（江蘇專用）2022年高考英語新增分大一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法專題全輯 專題十四 名詞講義 牛津譯林版

（江蘇專用）2022年高考英語新增分大一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法專題全輯 專題十四 名詞講義 牛津譯林版名詞的核心考點1.可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)這里主要講其不規(guī)則變化。(1)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工廠)，cattle。(2)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如：boy-friendboy-friends，go-betweengo-betweens(中間人)，grown-upgrown-ups。(3)有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：glasses眼鏡，clothes衣服，goods貨物，trousers褲子，belongings所有物，wages工資，riches財富，surroundings環(huán)境，ashes灰塵，passes圓規(guī)，cattle家畜，congratulations祝賀，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高熱情地，give ones regards to sb. 向某人問候，in rags衣衫破爛，It is good manners to do sth. 有禮貌做某事。(4)集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：people，cattle，police；有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)看作整體，復(fù)數(shù)看作集體的各個成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體)。The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了(指個體)。2.不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)(1)一般說來抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。抽象名詞(不可數(shù))具體化(個體名詞，可數(shù)名詞)in surprise驚訝地a surprise一件令人驚訝的事win success獲得成功a success一個(件)成功的人(事)win honour贏得榮譽an honour引起尊敬的人(事)failure失敗a failure失敗者by experience靠經(jīng)驗an experience一次經(jīng)歷with pleasure樂意a pleasure樂事抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗到的動作、行為或類別。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。物質(zhì)名詞有形或數(shù)的相應(yīng)物體時，有單、復(fù)數(shù)。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些飲料，a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料，his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。3.名詞所有格“s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：(1)用于表示時間、距離、價格、重量等的名詞后，如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight，ten dollars worth of coffee。(2)用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如：the worlds population，Chinas industry，New Yorks parks。4.名詞作定語英語中有些名詞沒有其對應(yīng)的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來作定語修飾另一個名詞。(1)分類意義。air pollution 空氣污染boy friend男朋友coffee cup咖啡杯 body language身體語言road accident交通事故 the Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎(2)時間、地點、稱呼等。Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生Professor Li李教授evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠(3)表目的、手段、來源、所屬意義。reception desk接待臺 sports field田徑場stone table石桌 color TV彩電5.幾組常考名詞辨析(1)cause，reason，excusecause是造成某種客觀事實或現(xiàn)象的原因，后接介詞of；reason是說明一種看法或行為的理由，后接介詞for；excuse是“借口、辯解”的意思。Carelessness is the cause of the accident.The reason for her ing late was that her car broke down on the way.Late again! Whats your excuse of this time?(2)sight，view，scene，scenerysight指“景色”時為可數(shù)名詞，往往指眼見的景色，如供人游覽的“美景”或“名勝”，尤指人工制成的景色。e and see the sights of London.view通常指自然景色，或指從遠(yuǎn)處或高處看到的景觀、景物。We can get a very good view of the sea from the top of the tower.scene所表達(dá)的景色常是scenery的一部分，常指自然景色，也可指舞臺的場景、現(xiàn)實生活中的場景、場面、情景。The sunrise is a beautiful scene.I was touched by the happy scene.scenery指某地總的自然風(fēng)景或景色，尤指美麗的鄉(xiāng)間景色，是不可數(shù)名詞。