學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作English Academic WritingPPT課件

2021/3/25授課：XXX1English Academic Writing英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作/學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作2021/3/25授課：XXX2Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 Researching the TopicChapter 3 Data Collection and EvaluationChapter 4 Writing StyleChapter 5 Paper WritingChapter 6 AbstractChapter 7 International ConferenceChapter 8 Letters for Different Academic Purposes2021/3/25授課：XXX3 Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Definition of Academic Writing- to summarize or synthesize information and ideas gathered from research- to explain, compare and contrast, evaluate, or analyze concepts, events, and phenomenon- to argue for or against a position in an ongoing debate2021/3/25授課：XXX41.2 Characteristics of Good Academic WritingFor all writings:- Unity: a harmonious whole- Coherence: well connected, logical relations- Emphasis: stress to important ideas- Development: elaboration and expansion- Clarity: precise, concise, lucid2021/3/25授課：XXX5For Academic Writing:- It is based on extensive research of proved facts and authoritative testimony. first-hand experiments field research library research- The authors voice tends to be objective and neutral. unemotional- The style tends to be formal. academic periodicals, accurate information2021/3/25授課：XXX6- Appropriate diction. colloquialisms and slang expressions be avoided, technical terms, abbreviation- Syntactical level. long complex sentence, simple-present tense, passive voice, non-finite verbs (participles, infinitives, gerunds)- Neat appearance and format.2021/3/25授課：XXX71.3 Differences between the papers published inside and outside China1.3.1 Papers published in ChinaChinese and English titles,Chinese and English abstract,Chinese and English keywords,The body,References,Appendix,Information about the author2021/3/25授課：XXX81.3.2 Papers published outside ChinaTitle,Abstract,Introduction,The body,Conclusions and recommendations,Acknowledgement,References,Appendix2021/3/25授課：XXX91.4 Procedures of Academic WritingStep 1: Choice of Topic Choose a general topic Write a rough proposal Limit the topic to a plausible oneStep 2: Collection and Evaluation of Data Collect books, journals and research articles Evaluate data collected Photocopy data Prepare note and bibliography cards2021/3/25授課：XXX10Step 3: Development of Outline Decide on organization of paper Arrange notes by subheadings Develop paper outlineStep 4: Writing Study and follow outline for first draft Make adjustments as neededStep 5: Revision, Editing and References Revise content and organization Adjust style and tone2021/3/25授課：XXX11 Correct diction, spelling, grammar, punctuation as necessary Document all the sources quotedStep 6: Preparation of Abstract Observe abstract word limit Ensure accuracy, brevity and clarityStep 7: Preparation of Final Details Assemble all parts Make final revision Prepare References section Write acknowledgements2021/3/25授課：XXX12Chapter 2 Researching the Topic2.1 Principles of Title Selection- Value Principle- Scientific Principle- Innovative Principle- Feasibility Principle2.2 Methods for Choosing a Title- Consult your professor or an expert-Participate in academic conferences and academic lectures2021/3/25授課：XXX13- Select from puzzling problems- Read books and newspapers- Choose from your own interests- Literature review2.3 Ways to Narrow Down TitlesExample:LiteratureLiterary CriticismLiterary Criticism at CambridgeThe Tradition and Development of Literary Criticism at Cambridge2021/3/25授課：XXX14Exercise:Humanities2.4 Formats for TitleExamples:1) OSCILLATIONS IN GRANULAR DYNAMICS2) Structural Analyses Based on a Point Charge Model3) Fast atom bombardment mass spectra of nebramycin within 15 words4) Coronary Artery Disease: Diet and patient Health2021/3/25授課：XXX152.5 Tables and Figures2.5.1 Tables- A table should be self-contained.- A table is usually placed in a position near its relevant description.- Provide each table with a number (eg: Table1, Table2, etc.) and a title.- The title should be clear, concise, complete and accurate.- Sometimes a note is added at the bottom of the table.2021/3/25授課：XXX16Example: Table 2-6 Correlation between variables1234567Gender.Age.Urgency.Sensation.Commissions .PI index.