定語從句 筆記整理

定語從句授課人：Prof. WoodenPart 1 定語從句定義及概述什么是定語從句？(1)定語從句：在復(fù)合句中作定語修飾主句中某一名 詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。(2)先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞，叫做先行詞。(3)關(guān)系詞：分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一定成分。Eg.I will never forget the girl（先行詞） that（關(guān)系詞） I met yesterday in the street（定語從句）. 定語從句兩個必須先行詞在從句中必須作一個成分；先行詞所作的成分必須空缺。Part 2 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 項(xiàng)目關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞先行詞所指關(guān)系詞在從句中的作用關(guān)系代詞that人/物主語、賓語、表語which物/事主語、賓語、表語who人主語、賓語whom人賓語whose人/物定語as人/物/事情主語、賓語、表語1. 關(guān)系代詞that的用法用法：既可指人也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時(shí)常可省略。 1)This is the factory that produces cars.(作主語,指物)2)The girl that spoke to me just now is my classmate. (作主語,指人) 3)The film (that) we saw yesterday is interesting. (作賓語，指物)關(guān)系代詞that的特權(quán)和禁區(qū)1. 特權(quán)：行使特權(quán)的條件：（1）限定性定語從句（即從句前無逗號）； （2）介詞沒有提前。2. 禁區(qū)：有兩種情況下，關(guān)系代詞不會用that,指物時(shí)用which；指人時(shí)用who/whom。（1）非限定性定于從句（即從句前有逗號）；（2）介詞提前時(shí)。2.關(guān)系代詞which的用法用法：指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。 1)China is a country which has a long history.(作主語)2)The car (which) my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake. (作賓語) 只用that 不用which的情況：(1)先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾。 This is the best book that I have ever read. (2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾。The first book that I bought was about how to learn English.(3)先行詞是all, much, little, none, few 等不定代詞或由some, any, every, no等詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞時(shí)）I did all that I could do at that time. There was little that the doctor could do for the patient.(4)當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)。 The only thing that he can do is to say sorry to her. (5)先行詞既有人又有物。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?(6)主句已有疑問詞who/ which時(shí)。Which is the book that you like? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?(7)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系詞在從句中也作表語時(shí)。 He is no longer the man that he was ten years ago.只用which不用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況：(1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)。A desert is a great plain in which nothing will grow.(2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)。The students was late for class 7 times a week, which made her teacher mad. (3)一個句子中有兩個定語從句時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，一個用that，另一個宜用which。(4)當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)。That which I had known about made them surprised.3.關(guān)系代詞who的用法用法：指人，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。 1)I know the man who spoke to you just now.(作主語)2)She is not the girl who she was.(作表語) 4.關(guān)系代詞whom的用法用法：指人，who的賓格，在定語從句中作賓語，?？墒÷裕诳谡Z中可用who或that代替。1)Here is the man (whom) you are looking for.2)The woman (whom) you saw just now is our English teacher.關(guān)系代詞who和whom的選擇Mr. Smith is the very man who/whom you are looking for. I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.Is that the man with whom you arrived yesterday?5. 關(guān)系代詞whose的用法用法：可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作定語。1)This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.(指人)2)The room whose windows face the east is mine. (指物）關(guān)系代詞whose的選擇The man whose wallet was stolen called for the police for help. The boy whose father is a teacher has been admitted to Oxford University. The house whose windows are mostly broken belongs to my uncle.The tree whose branches are basically bare dates back to 200 years ago.6.關(guān)系代詞as的用法用法：既可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語。它常用在the sameas,suchas,asas等句型中,as不能省略。 1)Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.(指人，作主語)2)Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.(指物，作賓語) 關(guān)系代詞as的選擇(1)當(dāng)先行詞中有so, such等修飾語時(shí)； 如：This is so good a book as I can hardly tear myself away from. Never promise such things as you cant achieve. This is so good a movie _as_we all wish to see. This is so good a movie _it_ we all wish to see it. (2)當(dāng)定語從句置于句首時(shí)； 如：As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun once every year. As we had expected, the students who had cheated in the exams were punished. (3)當(dāng)先行詞中有the same 修飾時(shí)，有時(shí)用that也有時(shí)用as來引導(dǎo)定語從句。二者意思稍有不同。如：This is the same shirt as I wore yesterday. (這件襯衣和我昨天穿的那件一樣。意思是說并不是同一件。)This is the same shirt that I wore yesterday. (這是我昨天穿的那件衣服。同一件衣服。) The students in New York are using the same textbooks as we are using. 關(guān)系代詞的省略 有兩個條件：(1)限定性定語從句； (2)作賓語或表語。E.g. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont. （2006北京高考） A. who ; 不填 B. 不填 ; who C. who ; who D. 不填; 不填Part 3 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞先行詞所指在句中所作成分When 時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語where地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語why原因原因狀語特別提醒：when, where既能引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，也能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，而why通常引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句。如：Ø That is the day when he got married. Ø That is the time when all of us lived together as a family. Ø That is the factory where I used to work. Ø That is the hospital where my son was born ten years ago. Ø That is the reason why he was fired. (1) 表示時(shí)間的先行詞除了time之外，還有：day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year等； (2)表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞除了place之外，還可以是desk, table, spot, room, house, school, street, town, country等。 (3) 表示原因的先行詞一般只有reason一個。 1.關(guān)系副詞使用的幾種變化1)關(guān)系副詞通常也可以用“that+介詞后置”代替或省略； 2_在正式文體中，也可以使用“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)。That is the river where I used to swim. (關(guān)系副詞)That is the river that I used to swim in. (that +介詞后置)That is the river I used to swim in. (省略)That is the river in which I used to swim. (介詞+which)2.介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞選擇問題1)介詞與先行詞之間的搭配關(guān)系；I still remember the time when (at which) I first became a high school student. There are several areas in the city where (in which) you can buy clothes in fashion. 2)介詞與從句中謂語動詞的搭配關(guān)系。I saw the stamp of which my father was very proud. Here is some money with which you can buy some books. There was nobody in the family to whom he could turn for help. (固定短語turn to sb. 向某人求助)The play in which I played an important role was a great success. (to play a role in the play就不是固定短語。)2.抽象的先行詞帶來的關(guān)系副詞的選擇問題 Its helpful to put children in a situation_they can see themselves differently. A. that B. when C. which D. whereI have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. A. whichB. where C. how D. whyLife is like a long race_we compete with others to go  beyond ourselves. A. why        B. what C. that       D. whereShell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A. that B. which C. where D. whenPart 4限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句1.非限定性定語從句的由來Tom is the only student who has been admitted to Harvard in my class. 湯姆是我們班唯一一個已經(jīng)被哈佛大學(xué)錄取的學(xué)生。The principal, who was seated on my right, delivered an exciting speech. 校長發(fā)表了一個令人振奮的演講，當(dāng)時(shí)他就坐在我右邊。2.限定性與非限定性定語從句的意義區(qū)別The old man has two sons who serve in the army. 老人有兩個當(dāng)兵的兒子。The old man has two sons, who serve in the army. 老人有兩個兒子，都當(dāng)兵。非限定性定語從句有時(shí)可以像一個并列句，例如：He has a walk after dinner every evening, which is good for his health. = He has a walk after dinner every evening, and this is good for his health. He likes reading books, which I am delighted to hear. = He likes reading books and I am delighted to hear that. 非限定性定語從句還可以從意義上像一個狀語從句，表示原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等。例如： The new engineer, who has read the instructions, failed in the project. 歸納總結(jié) 限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句意義起限定作用，是主句不可缺少的成分起補(bǔ)充說明作用，省去后不影響主句的意思形式與先行詞間無逗號常用逗號與主句分開翻譯常譯成前置定語常譯成并列的分句4.非限定性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞的問題一般來說，除了關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why，其他定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞均可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。例如： His speech, which inspired everyone, was well received. A student, who was admitted to an ordinary university, was greatly disappointed. The cinema, whose roof was damaged in the storm, will be brought down. They will fly to New York next Friday, where they have planned to stay for a few weeks. You can come next weekend, when the books will be ready for you. 5.as、which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句as和which在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)的相同點(diǎn)和區(qū)別：1)相同點(diǎn)：as和which都可以指代整個句子的內(nèi)容。 The meeting was put off，which/as was exactly what we wanted.這次會議延期了，這正是我們所希望的。2)不同點(diǎn)：as引導(dǎo)的從句既可以位于主句前，也可位于主句后，主從句沒有前后邏輯關(guān)系，常表示“正如”；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能位于主句后，主從句常有一定的因果關(guān)系或前后順序，常表示“這一點(diǎn)”，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。 As everyone knows，all that glitters is not gold. =All that glitters，as everyone knows，is not gold. =All that glitters is not gold， as everyone knows. 眾所周知，并不是所有發(fā)光的東西都是金子。Part 5 定語從句使用的注意事項(xiàng)1.分析成分的能力和意識(1)如果空白后面緊跟著動詞的，明顯缺少的是主語。Mr. Goodman has to be away on business on Feb. 8th, _ happens to be his wifes birthday. A. which B. when C. that D. on which (2) 及物動詞后必然有賓語，即如果及物動詞后面沒有賓語，先行詞就是作動詞的賓語。The Science Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. 【2008江蘇高考】 A. whichB. what C. that D. where(3) 不及物動詞后沒有賓語，在不缺少主語的情況下，先行詞則通常作狀語等成分。- Is that the small town you often refer to?- Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years.A. that B. which C. where D. what (4)介詞后面通常要跟賓語，如果介詞后面沒有賓語，則先行詞通常作這個介詞的賓語。-Do you have anything to say for yourselves? -Yes，theres one point _ we must insist on Awhy Bwhere Chow D/2.并列連詞的陷阱Tom has two brothers, both of whom love sports. Tom has two brothers and both of them love sports. (簡單的并列連詞：and, but, so, or, yet) 3.way意為“方式，方法”，作先行詞時(shí)的關(guān)系詞的選擇問題1)用“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)定語從句；例如：I dont like the way in which you speak to your mother. 2)用that引導(dǎo)定語從句；例如：I dont like the way that you speak to your mother.3)省略關(guān)系詞；例如：I dont like the way you speak to your mother. 4.介詞+關(guān)系副詞的問題Look over there! some people are standing on the top of the building, _ you can enjoy the view of the whole city. A. where B. from which C. where D. from where1)Soon after getting off his horse, the captain appeared at the second storey windows, from where he could see nothing but trees. 2)She climbed up to the top of the hill, from where she could have a good view of the whole town. 5. 先行詞為“time” 時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞的選擇1)time 意為“次數(shù)”時(shí)，定語從句常用that 引導(dǎo)。)time意為“時(shí)期，一段時(shí)間”時(shí)，定語從句常用when, during which, at which 等引導(dǎo)；Its the first time (that) Ive been here.Ill never forget the time when/ during which we played together.6. 分隔式定語從句定語從句有時(shí)不直接緊靠著先行詞，中間由一個定語、狀語或謂語隔開，此時(shí)找準(zhǔn)先行詞是關(guān)鍵。The village has developed a lot we learned farming two years ago. （07福建卷）A.whenB. which C. thatD. where