The best part of the trip was the scenery.It was fantastic.(3)award，reward兩者既可作名詞也可作動詞。award用作名詞時，意為“獎品”、“獎金”，用作動詞時，常用于award sth. to sb. 中；reward作名詞時，意為“報酬”、“獎勵”、“報答”，用作動詞時，常用于reward sb. for sth. 。He won the first award in the singing contest.He received a reward of  $ 900 from the police for catching the criminal.(4)habit，custom，customshabit指個人在長時間內(nèi)逐漸養(yǎng)成的、一時不易改變的行為和習(xí)慣；custom則強調(diào)社會、民族經(jīng)過一個較長時間過程而形成的“風(fēng)俗”、“習(xí)慣”；customs為復(fù)數(shù)名詞，意思是“關(guān)稅”、“進(jìn)口稅”，當(dāng)首字母大寫并與the連用時表示“海關(guān)”的意思。題組訓(xùn)練選詞填空1.“Tommy，run! Be quick! The house is on fire！” the mother shouted，with clearly panic in her voice.2.Theres a tradition in our office that when its somebodys birthday，they bring in a cake for us all to share.3.Whats the point，in your opinion，of helping him if he doesnt make an effort to help himself?4.The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major cause of global climate change.5.The cat jumped away，out of his reach.6.We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.7.How can I reward you for your help?8.Social customs vary greatly from country to country.1.Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the          youve made.(2018·江蘇，32)A.assignment B.associationC.acquisition D.assumption答案D解析句意為：努力弄明白實際正在發(fā)生的事情，而不是按照你做出的假設(shè)去行動。D項assumption意為“假設(shè)”，符合語境。youve made是定語從句，修飾assumption，make an assumption意為“做出假設(shè)”。assignment任務(wù)，作業(yè)；association聯(lián)系；acquisition獲得，得到。2.The          that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018·天津，6)A.advice B.orderC.possibility D.invitation答案C解析句意為：在宇宙的其他星球上存在著生命，這一可能性一直鼓舞著科學(xué)家們探索外太空。possibility意為“可能性”，符合語境，故選C。advice建議；order命令，秩序；invitation邀請，請柬。3.Can you tell us your          for happiness and a long life?Living every day to the full，definitely.(2016·江蘇，24)A.recipe B.recordC.range D.receipt答案A解析考查名詞詞義辨析。句意為：您能告訴我們您幸福與長壽的秘訣嗎？確切地說，是充實地過好每一天。根據(jù)答語可知，此處問的是幸福與長壽的秘訣。recipe秘訣，訣竅，符合句意。record記錄；range范圍；receipt收據(jù)，均不符合題意。4.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight          of rain later tonight.(2016·天津，10)A.effect B.senseC.change D.chance答案D解析考查名詞詞義辨析。句意為：天氣預(yù)報說多云，今天夜間下雨的可能性不大。chance意為“可能性”，符合語境。effect結(jié)果，效應(yīng)；sense感覺，理解力；change變化，改變。5.Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave.Id like to，but Im afraid she wont be happy with my         .(2015·江蘇，35)A.requests B.excusesC.apologies D.regrets答案C解析句意為：去向你媽媽道歉，戴夫。我想去，但我擔(dān)心她對我的道歉不滿意。request要求，請求；excuse理由，借口；apology道歉，致歉；regret懊悔，遺憾。根據(jù)前面的“say sorry”可知選C項。6.One of the most effective ways to reduce          is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2015·浙江，15)A.production B.stressC.energy D.power答案B解析考查名詞辨析。句意為：減少壓力最有效的方法之一就是與你信任的人談?wù)勀愕母惺?。stress壓力，緊張，符合語境。production生產(chǎn)，制作，產(chǎn)品；energy精力，活力，干勁；power權(quán)力，勢力，影響力。7.When he was running after his brother，the boy lost his          and had a bad fall.(2015·湖北，21)A.balance B.chanceC.memory D.place答案A解析句意為：當(dāng)這個男孩追趕哥哥的時候，他失去了平衡，狠狠地摔了一跤。根據(jù)句中的had a bad fall可知，這個男孩之所以摔倒是因為失去了平衡，lose ones balance意為“失去平衡”。chance機會；memory記憶；place地方。8.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some        and then let me know.