2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 沖刺講義五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)沖刺講義五動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1.常用?？嫉膭?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和用法：（以do為例）名稱(chēng)構(gòu)成用法一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do/does,（連系動(dòng)詞is/am/are）1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。2. 主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。I'llgothereafterIfinishmywork.Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwon'tgothere.3. 在以here,there開(kāi)頭的句子里，go,e等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Theregoesthebell.鈴響了。Thereesthebus.汽車(chē)來(lái)了。Hereshees.她來(lái)了。一般過(guò)去時(shí)did,（連系動(dòng)詞was/were）表達(dá)特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is/am/aredoing1. 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2. 表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。SheisleavingforBeijing.她要去北京。Heisworkingasateachertomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。MyfatherisingtoseemethisSaturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來(lái)看我。3代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動(dòng)。TheChangjiangRiverisflowingintotheeast.長(zhǎng)江江水滾滾向東流。Thesunisrisingintheeast太陽(yáng)從東方冉冉升起。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/weredoing1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)仃的動(dòng)作（這一過(guò)去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示）Hewaspreparinghislecturealldayyesterday.2. 表示動(dòng)作在另一過(guò)去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行TheywerestillworkingwhenIleft.3. 用在兩個(gè)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生IwaswritingwhilehewaswatchingTV.4. 表示過(guò)去將來(lái)動(dòng)作Hesaidshewasarrivingthenextday.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has/havedone1表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，說(shuō)話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作。Ihavefinishedthereport./Shehascleandtheroom.2表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for.”，“since.”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。HehaslearnedEnglishforsixyears.Theyhaveworkedheresincetheyleftcollege.3.表示曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地（人已回來(lái)）'用have/hasbeento”，表示“到某地去了（還未回來(lái)）”用“have/hasgoneto”。WhereisLiHua?Hehasgonetothereading-room.SheknowsalotaboutShanghai.Shehasbeenthere.4短暫動(dòng)詞（即瞬間動(dòng)詞），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,e,arrive,die,marry,finish,plete,begin,start,breakout等，在元成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。不能說(shuō)：Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears.要翻譯“他已參軍已經(jīng)三年了?！笨刹捎?“ag。法”Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago. “延續(xù)法”Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears. “since法”Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.過(guò)去完成時(shí)haddone1表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。Hehadshutthedoorbeforethedogcameup.Everythinghadbeenallrightuptillthismorning2. 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。Attheageoften,hehadlearned500EnglishwordsHehadbeenillforaweekwhenwelearnedaboutit.3. 常用hope,expect,think,intend,wantsuppose等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。Wehadexpectedthatyouwouldbeabletowinthematch.將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/shallhavedone用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻（前）將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短語(yǔ)，when,before引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。WewillhavefinishedseniorBook2bytheendofthisterm.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)has/havebeendoing用來(lái)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（還要繼續(xù)下去）的動(dòng)作。Hehasbeendoingthemathsproblemssince8:00.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)hadbeendoing表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成，還將繼續(xù)下去。一般將來(lái)時(shí)will/shalldo一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀況is/am/aregoingtodois/am/are(about)todo（詳見(jiàn)下面2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would/shoulddowas/weregoingtodowas/were(about)todo1. 相對(duì)于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻而言即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)HetoldmehewouldgotoBeijing他告訴我他將去北京。Iwastoldthathewasgoingtoreturnhome.有人告訴我他準(zhǔn)備回豕。2. woulddo（表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣）總疋，總會(huì)，常常Hewouldsitsilentforhours.他常常接連好幾個(gè)小時(shí)默默地坐著。2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較將來(lái)時(shí)用法例句1be+doing進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)go,e,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?2beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.3beto+動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)We'retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.4一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)Themeetingstartsatfiveo'clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.3.