2019高考英語三輪沖刺 大題提分 大題精做3 閱讀理解 議論文（含解析）

閱讀理解 議論文精選大題A【2018·全國II】Weve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. Whats the problem? Its possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging, or we think its annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(潤滑劑) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互動) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says.1. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?A. Addiction to smartphones.B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.C. Absence of communication between strangers.D. Impatience with slow service.2. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?A. Showing good manners.B. Relating to other people.C. Focusing on a topic.D. Making business deals.3. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?A. It improves family relationships.B. It raises peoples confidence.C. It matters as much as a formal talk.D. It makes people feel good.4. What is the best title for the text?A. Conversation CountsB. Ways of Making Small TalkC. Benefits of Small TalkD. Uncomfortable Silence【答案】1-4 CBDC【解析】這是一篇議論文。在當(dāng)今社會，人們在公共場合或沉迷于智能手機(jī)，或與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)?，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。但人與人之間是需要適當(dāng)?shù)慕徽勯e聊的，閑聊是人際關(guān)系社會交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好處。1.C主旨大意題。題干問的是：第一段描述了什么現(xiàn)象。在公共場合（比如在電梯里，在銀行排隊(duì)，或在飛機(jī)上）人們深深地專注于他們的智能手機(jī)，或者更糟糕的是，與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)?。由此可知，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。A項(xiàng)意為：沉迷于智能手機(jī)。B項(xiàng)意為：在公共場所不適當(dāng)?shù)男袨椤項(xiàng)意為：陌生人之間缺乏溝通。D項(xiàng)意為：對緩慢的服務(wù)不耐煩。故選C項(xiàng)。2.B推理判斷題。題干問得是對于Carducci來說，成功的閑聊中重要的是什么。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功閑聊的關(guān)鍵是學(xué)習(xí)如何與他們交流，而不僅僅是與他們溝通。）由此推斷B符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：表現(xiàn)出良好的禮貌。B項(xiàng)意為：與他人有關(guān)的。C項(xiàng)意為：專注于一個話題。D項(xiàng)意為：做商業(yè)交易。故選B項(xiàng)。3.D推理判斷題。題干問的是：咖啡店的研究對閑聊有什么建議。根據(jù)第四段的調(diào)查結(jié)果可知，那些與服務(wù)員聊天的人，有顯著的積極情緒和更好的咖啡店體驗(yàn)。由此可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：閑聊改善了家庭關(guān)系。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊提高了人們的信心。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊和正式談話一樣重要。D項(xiàng)意為：閑聊讓人感覺很好。故選D項(xiàng)。4.C主旨大意題。整篇文章剛開始介紹了社會的現(xiàn)象（公共場合人們沉迷于智能手機(jī)，陌生人之間缺乏溝通交流），接著分析了這一問題的原因，接下來有專家對閑聊進(jìn)行了研究，最后得出結(jié)論，閑聊都有什么樣的好處。A項(xiàng)意為：談話很重要。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的方法。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的好處。D項(xiàng)意為：不舒服的沉默。故選C項(xiàng)。B【2018·江蘇】In the 1760s, MathurinRoze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Takevisual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and tastier.Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places. fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way toencourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longerand spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending"bad" tables, crowding,high prices dont necessarily. Diners at bad tables next to the kitchen door, say spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about bad tables, given that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.5. The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A. not aware of eating more than usual B. not willing to share food with othersC. not conscious of the food quality D. not fond of the food provided6. How could a fine dining shop make more profit?A. Playing classical music.B. Introducing lemon scent.C. Making the light brighter,D. Using plates of larger size.7. What does the last paragraph talk about?A. Tips to attract more customers.B. Problems restaurants are faced with.C. Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants.【答案】5-7 AAD【解析】本文是一篇議論文。論述了現(xiàn)代餐館面臨的經(jīng)營困境和解決方案，通過對比快餐店和正規(guī)餐館提出，現(xiàn)代餐飲業(yè)可以通過味道（比如薰衣草相比檸檬更能刺激消費(fèi)者的食欲）、燈光的明暗（比如暗的燈光更能夠刺激顧客食欲）等吸引顧客。5. A詞義猜測題。根據(jù)該句中“they didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert”可知，他們沒有感覺更飽，想要再吃一點(diǎn)甜點(diǎn)；據(jù)此可以判斷，劃線詞表示“他們沒有意識到比平時吃得多”，故選A項(xiàng)。6. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第三、四句“One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart (莫扎特). When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more.”可知，在餐館播放古典音樂能延長顧客在餐館的時間，從而促進(jìn)餐館贏得更多的利潤，故選A項(xiàng)。7.D 主旨大意題。通讀尾段可知，該段第一句“Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending “bad tables, crowding, high prices dont necessarily”為該段的主題段；結(jié)合全段內(nèi)容可知，該段主要論述了人們對餐館的常見誤解，故選D項(xiàng)。模擬精做A【中原名校2018-2019學(xué)年高三第四次質(zhì)量考評英語試題】I have an entrepreneur friend, Arthur, who always wears a suit. I take the mick that Ive never seen him in casual clothes and his response is: “The suit is the uniform of business.” But in my business, the uniform has often been torn jeans and glitter or computer programmer T-shirts. Either way, work clothing can be flexible, as long as its appropriate. At WAH Nails, many of the team say that one of the special benefits is that they dont have to suppress(抑制) their identity at work. But when we opened in a new location, I thought we needed a uniform to make the nail artists easily identifiable. In the team meeting showing potential branded T-shirts, one of the artists, Holli, said sheepishly: “But when Im wearing a plain black logo T-shirt, I just dont feel my Stylebrat self.” (Stylebrat is her name.) She was right. We hired