(Jiang Zhongheng, 1995, p.17). 2.1.1 The different use of the first-naming First-naming has a very high frequency of occurrence in English-speaking countries. As Chaika stated, “Recently in America，there has been a strong trend toward first-naming. First-naming, originally a sign of considerable intimacy and comradeship between close friends, relatives, neighbors, classmates and colleagues, has now extended itself to strangers, people of asymmetrical age and status”(Chaika, 1982, p.50). Nowadays, it is more and more common for people to exchange mutual or reciprocal address. It should be noted that the reciprocal use of first names is informal. Its main purpose is to stress solidarity and deliberately avoid any manifestation of differences in social status(Jiang Zhongheng, 1995, p.17). Western culture allows status or age inferiors to first-name their superiors, for example: students and employees may address professors and bosses in first name. In contrast, the Chinese culture strictly forbids this. A failure to address elders in a respectful way may be regarded as a sign of rudeness, or a deviation from the established social order. In Chinese, the reciprocal use of first names is strictly limited to status equals of the same sex. One explanation is that addressing by given names in Chinese indicates a much closer relationship between female and male than it does in English; another possible explanation is that Chinese people do not forget to respect others and denigrate themselves even in addressing. We do not adapt to calling Westerners by their given names and automatically add some titles when we address foreigners. We consider it more polite than first-naming. As a matter of fact, Westerners may feel offended at not being called by their given names and conclude that Chinese are unwilling to make friends with them.2.1.2 The different use of official and occupational titles Western addresses are occasionally linked with official or occupational titles due to the reason that the equality and justice arc emphasized in the Western culture. And therefore, Western people do not intentionally show their official or occupational distinction in their address forms. For example, address forms like Engineer Smith, or General Manager Bush are not allowed in English. However, the situation is quite different in China. Almost all the official, administrative titles can be used as addressing forms with or without the given name. The addresses like Manage Liu，Director Chert, Division Commander Luo will be found everywhere in China. Chinese culture emphasizes the different social status and power, and therefore, the official title is used to manifest the social status of the other while the occupational title is to differentiate the social role of the other. That is the reason why the high social status and the decent job will be manifested in addressing (Abrams,2004. p.197).As for the social and occupational titles, it should be pointed out that some titles combined with surname, which are common in Chinese, are unacceptable in English. Native English speakers do not say Teacher Kane, Engineer Smith or General Manager Jones. In English speaking communities, there is no need to add titles to show the achievements, importance or seniority of the addressees. The addressing like Xu Shifu徐師傅, He Yeye何爺爺, Li Buzhang李部長 etc, has no English equivalents at all. 2.2 GreetingsGreetings are important as well as frequent in everyday social interactions all over the world. Appropriate greeting behavior is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. Greetings as a significant aspect of politeness phenomenon exist globally. “Greeting is used to establish bonds of personal union between people brought together by the mere need of companionship.” (Malinowski, 1972, p.15)2.2.1 The different ways to open a conversation in greetingsThe greetings such as Hello!, How are you!. I am pleased to meet you. frequently occur in English. Chinese on the other hand are quite used to greetings like你吃了嗎?(Have you eaten?). 上哪去?(Where are you going?) or 你在忙什?(What are you busy with?) etc. Obviously people in English culture as well as in Chinese culture attach great importance to speaking politely. Yet some people in English culture may find Chinese greetings unacceptable or even offensive for these greetings seem to be concerned about personal matters although they are quite appropriate and friendly in Chinese culture. Another example is that a Chinese can greet a longtime departed friend: 你還是老樣子，一點也沒變老(You still remain the same and do not look older than before). This will surely offend a native speaker of English by implicating that heshe is lack of change or should have been very old. 2.2.2 The different topics of the greetingsIn the Western culture, talking about the weather is a well-known example of a greeting and an opening of a conversation. In the Chinese culture, talking about age marital status, occupation and other personal information, rather than the neutral topic like weather, has been a way to show the speakers concern for others and his or her intention of establishing friendship. It may be easily noticed that in public places a senior citizen initiates a conversation with a young lady by saying: gu niang jin nian duo da le? 姑娘今年多大了?(T: How old are you, young lady?). In most cases, if the senior citizen does not harbor any ill intention, the girl will tell him her exact age. They may talk with each other on topics such as where they are from, what they are doing and what they are going to do as well as other subjects that Westerners may avoid touching upon.2.2.3 The different thinking about privacy in greetingsIn English-speaking cultures there is not too much demonstration of some other things. Privacy plays an important role in Western culture, and thus Western people try to avoid any involvement of private topics in greeting. In their view, whether they have eaten something, whether they have been married, where they are going. Or how much they are paid are all their own business people. In contrast with Chinese greetings, greetings in English are composed of neutral questions concerning the hearers well-being, state of affaires and other safe topics. Due to different attitudes toward the conceptions of individualism and privacy, Chinese people would like to inquire others living situations and regard meticulous concern for others as the best expression of politeness. Chinese greeting formulae and the degree of concern are problematic for English-speakers to accept.2.3 Compliments A compliment is a speech act which explicitly or implicitly attributes credit to someone for something which is valued positively by the speaker. How to give compliments and respond to them, therefore, constitutes a part of the communicative competence of every member of a speech community, which is taken for granted by the speakers. However, studies of compliments and compliment