(2015·安徽，30)A.thought B.supportC.protection D.authority答案A解析考查名詞辨析。句意為：現(xiàn)在沒有必要告訴我你的答案。思考一下，然后讓我知道。 thought思想，思考；support支持，維持，支援，供養(yǎng)；protection保護，防衛(wèi)；authority權(quán)威，權(quán)力，當(dāng)局。9.The failure was a big          to him，but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(2015·福建，24)A.blow B.issue C.excuse D.factor答案A解析句意為：這次失敗對他來說是一次不小的沖擊，但是他沒有氣餒，很快就變得和以往一樣有熱情了。blow打擊，痛擊，符合語境。issue問題；excuse借口；factor因素。10.Her          for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.(2014·湖北，21)A.motivation B.qualificationC.talent D.technique答案A解析考查名詞詞義辨析。句意為：她寫作的動機是希望女性獲得接受高等教育的權(quán)利。motivation動機，目的，符合句意。qualification資格，資歷；talent天才，天賦；technique技能，技巧。11.We most prefer to say yes to the          of someone we know and like.(2014·浙江，6)A.attempts B.requestsC.doubts D.promises答案B解析考查名詞詞義辨析。句意為：我們大都更愿意答應(yīng)我們所了解和喜歡的人的請求。request請求，要求，符合句意。attempt嘗試；doubt懷疑；promise保證，承諾。12.Could you tell me the          of making such tasty cakes?Well，I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014·福建，26)A.feature B.planC.cost D.trick答案D 解析句意為：你能告訴我制作如此美味的蛋糕的訣竅嗎？哦，我只是按照烹飪書上的說明來做的。feature特征，特點；plan計劃；cost費用；trick技巧。13.Why not buy a second-hand car first if you dont have enough money for a new one?Thats a good        .(2014·安徽，29)A.saying B.questionC.suggestion D.account答案C解析考查名詞詞義辨析。句意為：如果你的錢不夠買輛新車，你為什么不先買輛二手車呢？那是個好建議。suggestion建議，提議，符合句意。saying諺語，格言；question問題；account陳述，報告，賬戶。14.Carbon dioxide，which makes a        between us and the sun，prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily，so the earth is being warmer.(2013·湖北，22)A.difference B.parisonC.connection D.barrier答案D解析句意為：二氧化碳，在我們與太陽之間設(shè)置了一道屏障，阻止熱量輕易地散發(fā)到大氣層中，因此地球正變得更暖和。difference意為“區(qū)別，不同”；parison意為“對比，比較”；connection意為“聯(lián)系”；barrier意為“障礙，屏障”，故選D項。15.With inspiration from other food cultures，American food culture can take a        for the better.(2013·江蘇，33)A.share B.chance C.turn D.lead答案C解析句意為：受到了其他飲食文化的啟發(fā)，美國的飲食文化可以變得更好。take a share分擔(dān)，為出力；take a chance冒險；take a turn(情況、形勢等)轉(zhuǎn)變；轉(zhuǎn)彎；take a lead領(lǐng)先，帶頭。16.While she was in Paris，she developed a         for fine art.(2013·天津，7)A.way B.relationC.taste D.habit答案C解析考查名詞辨析。develop a taste for fine art意為“培養(yǎng)對美術(shù)的興趣”。way意為“方法”；relation意為“關(guān)系”；taste意為“口味；興趣”；habit意為“習(xí)慣”。17.Can I help you with it?I appreciate your        ， but I can manage it myself.(2012·江蘇，21)A.advice B.question C.offer D.idea答案C解析句意為：我可以幫你嗎？我感激你主動提供幫助，但我自己能完成。offer出價，(主動提供)幫助，符合題意。advice建議，勸告；question問題；idea想法，主意。18.Youd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future        .(2012·江西，29)A.purpose B.referenceC.progress D.memory答案B解析記下電話號碼是以備日后參考，for future reference是字典中的典型表達(dá)。19.He will e to understand your efforts sooner or later.Its just a matter of         .(2012·四川，15)A.luck B.valueC.time D.fact答案C解析考查名詞辨析。句意為：他遲早會理解你付出的努力的。這只是時間問題。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選C項。20.Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big         ，but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.(2011·湖北，22)A.project B.mitmentC.petition D.ambition答案B解析句意為：放棄我的工作并重新接受全日制教育是一個重大的決定，但現(xiàn)在我知道這是我做過的最好決定。project項目；mitment承諾；投入；花費；petition比賽；ambition志向。