容易混淆的時(shí)態(tài)比較項(xiàng)目區(qū)另U例句一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或造成的結(jié)果Wehaven'theardfromJaneforalongtime.Whatdoyousupposetoher?A.washappeningB.happensC.hashappenedD.happened說(shuō)明：說(shuō)話者強(qiáng)調(diào)Jane目前的狀況.Mr.Lee,whoasacarpenterforover10years,isnowaveryfamousstatesmaninthiscountry.A.hasworkedB.hadworkedC.workedD.works(只說(shuō)明他過(guò)去當(dāng)過(guò)木匠不涉及到現(xiàn)在)一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Hello,IyouwereinLondon.Howlonghere?A.don'tknow;wereyouB.hadn'tknown;areyouC.haven'tknown;areD.didn'tknow;haveyoubeen說(shuō)明：didn'tknow強(qiáng)調(diào)見(jiàn)面前不知道Ireadthenovellastmonth.只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記?。┈F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Ihavereadthatbook.我讀過(guò)那本書(shū)了。（知道那本書(shū)的內(nèi)容）著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.Iamtired.Ithelivingroomallday.A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted說(shuō)明：強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作Idon'treallyworkhere.Iuntilthenewsecretary.A.justhelpout;esB.havejusthelpedout;willeC.amiusthelpingout;esD.williusthelpout;hase說(shuō)明：指目前一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，until引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!Oh,I'mterriblysorry.A.I'mnotnoticing.B.Iwasn'tnoticing.C.Ihaven'tnoticed.D.Idon'tnotice.說(shuō)明：對(duì)話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對(duì)方時(shí)正在做的事情.一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)TomintothehousewhennooneA.slipped;wasnoticingB.hadslipped;noticedC.slipped;hadnoticedD.wasslipping;noticed說(shuō)明:slip和notice為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此B、C為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，slipped指過(guò)去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作（他溜進(jìn)去了），whennoonewasnoticing指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒(méi)有人注意）。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.HeabookaboutChinalastyear,butIdon'tknowifheit.A.wrote;hasfinishedB.waswriting;hasfinishedC.waswriting;hadfinishedD.wrote;willfinish說(shuō)明：正確選項(xiàng)為B.從Idon'tknowifhehasfinishedit.推斷，他去年一直在與。II.動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/aredone6過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/werebeingdone2一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/weredone7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/hasbeendone3一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/willbedone8過(guò)去完成時(shí)hadbeendone4過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should/wouldbedone9將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/wouldhavebeendone5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/arebeingdone10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/maybedone注意事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not,短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer.Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.漢語(yǔ)有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示：ItisbelievedthatItisgenerallyconsideredthatItissaidthatItiswellknownthatItmustbepointedoutthatItissupposedthatItisreportedthatItmustbeadmittedthatItishopedthat被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型1. 常見(jiàn)句式是：主語(yǔ)（受動(dòng)者）4be+過(guò)去分詞+（by+施動(dòng)者）：HewasscoldedbytheEnglishteacher.2. 主語(yǔ)+get+過(guò)去分詞+其它成分：Theboygotdrownedlastsummer./Shegotfiredbecauseofherfaults.使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by+施動(dòng)者”3帶有雙賓語(yǔ)（直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語(yǔ)可以是直接賓語(yǔ)，也可以是間接賓語(yǔ)。Shelentmeabike.被動(dòng)：Iwaslentabike（byher）.Abikewaslenttome（byher）.4. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞：Thisproblemmustbeworkedoutinhalfanhour.5. 雙重被動(dòng)式：主語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+不定式的被動(dòng)式+其它成分Thesemagazinesarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereading-room.Themurdererwasorderedtobeshot.下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義1. 不及物動(dòng)詞與狀語(yǔ)連用，用以表示主語(yǔ)的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。Thisknifecutswell.這把刀好切。Thesebookssellwell.這些書(shū)好賣(mài)。Thepenwritessmoothly.這支筆與起來(lái)流暢。Meatwon'tkeeplonginsuchhotweather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長(zhǎng)久。Theclothwasheswell.這種布好洗。2. 些連系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式+形容詞。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout等。Theapplestastegood.Theflowersmellswonderful.Thenewsproved/turnedouttrue.Cottonfeelssoft.不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況1.1teachmyselfFrench.不可變?yōu)镸yselfistaughtFrench.因?yàn)榉瓷泶~不可作主語(yǔ)。2. Wehelpeachother/oneanother.不可變?yōu)镋achother/Oneanotherishelpedbyus.因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語(yǔ)。3. Helostheart.不可變?yōu)镠eartwaslostbyhim.因?yàn)橄髄oseheart,makeaface,keepsilence,loseinthought這類(lèi)動(dòng)兵結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語(yǔ)只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。4.Shetookpartinthesportsmeet不能變?yōu)門(mén)hesportsmeetwastakenpartinb：her.因?yàn)橄髏akepartin,belongto,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中介詞不能丟Muchattentionmustbepaidtoyourhandwriting.特別注意以下句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：EveryminutemustbemadefulluseoftostudyEnglsih.下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave,enter,reach,bee,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,failhave,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,eabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等