responses have shown that this small speech event is actually far more complicated and revealing than it appears, in terms of the relation between language and culture. Paying appropriate compliments is an aspect of communicative competence, which differs in a variety of ways from one culture to another.2.3.1 The different use of compliments to the familyGenerally speaking, people in Western attach much importance to the function of the language of praise. They are always pleased to hear words of praise in their presence, and are willing to praise others as well. They often compliment their family members or relatives in the presence of other people. For example:1. (Mother to son): You look cute today.2. (Husband to wife): The meal you made is great, I like it.Such compliments are so prevalent among Western people that they may be seen as daily routines rather than real praise. On the contrary, the Chinese people do not have such a custom. They seldom compliment their family members publicly. If they do it, they will be regarded as lacking self-restraint or modesty. In China, the closer the relationship, the less politeness there will be. Since the family is the most intimate circle among the Chinese, compliments between family members or relatives are seen as rude behaviors in the eyes of outsiders. When compliments do appear among family members in China, they are given by parents to children, but they seldom occur between husband and wife. People in China think that there is no need for them to praise each other, which forms a sharp contrast to the Western people.2.3.2 The different use of the compliments to the opposite sexAnother difference between the two cultures is that in West, it is very common for males to compliment females. In the West, womens clothes, figures, hairstyles, etc. are frequently complimented and the person who conducts it may be a male and female. For example: “You look so pretty when you smile, you should do it more often”. “You look great on this cloth”. The women in west, when receiving such compliments, will not feel shamed. On the contrary, they feel pleased. If their friends or relatives fail to notice the changes in their appearance and give a proper compliment, the women will feel disappointed or annoyed. But in China you must be cautious when you want to compliment a person of the opposite sex. In China, it should be pointed out that it is a taboo for a man to praise another mans wife on her beauty. If a boy dares to compliment a strange girl on her appearance, he will be regarded as vulgar and having no good intentions.2.3.3 The different responses to the complimentsCompliment is supposed to be a kind of supportive action (Pomerantz, 1978) from the viewpoint of social behavior. It resembles the behaviors of presenting somebody with a gift or of congratulations; both sides must support the behavior. By means of presenting somebody with good words, the speaker offers friendship and goodwill to the hearer. Thus the hearer, who is praised, must show his acceptance or refusal out of social behavior regulations. As we all know, the Chinese and the western people quite different in cultural backgrounds, world views and thinking patterns. Such differences are also reflected in their different types of responses to compliments. For example, if you meet an American young woman and say: “You are so pretty” she will respond with two words “Thank you”. While in China, if you say the same thing to a Chinese young woman，she will also respond with two words, but not thank you, it is “Buzz off”.2.4 TabooTaboo is a word changed from “tabu”. “It was borrowed from Tongan, a Polynesian language. It refers to acts that are forbidden or to be avoided. Taboo is a common social and cultural phenomenon in China and Western countries; it conducts peoples speech behavior and social communication. The greatly differences between Chinese and Western culture directly led to the different taboo languages between China and Western.2.4.1 The different views on taboo for titleThe Chinese have the traditional custom of respecting the elders. So, taboos for title are deeply rooted in the social life. People are not allowed to address the names of ancestors and elders. Especially, the younger generations name must not be the same name as the elders, or have homophonic words, homophone, or it will be considered disrespect to their elders. Based on the seniority in the family title, the youth normally address the elder in such way as: “Grandpa”, “Grandma”, “Dad”, and “Mama”, because these titles in China express the meaning of respect. Quite different from China, the Western counties have no taboo for the title. People can usually hear the child address the names of someone who is older than him. People with different status can also address the others name. It does not mean disrespect in West. Besides, people can have the same name as their ancestors. It is normal to see the son and father have the same name.2.4.2 The different views on taboo for the privacy People in English-speaking counties pay much more attention to the privacy than any others. Age, money, family, religion, politics and so on are regard as private affairs. People shouldnt talk about them. It is quiet impolite to ask a strangers age. On the contrary, the Chinese can ask this kind of questions at will, but it does not work for the strangers. And the Chinese like to talk about the family. We can often hear, “how many children do you have?” in the communication. But in the Western counties, theses questions are forbidden. “Are you the Republican or Democrat?”, “Whats your religion?” are all not allowed in the West, but it is common to talk about these topics in China.2.4.3 The different views on taboo for the numbersEnglish-speaking countries evade13, Friday, because Jesus died on exactly: 13, Friday. However, the Chinese try to avoid the number 4 and 7, and they even dont want these numbers to appear in their phone numbers or license plate number. The Chinese and people in Western countries take a different attitude toward the even and the odd. The Chinese prefer even number, while the English-speaking countries put the odds (except 13) as a lucky symbol.3. The causes for the differences3.1 GeographyThe differences between China and West in courtesy language is that different geographical environments and climatic conditions. China is a landlocked country, the Yellow River, the birthplace of the Chinese nation, the ancient ancestors engaged in agricultural production, thus the farming culture formed and developed step by step, which emphasizes on the role of collective farming culture, mutual help, mutual dependence and emphasizes collectivism. West Cultures can be dated back to ancient Greek civilization. Greece is an island country. It was the first one to develop the commercial economy and formed a marine culture in the all island countries. Britain is also an island nation, a