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選B項。1.When the first scientists came to the deserted region two years ago，they found little evidence of human          there.A.investigation B.consumptionC.experience D.occupation答案D解析句意為：當(dāng)?shù)谝慌茖W(xué)家兩年前來到這個荒無人煙的地方時，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那里幾乎沒有人類居住過的痕跡。occupation居住，占用，符合語境。investigation調(diào)查；consumption消費，消耗；experience經(jīng)歷，體驗。2.To better our cultural moral character，we students might as well increase our          for reading.A.qualification B.tendencyC.appetite D.application答案C解析句意為：為了提高我們的文化道德品質(zhì)，我們學(xué)生不妨增強我們的閱讀欲望。qualification資格；tendency趨勢；appetite強烈欲望，食欲；application申請。根據(jù)句意可知選C項。3.Elizabeth shows great          in her choice of friends，so she has a lot of trustworthy panions.(2018·揚州、泰州等七市三調(diào)，21)A.prehension B.discriminationC.determination D.consideration答案B解析句意為：伊麗莎白在選擇朋友的時候展現(xiàn)出了巨大的辨別力，所以她有很多值得信任的伙伴。prehension理解力；discrimination鑒別力，辨別力；determination決心；consideration考慮，體諒。根據(jù)句意可知，應(yīng)選B項。4.Shall I wear a hat to attend our daughters graduation ceremony?It doesnt make any difference，all depending on your own         .(2018·江蘇四星級學(xué)校聯(lián)考，28)A.character B.preferenceC.convenience D.privilege答案B解析句意為：我要戴一頂帽子去參加我們女兒的畢業(yè)典禮嗎？戴不戴都不會有影響，一切取決于你自己的偏好。character性格；preference偏愛，愛好；convenience方便，便利；privilege特權(quán)，優(yōu)惠待遇。5.In our country quite a few young ladies are trying extreme calorie          for a good figure by skipping supper.A.reservation B.restrictionC.consumption D.allocation答案B解析句意為：在我們國家不少年輕女士為了保持好身材正在通過不吃晚餐的方式來嘗試極端的卡路里(攝入)限制。restriction限制，約束，符合語境。reservation保留，預(yù)訂；consumption消耗；allocation分配。6.Due to the          of this medical technology，some diseases can be treated at the early stage.(2018·泰州中學(xué)高三上期中，22)A.appreciation B.applicationC.appointment D.approach答案B解析句意為：由于這種醫(yī)療技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，一些疾病可以在早期得到治療。appreciation感謝，欣賞；application應(yīng)用，申請；appointment約會；approach方法，接近。7.Sinclairs next puter，the ZX81，was an even bigger hit，and his panys          grew by 600% over the previous year.(2018·如東中學(xué)高三上期中，31)A.allowance B.receiptsC.finance D.salary答案B解析句意為：辛克萊的下一臺電腦the ZX81更加熱銷，他公司的收入比前一年增加了600%。allowance 津貼；receipts收款，收入；finance金融；salary薪水。根據(jù)句意可知答案為B。8.Every great acplishment rests on the          of what came before it；when you trace it back，youll see one small step that started it all.(2018·蘇錫常鎮(zhèn)一調(diào)，21)A.reputation B.expectationC.recreation D.foundation答案D解析reputation名聲；expectation期望；recreation娛樂；foundation基礎(chǔ)。根據(jù)句意可知，此處表達(dá)的是“每一項偉大的成就都依賴于之前所有的根基”。故選D。9.For the final          of our journey，we decided to take the coach.(2017·南京三模，22)A.leg B.roundC.distance D.path答案A解析句意為：對于我們旅行的最后一段路程，我們決定乘坐長途客車。leg腿，一段路程，the final leg最后一段路程，符合語境。round輪，局，場；distance距離；path小路，都不符合語境。故選A項。10.Many people tend to assume that          just means creating something new，but actually its more than thatits an attitude of doing things.(2017·南京、鹽城一模，21)A.imitation B.imaginationC.innovation D.inspiration答案C解析句意為：很多人往往認(rèn)為創(chuàng)新僅僅意味著創(chuàng)造新的東西，但事實上創(chuàng)新不止于此創(chuàng)新是一種做事的態(tài)度。innovation革新，創(chuàng)新，符合句意。