*Note: .2021/3/25授課：XXX172.5.2 Figures2.5.2.1 Graphs - can be used to compare two variables2.5.2.2 Drawings and Photographs- to illustrate organisms, experimental apparatus, models of structures, etc.2.5.2.3 Types of figuresLine chartsBar charts3) Pie charts2021/3/25授課：XXX182.6 Cause and Effect2.6.1 Cause-Effect ParagraphDevelopment Pattern: Effect 1Cause Effect 2 Effect 3 2.6.2 Effect-Cause Paragraph2021/3/25授課：XXX19Development Pattern: Cause 1Effect Cause 2 Cause 32021/3/25授課：XXX20Exercise1: Analyze the structure of this paragraph and try to determine the effect and its causes. Then find the linking words in the paragraph. The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.2021/3/25授課：XXX21Exercise 2: Combine the following two sentences expressing the cause-and-effect relationship.He escaped from his orphanage. He was distressed by the brutal conditions there.2) He had a rough life in Moscow. He had no family to turn to.3) He was not easily to be captured. He had learned not to trust adults.2021/3/25授課：XXX22Chapter 3 Data Collection and Evaluation3.1 Principles of Data Collection and selection3.1.1 Centered around the theme3.1.2 True and verifiable（可證實(shí)的)3.1.3 Typical3.1.4 Novel 2021/3/25授課：XXX233.2 Developing an Outline3.2.1 Two Main Components for Effective Outlines3.2.1.1 ParallelismExample: Choose Desired Colleges Prepare Application Compile Resume 3.2.1.2 Subordination2021/3/25授課：XXX24Example: Describe an influential person in your life A. Favorite high school teacher B. Grandparent2021/3/25授課：XXX253.3 Types of Outlines3.3.1 Alphanumeric（由字母數(shù)字組成的） Outlines- Roman Numerals - Capitalized Letters - Arabic Numerals - Small Letters - Arabic Numerals within Brackets - Small Letters within Brackets2021/3/25授課：XXX26Example: The College Application ProcessI. Choose Desired Colleges A. Visit and evaluate college campuses B. Visit and evaluate college websites 1. look for interesting classes 2. Note important statistics a. Student/faculty ratio b. Retention rateII. Prepare Application A. Write Personal Statement 1. Choose interesting topic2021/3/25授課：XXX27 a. Describe an influential person in your life (1) Favorite high school teacher (2) Grandparent 2. Include important personal details a. Volunteer work b. Participation in varsity sports B. Revise personal statementIII. Compile resume A. List relevant coursework B. List work experience C. list volunteer experience 1. tutor at foreign language summer camp 2. counselor for suicide prevention hotline2021/3/25授課：XXX283.3.2 Full Sentence OutlinesExample:I. Man-made pollution is the primary cause of global warming. A. Greenhouse gas emissions are widely identified as harmful by the scientific community. 1. The burning of coal and fossil fuels are the primary releasers of hazardous greenhouse gases.2021/3/25授課：XXX293.3.3 Decimal （十進(jìn)位的；小數(shù)的）OutlinesExample:Choose Desired College 1.1 Visit and evaluate college campuses 1.2 Visit and evaluate college websites 1.2.1 Look for interesting classes 1.2.2 Note important statistics2021/3/25授課：XXX30Exercise:Suppose you have chosen a topic and found enough data to write your paper, now write an outline for your paper.2021/3/25授課：XXX313.4 Comparison and ContrastTwo Ways for Organizing Comparison and Contrast- Subject-by-subject- Point-by-point2021/3/25授課：XXX32Example:Subjects Points of C&C1. Prof. Simmons a. classroom instruction b. homework c. exam d. grading2. Prof. Wu a. classroom instruction b. homework c. exam d. grading2021/3/25授課：XXX33Points of C&C Subjectsa. classroom instruction 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wub. homework 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wuc. exam 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wud. grading 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wu 2021/3/25授課：XXX34Exercise:- Pros and cons of globalization- Positive and negative aspects of living in a large city2021/3/25授課：XXX35 Chapter 4 Writing Style4.1 Citation4.1.1 In-Text Citation4.1.1.1 One author Enzymes are inhibited by cyanide (Grubb, 1977). Because enzymes are inhibited by cyanide (Grubb 1977), I expect to find(2) Grubb (1977) found that cyanide inhibits enzymes. Because Grubb (1977) found that cyanide inhibits enzymes2021/3/25授課：XXX36 (3) As early as 1977, Grubb observed the inhibitory effect of cyanide on enzyme action.4.1.1.2 More than one study (1) Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action (Grubb, 1977; Smith, 1980; Taylor, 1983)4.1.1.3 More than three authors (1) Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action ( Grubb et al., 1985).4.4.1.4 Some journals just cite the sequence of the references in the text in order to save space.2021/3/25授課：XXX37 (1) Vibration is used to prepare uniform granular mixtures or to segregate granular composites 3,7,12,16,19. Alongside mixing and segregation of granular materials4.2 References4.2.1 APA (American Psychological Association) style: social sciences Print Sources:- Book by one author: #Sheril, R.D.(1956). The terrifying future: contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.2021/3/25授課：XXX38- Book by two authors or more: #Rubin, J., & Thompson, I. (1994). How to be a more successful language teacher. 2nd ed. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.- Article in a journal: #Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: Gods long-awaited gift to colorful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34-37.Electronic sources:- Article in an online journal: #Blofeld, E.S. (1994, March1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http:/journals.f+f.org/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html- Book on CD: #Nix, G.