歡迎來到裝配圖網(wǎng)! | 幫助中心 裝配圖網(wǎng)zhuangpeitu.com!
裝配圖網(wǎng)
ImageVerifierCode 換一換
首頁 裝配圖網(wǎng) > 資源分類 > PPT文檔下載  

《微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)》清華大學(xué)課件Ch2BudgetConstr.ppt

  • 資源ID:11499355       資源大?。?span id="ydie18g" class="font-tahoma">176.50KB        全文頁數(shù):49頁
  • 資源格式: PPT        下載積分:9.9積分
快捷下載 游客一鍵下載
會員登錄下載
微信登錄下載
三方登錄下載: 微信開放平臺登錄 支付寶登錄   QQ登錄   微博登錄  
二維碼
微信掃一掃登錄
下載資源需要9.9積分
郵箱/手機:
溫馨提示:
用戶名和密碼都是您填寫的郵箱或者手機號,方便查詢和重復(fù)下載(系統(tǒng)自動生成)
支付方式: 支付寶    微信支付   
驗證碼:   換一換

 
賬號:
密碼:
驗證碼:   換一換
  忘記密碼?
    
友情提示
2、PDF文件下載后,可能會被瀏覽器默認打開,此種情況可以點擊瀏覽器菜單,保存網(wǎng)頁到桌面,就可以正常下載了。
3、本站不支持迅雷下載,請使用電腦自帶的IE瀏覽器,或者360瀏覽器、谷歌瀏覽器下載即可。
4、本站資源下載后的文檔和圖紙-無水印,預(yù)覽文檔經(jīng)過壓縮,下載后原文更清晰。
5、試題試卷類文檔,如果標(biāo)題沒有明確說明有答案則都視為沒有答案,請知曉。

《微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)》清華大學(xué)課件Ch2BudgetConstr.ppt