imitation模仿，仿效；imagination想象，想象力；inspiration激勵，鼓勵，靈感，啟發(fā)。11.Excuse me.Id like to know more details on how the course is arranged.Well，the course is made up of 36 two-hour         ，which will mainly be given in the evenings or on weekends.(2018·江蘇高考壓軸，25)A.sessions B.curriculaC.terms D.criteria答案A解析句意為：打擾一下，我想了解更多這個課程的安排。好的，這個課程是由36個時長兩小時的課時組成的，主要在晚上或周末上課。session學(xué)期，(進(jìn)行某活動連續(xù)的)一段時間；curricula為curriculum的復(fù)數(shù)形式，意為“課程”；term學(xué)期；criteria為criterion的復(fù)數(shù)形式，意為“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。根據(jù)語境可知選A。12.As more and more panies extend their global         ，it is easy to understand why new opportunities birth in various locations.(2018·南京三模，29)A.concern B.appealC.reach D.consensus答案C解析根據(jù)句意“越來越多的公司在拓展他們的國際影響力”，reach作名詞和動詞表“影響”較?？疾榈剑綍r注意積累復(fù)習(xí)即可。13.In the Name of People，a popular TV drama，shows a deep          on the fight against corruption.A.argument B.themeC.reflection D.impression答案C解析句意為：深受歡迎的電視劇人民的名義深刻地反映了反腐的情況。argument爭論；theme主題；reflection反映；impression印象。根據(jù)句意可知，選C。14.Its said that a clean          is a soft pillow，with which we can have sweet dreams.(2018·揚州高三上期末，32)A.conscience B.criterionC.consciousness D.mitment答案A解析句意為：據(jù)說問心無愧是一個柔軟的枕頭，用它我們可以做好夢。conscience良心；criterion標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，尺度；consciousness意識，知覺；mitment承諾，保證。故選A。15.The quiet life of the country has never had          to me in that I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window.(2017·蘇錫常鎮(zhèn)四市一模，21)A.appeal B.appetiteC.affection D.application 答案A解析句意為：寧靜的鄉(xiāng)村生活對于我來說從來都沒有吸引力，因為我一直認(rèn)為鄉(xiāng)村只是人們透過火車窗戶看的風(fēng)景而已。appeal吸引力，魅力；appetite胃口，欲望；affection喜愛，鐘愛；application申請，運用。根據(jù)句意知選A項。16.Is it mon practice that salesmen receive a          of 10 percent on all sales made？(2017·南京、鹽城二模，23)A.deposit B.receiptC.pension D.mission答案D解析句意為：推銷人員得到所有銷售額百分之十的傭金是慣例嗎？deposit儲蓄，存款；receipt收條，收據(jù)；pension退休金，養(yǎng)老金；mission傭金。故選D項。17.Many people choose to buy new apartments near schools and supermarkets for they want to have the          of living and studying.A.privilege B.requirementC.convenience D.achievement答案C解析句意為：許多人選擇在學(xué)校和超市附近買新房，因為他們想要擁有學(xué)習(xí)和生活上的便利。根據(jù)句意可知，convenience方便，便利，符合語境。privilege特權(quán)，特殊待遇；requirement要求；achievement成就，成績。18.I will keep you informed of my          so that you can know how I am going along.A.predictions B.ambitionsC.updates D.concerns答案C解析句意為：我會不斷給你提供我的最新消息以便于你可以了解我的近況。根據(jù)句意可知，update最新消息，符合語境。prediction預(yù)測，預(yù)言；ambition夙愿，理想；concern擔(dān)憂。19.Everyone thinks that the governments          that all the citizens should value our countrys traditional culture is very reasonable.A.appeal B.promiseC.mand D.responsibility答案A解析句意為：大家都認(rèn)為政府呼吁所有公民應(yīng)該重視我國的傳統(tǒng)文化是非常合理的。根據(jù)句意可知，appeal呼吁，吁請，符合語境。此外，設(shè)空后的that在句中引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句，解釋說明appeal的具體內(nèi)容。promise承諾，許諾；mand命令；responsibility責(zé)任。20.Yunnan is one of the origin centres of tea plants and has a wide          of wild tea plants.A.allocation B.circulationC.evaluation D.distribution答案D解析句意為：云南是茶樹的起源中心地之一，那里野生茶樹(資源)分布廣泛。根據(jù)句意可知，distribution分配，分布，符合語境。allocation配給，分配；circulation流通，循環(huán)；evaluation評價，評估。