(2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr 【CD】. New York: Random House/Listening library.2021/3/25授課：XXX39- Movie: #Gilby, A. (Producer), & Schlesinger, J. (Director). (1995). Cold comfort farm 【Motion picture】. Universal city, CA: MCA Universal Home Video.4.2.2 MLA (Modern Language Association) style: liberal arts and humanitiesPrint Sources:- Book by one author:#Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, 1963. 2021/3/25授課：XXX40- Book by two or three authors:#Atwan, Robert, donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frifidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979. - Book by four or more authors:#Belenky, Mary Field, et al. Womens Ways of Knowing: the Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986.- Article in a journal:#Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): 645-52.2021/3/25授課：XXX41Electronic sources:- Article in an online journal:#Rogers, Michael. “The Practical Futurist: The Secret of Online Romance.” Newsweek Newsweek Web Exclusive (October, 2002). 28 Dec., 2002http:/nl. Newsbank. Com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=list&p_topdoc=11-CD-ROM:#”Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.2021/3/25授課：XXX424.2.3 ACS (American Chemical Society) style; CBE (Council of Biology Editors) style, etc: natural sciencesACS style:- Book:#Anastas, P.T.; Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and practice; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998.- Online Journal:#Borman, S. Sucrose Synthesis Sets A Record. Chem. Eng. News 【Online】1990, 78,52.2021/3/25授課：XXX43However, not all journals are in strict compliance with the style guides. Eg: Nature, Science#British journal Nature:1.Nagy, L. & Schwabe, J.W. Mechanism of the nuclear receptor molecular switch. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29, 317324(2004).2.Sonoda, J., Pei, L. & Evans, R.M. Nuclear receptors: decoding metabolic disease. FEBS lett. 582, 29 (2008).3.Raghuram, S. et al. Identification of heme as the ligand for the orphan nuclear receptors REV-ERBa and REV-ERBb. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 1207 1213(2007).4.Yin, L. et al. Rev-erba, a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways. Science 318, 1786 1789(2007).2021/3/25授課：XXX444.2.4 中文參考文獻(xiàn)格式（也可參考中文權(quán)威學(xué)術(shù)期刊格式要中文參考文獻(xiàn)格式（也可參考中文權(quán)威學(xué)術(shù)期刊格式要求）：求）：-專(zhuān)著、編著、譯著等：#杜維明.東亞價(jià)值與多元現(xiàn)代性【M】. 北京: 中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社,2001#申丹.文學(xué)文體學(xué)與小說(shuō)翻譯【M】. 北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,1995-期刊文章:#程愛(ài)民.原型批評(píng)的整體性文化批評(píng)傾向【J】.外國(guó)文學(xué),2000(5): 67-74-報(bào)紙文章:#馮憲光.借鑒與重構(gòu):西方馬克思主義文學(xué)批評(píng)在中國(guó)【N】.文藝報(bào),1999/11/23(3)2021/3/25授課：XXX45Exercise: Document the following sources in the APA style using the information below.1.In 1982 an article called “Hearers and Speech Acts” was written for volume 58 of the journal named language. It was on pages 332-373 and the authors were Herbert H. Clark and Thomas H. Carlson.2.Rachel Carson wrote a book called Silent Spring in 1962. it was published in Boston by Houghton Mifflin.2021/3/25授課：XXX464.3 Language Style:Features:-Formal-Objective-Concise-Varied4.3.1 Formality-Avoid slang and too casual language: eg. “Cool”, “pretty awful”.-Use full forms of words rather than abbreviations, eg. “does not, should have, it is” rather than “doesnt, shouldve, its”.2021/3/25授課：XXX47-Use single verbs rather than phrasal verbs, eg. “investigate” rather than “l(fā)ook into”.-Use powerful reporting words: eg. Support, claim, suggest, recommend, etc.-Use complex rather than simple sentences, and long rather than short paragraphs.2021/3/25授課：XXX48Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences in more formal academic English:1.You can understand something better if it is repeated.2.Crime was increasing rapidly and the police were becoming concerned.3.Did you know that spoken and written language are very different?2021/3/25授課：XXX494.3.2 Objectivity-Use impersonal expressions and the passive voice, eg: It can be concluded that, It has been claimed that-Use third person pronouns, avoid the first person “I, we” or second person “you”.-Avoid words that have emotional or attitudinal connotations. 2021/3/25授課：XXX50Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences in more objective, academic English.1.I think that all guns should be banned.2.I observed 43 students of a third-grade class at Barksdale School for two weeks.3.The doctor prepared his necessary surgical equipment.2021/3/25授課：XXX514.3.3 Conciseness-Be precise and specific.