ChapterTwo,BudgetConstraint,WhereareWeintheCourse?,Weareworkingonthe1stofthe3componentsofmicroeconomics:Consumerbehavior,productiontheory,andmarket.Therearethreeelementsofconsumerbehavior:budgetconstraint,preference,andchoices.,ConsumptionChoiceSets,Aconsumptionchoicesetisthecollectionofallconsumptionchoicesavailabletotheconsumer.Whatconstrainsconsumptionchoice?Budgetary,timeandotherresourcelimitations.,BudgetConstraints,Q:Whenisabundle(x1,xn)affordableatpricesp1,pn?A:Whenp1x1+pnxnmwheremistheconsumers(disposable)income.,BudgetConstraints,Theconsumersbudgetsetisthesetofallaffordablebundles;B(p1,pn,m)=(x1,xn)|x10,xn0andp1x1+pnxnmThebudgetconstraintistheupperboundaryofthebudgetset.,BudgetSetandConstraintforTwoCommodities,x2,x1,Budgetconstraintisp1x1+p2x2=m.,m/p1,Affordable,Justaffordable,Notaffordable,m/p2,BudgetSetandConstraintforTwoCommodities,x2,x1,p1x1+p2x2=misx2=-(p1/p2)x1+m/p2soslopeis-p1/p2.,m/p1,BudgetSet,m/p2,BudgetConstraints,Ifn=3whatdothebudgetconstraintandthebudgetsetlooklike?,BudgetSetforThreeCommodities,x2,x1,x3,m/p2,m/p1,m/p3,(x1,x2,x3)|x10,x20,x30andp1x1+p2x2+p3x3m,BudgetConstraints,Forn=2andx1onthehorizontalaxis,theconstraintsslopeis-p1/p2.Whatdoesitmean?Increasingx1by1mustreducex2byp1/p2.,BudgetConstraints,x2,x1,Opp.costofanextraunitofcommodity1isp1/p2unitsforegoneofcommodity2.Andtheopp.costofanextraunitofcommodity2isp2/p1unitsforegoneofcommodity1.,-p2/p1,+1,BudgetSetsIncomeandPriceChanges,Thebudgetconstraintandbudgetsetdependuponpricesandincome.Whathappensaspricesorincomechange?,Higherincomegivesmorechoice,Originalbudgetset,Newaffordableconsumptionchoices,x2,x1,Originalandnewbudgetconstraintsareparallel(sameslope).,BudgetConstraints-IncomeChanges,Nooriginalchoiceislostandnewchoicesareaddedwhenincomeincreases,sohigherincomecannotmakeaconsumerworseoff.Anincomedecreasemay(typicallywill)maketheconsumerworseoff.,BudgetConstraints-PriceChanges,Whathappensifjustonepricedecreases?Supposep1decreases.,Howdothebudgetsetandbudgetconstraintchangeasp1decreasesfromp1top1”?,Originalbudgetset,x2,x1,m/p2,m/p1,m/p1”,Newaffordablechoices,Budgetconstraintpivots;slopeflattensfrom-p1/p2to-p1”/p2,-p1/p2,-p1”/p2,BudgetConstraints-PriceChanges,Reducingthepriceofonecommoditypivotstheconstraintoutward.Nooldchoiceislostandnewchoicesareadded,soreducingonepricecannotmaketheconsumerworseoff.,UniformAdValoremSalesTaxes(從價稅),Anadvaloremsalestaxleviedatarateof5%increasesallpricesby5%,frompto(1+005)p=105p.Anadvaloremsalestaxleviedatarateoftincreasesallpricesbytpfrompto(1+t)p.Auniformsalestaxisapplieduniformlytoallcommodities.,UniformAdValoremSalesTaxes,Auniformsalestaxleviedatratetchangestheconstraintfromp1x1+p2x2=mto(1+t)p1x1+(1+t)p2x2=mi.e.p1x1+p2x2=m/(1+t).,UniformAdValoremSalesTaxes,x2,x1,Equivalentincomelossis,TheFoodStampProgram,Foodstampsarecouponsthatcanbelegallyexchangedonlyforfood.Howdoesacommodity-specificgiftsuchasafoodstampalterafamilysbudgetconstraint?,TheFoodStampProgram,G,F,100,100,F+G=100;beforestamps.,TheFoodStampProgram,G,F,100,100,F+G=100:beforestamps.,Budgetsetafter40foodstampsissued.,140,Thebudgetsetisenlarged.,40,TheFoodStampProgram,Whatiffoodstampscanbetradedonablackmarketfor$0.50each?,TheFoodStampProgram,G,F,100,100,F+G=100:beforestamps.,Budgetconstraintafter40foodstampsissued.,140,120,Budgetconstraintwithblackmarkettrading.,40,TheFoodStampProgram,G,F,100,100,F+G=100:beforestamps.,Budgetconstraintafter40foodstampsissued.,140,120,Blackmarkettradingmakesthebudgetsetlargeragain.,40,BudgetConstraints-RelativePrices,“Numeraire”means“unitofaccount”.Supposepricesandincomearemeasuredindollars.Sayp1=$2,p2=$3,m=$12.Thentheconstraintis2x1+3x2=12.,BudgetConstraints-RelativePrices,Theconstraintforp1=2,p2=3,m=122x1+3x2=12isalso1.x1+(3/2)x2=6,theconstraintforp1=1,p2=3/2,m=6.Settingp1=1makescommodity1thenumeraireanddefinesallpricesrelativetop1;e.g.3/2isthepriceofcommodity2relativetothepriceofcommodity1.,BudgetConstraints-RelativePrices,Anycommoditycanbechosenasthenumerairewithoutchangingthebudgetsetorthebudgetconstraint.,BudgetConstraints-RelativePrices,p1=2,p2=3andp3=6priceofcommodity2relativetocommodity1is3/2,priceofcommodity3relativetocommodity1is3.Relativepricesaretheratesofexchangeofcommodities2and3forunitsofcommodity1.,ShapesofBudgetConstraints,Butwhatifpricesarenotconstants?E.g.bulkbuyingdiscounts,orpricepenaltiesforbuying“toomuch”.Thenconstraintswillbecurved.,ShapesofBudgetConstraints-QuantityDiscounts,Supposep2isconstantat$1butthatp1=$2for0x120andp1=$1forx1>20.,ShapesofBudgetConstraints-QuantityDiscounts,Supposep2isconstantat$1butthatp1=$2for0x120andp1=$1forx1>20.Thentheconstraintsslopeis-2,for0x120-p1/p2=-1,forx1>20andtheconstraintis,ShapesofBudgetConstraintswithaQuantityDiscount,m=$100,50,100,20,Slope=-2/1=-2(p1=2,p2=1),Slope=-1/1=-1(p1=1,p2=1),80,x2,x1,ShapesofBudgetConstraintswithaQuantityDiscount,m=$100,50,100,20,Slope=-2/1=-2(p1=2,p2=1),Slope=-1/1=-1(p1=1,p2=1),80,x2,x1,ShapesofBudgetConstraintswithaQuantityDiscount,m=$100,50,100,20,80,x2,x1,BudgetSet,BudgetConstraint,ShapesofBudgetConstraintswithaQuantityPenalty,x2,x1,BudgetSet,BudgetConstraint,ShapesofBudgetConstraints-OnePriceNegative,Commodity1isstinkygarbage.Youarepaid$2perunittoacceptit;i.e.p1=-$2.p2=$1.Income,otherthanfromacceptingcommodity1,ism=$10.Thentheconstraintis-2x1+x2=10orx2=2x1+10.,ShapesofBudgetConstraints-OnePriceNegative,10,Budgetconstraintsslopeis-p1/p2=-(-2)/1=+2,x2,x1,x2=2x1+10,ShapesofBudgetConstraints-OnePriceNegative,10,x2,x1,Budgetsetisallbundlesforwhichx10,x20andx22x1+10.,MoreGeneralChoiceSets,Choicesareusuallyconstrainedbymorethanabudget;e.g.timeconstraintsandotherresourcesconstraints.Abundleisavailableonlyifitmeetseveryconstraint.,MoreGeneralChoiceSets,Food,OtherStuff,10,Atleast10unitsoffoodmustbeeatentosurvive,MoreGeneralChoiceSets,Food,OtherStuff,10,BudgetSet,Choiceisalsobudgetconstrained.,MoreGeneralChoiceSets,Food,OtherStuff,10,Choiceisfurtherrestrictedbyatimeconstraint.,MoreGeneralChoiceSets,Sowhatisthechoiceset?,MoreGeneralChoiceSets,Food,OtherStuff,10,MoreGeneralChoiceSets,Food,OtherStuff,10,MoreGeneralChoiceSets,Food,OtherStuff,10,Thechoicesetistheintersectionofalloftheconstraintsets.,Summary,Thechoicesetisthesetconsistsofallpossiblechoicesofaconsumer;Inthesimplestcase,thechoicesetistypicallyboundedbyasinglebudgetconstraintwhoseslopeisthenegativeratioofprices;Ingeneralthechoicesetcanbeboundedbymultipleconstraints.,