-Reduce unnecessary words.Wordy (Redundant)Concisein recent yearsrecentlywith a high degree of certaintycertainat this moment in timeCurrently, nowfew in numberfew2021/3/25授課：XXX524.3.4 Variety-Use a variety of words and sentence structures.Exercise: Correct the following sentences to make them more academic.1.The university is asking for more money.2.Is it really true that the Great Wall of China is visible from space?3.Some commentators say that students lack creativity. They also lack imagination.4.According to Wong(2003, p.41), he says that the information is inaccurate.2021/3/25授課：XXX53Exercise: Change the following spoken text into a written text. Spoken text Nowadays companies are finding that they have to change the way they do things and theyre finding that human resources planning is really helpful when they have to do this. One reason why its helpful is because it can help the companies work out what the issues are and then, when youve done that, it can help you make up your mind what youre going to do about it. Basically, human resource planning is what you do when youre going through2021/3/25授課：XXX54Written text As companies experience the need for change, they often apply human resource planning to define the relevant issues and develop responses to them. Broadly defined, human resource planning is the process of analyzing an organizations human resources needs under changing conditions and developing the activities necessary to satisfy those needs.2021/3/25授課：XXX55Chapter 5 Paper Writing-Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion-Conclusions and Recommendations-Acknowledgement2021/3/25授課：XXX565.1 Introduction- a description of the nature of the problem and current state of knowledge or understanding at the beginning of the investigation (background);- a statement of the purpose and scope;- hypothesis and prediction.- the past or present tense, never the future tenseEg:#This study investigates the relationship between tree density and fruit size.#The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of 2021/3/25授課：XXX575.2 Research Methods5.2.1- qualitative: in liberal arts and social sciences observation, sound recordings, questionnaires, interviews, etc.- quantitative: in science pre-experimental research, experimental research.- descriptive: in liberal arts and social sciences between the qualitative and quantitative research methods. case study, group study, survey, development research, etc.2021/3/25授課：XXX585.2.2contains:-research methods and their reasons-subjects and sample selection-instruments -data collection methods and analysis methodsfunction: to describe all experimental procedures, including controls.2021/3/25授課：XXX59Notice:-Experimental procedures and results are narrated in the past tense; conclusions from results are given in the present tense.-Experimental papers should address the materials, laboratory equipments, experimental processes.2021/3/25授課：XXX605.3 Results and Discussion5.3.1 Results-The function is to summarize general trends in the data without comment, bias, or interpretation;-Data may be presented in figures and tables, but this may not substitute for a verbal summary of the findings.5.3.2 DiscussionContain:-the relationship between the results and the original hypothesis, i.e., whether they support the hypothesis;2021/3/25授課：XXX61-an integration of your results with those of the previous studies in order to arrive at explanations for the observed phenomena;-possible explanations for unexpected results and observations;-end the discussion with a summary of the principle points you want the reader to remember.2021/3/25授課：XXX625.4 Conclusions and Recommendations-The conclusion is a highly condensed summary of the paper, not a simple list of the research results, but rather reasonable inferences. It tests the authors comprehensive ability, theoretical skills and logical thinking ability.-Recommendations often discuss the subject of further study, research programs, future prospects and directions.-Conclusions are useful insights drawn from the study; recommendations are further research projects based on the study.2021/3/25授課：XXX63Eg:In conclusion, the result shows thatTo sum up, we have revealed thatFinally, a summary is given ofIn this paper, we have described/discussed/found that2021/3/25授課：XXX645.5 Acknowledgement-an optional item in the paper-If the author has received help from someone else in the course of the study, he/she should acknowledge this.-should be short and sincere. Usually only a short sentence, but there are also very long acknowledgements.-often located after the conclusion.- necessary to list the project number if it is funded by a foundation or institution.2021/3/25授課：XXX65Eg:We thank forWe are grateful to forSpecial thanks are due toWe appreciate the support and efforts ofThis study was partly funded byThis work was financially supported by grants from2021/3/25授課：XXX66Exercise:Suppose your research is supported by NSF of Jiangsu Province and the project number is BK205062. Write an acknowledgement to acknowledge their support.2021/3/25授課：XXX67Chapter 6 Abstract6.1 Definition a highly condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated form.6.2 Features-avoid repetition;-usually are limited to one paragraph of no more than 250 words;-can stand alone;2021/3/25授課：XXX68-use the third person;-use the passive voice;-are highly signposted.6.3 Contents-indic