注意事項

本文(《微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)》清華大學(xué)課件Ch2BudgetConstr.ppt)為本站會員(max****ui)主動上傳,裝配圖網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理,對上載內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯。 若此文所含內(nèi)容侵犯了您的版權(quán)或隱私,請立即通知裝配圖網(wǎng)(點擊聯(lián)系客服),我們立即給予刪除!

溫馨提示:如果因為網(wǎng)速或其他原因下載失敗請重新下載,重復(fù)下載不扣分。




關(guān)于我們 - 網(wǎng)站聲明 - 網(wǎng)站地圖 - 資源地圖 - 友情鏈接 - 網(wǎng)站客服 - 聯(lián)系我們

copyright@ 2023-2025  zhuangpeitu.com 裝配圖網(wǎng)版權(quán)所有   聯(lián)系電話:18123376007

備案號:ICP2024067431-1 川公網(wǎng)安備51140202000466號


本站為文檔C2C交易模式,即用戶上傳的文檔直接被用戶下載,本站只是中間服務(wù)平臺,本站所有文檔下載所得的收益歸上傳人(含作者)所有。裝配圖網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理,對上載內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯。若文檔所含內(nèi)容侵犯了您的版權(quán)或隱私,請立即通知裝配圖網(wǎng),我們立即給予刪除!