women with unique taste, so why was I trying to turn them into a homogenous(同類的) worker army? We got rid of the shirts and everyone was relieved.On the other hand, without a uniform or loose dress code, I personally struggle to keep the style bar high every day. I love going into offices where I see that the founder has a distinct style that has moved slowly down to the team. In the fashion industry especially, this appropriation of crew style shows harmonious, which is essential for business success. Work clothing can unite you in your goals. It also removes distraction.I have no hesitation wearing the same(clean) outfit two days in a row. Id say my look is Busy Working Style Mom, mixing sportswear with suiting. I have 10 black jackets that I pair with one of 20 blue Zara jeans. Sometimes youre just there to get the job done, not to worry a lot about your appearance.8.What is the clothing style of the staff at WAH Nails?A.It is formal.B.It is fashionable.C.It is characteristic.D.It is traditional.9.What does the paragraph 2 mainly talk about?A.A style loved by all workers in a company.B.The benefits of wearing a uniform in work.C.The importance of the founders taste in fashion.D.The importance of a friendly atmosphere in business.10.What does the author suggest people do in the last paragraph?A.Women should have their own style.B.Workers can wear jeans instead of dresses.C.People can wear the same clothes for several days.D.People should not care too much about their appearance.11.Who may the text be intended for?A.Artists.B.Computer programmers.C.Working staff.D.Women teachers.【答案】8-11CBDC【解析】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文，作者就上班時人們究竟該如何穿著這一話題給出了她自己的看法：不要過于在意自己的外表，把工作做好才是關(guān)鍵。8.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“We hired women with unique taste, so why was I trying to turn them into a homogenous(同類的) worker army?”可知，我們雇傭了有獨(dú)特品味的女性，所以我為什么要把她們變成同質(zhì)的工人大軍？由此可知，WAH Nails 的工裝風(fēng)格是有特色的，故C項(xiàng)正確。9.B主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容，特別是“Work clothing can unite you in your goals. It also removes distraction.”可知，工裝能讓你們在目標(biāo)上團(tuán)結(jié)一致，還能消除干擾，由此可知，本段主要介紹了穿工裝的好處，故B項(xiàng)正確。10.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Sometimes youre just there to get the job done, not to worry a lot about your appearance.”可知，有時候你在那只是為了完成工作，而不是太在意自己的外表，由此可知作者建議人們不必太在意自己的外表，故D項(xiàng)正確。11.C推理判斷題。通讀全文可知本文主要討論工作時應(yīng)該如何著裝的問題，由此可知文章的目標(biāo)讀者應(yīng)該是是上班族，故C項(xiàng)正確。B【江蘇省南通泰州七市2019屆高三第一次調(diào)研考試】When a driver slams on the brakes to avoid hitting a pedestrian crossing the road illegally, she is making a moral decision that shifts risk from the pedestrian to the people in the car. Self-driving cars might soon have to make such ethical (道德的)judgments on their own but settling on a universal moral code for the vehicles could be a tough task, suggests a survey.The largest ever survey of machine ethics, called the Moral Machine, laid out 13 possible situations in which someones death was unavoidable. Respondents were asked to choose who to spare in situations that involved a mix of variables: young or old, rich or poor, more people or fewer. Within 18 months, the online quiz had recorded 40 million decisions made by people from 233 countries and territories.When the researchers analysed these answers, they found that the nations could be divided into three groups. One contains North America and several European nations where Christianity has been the dominant (占支配地位的)religion; another includes countries such as Japan, Indonesia and Pakistan, with strong Confucian or Islamic traditions. A third group consists of countries in Central and South America, such as Colombia and Brazil. The first group showed a stronger preference for sacrificing older lives to save younger ones than did the second group, for example.The researchers also identified relationships between social and economic factors in a country. They found that people from relatively wealthy countries with strong institutions, such as Finland and Japan, more often chose to hit people who stepped into traffic illegally than did respondents in nations with weaker institutions, such as Nigeria or Pakistan.People rarely face such moral dilemmas, and some cities question whether the possible situations posed in the online quiz are relevant to the ethical and practical questions surrounding driverless cars. But the researchers argue that the findings reveal cultural differences that governments and makers of self-driving cars must take into account if they want the vehicles to gain public acceptance.At least Barbara Wege, who heads a group working on autonomous-vehicle ethics at Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, says such studies are valuable. Wege argues that self-driving cars would cause fewer accidents, proportionally, than human drivers do each yearbut that people might focus more on events involving robots.Surveys such as the Moral Machine can help to begin public discussions about these unavoidable accidents that might develop trust. “We need to come up with a social consensus,” she says, “about which risks we are willing to take.”12Why is it difficult to set universal moral rules for programming self-driving cars?ASocial values always change with the times.BMoral choices vary between different cultures.CDrivers have a preference for sacrificing the weak.DCar makers are faced with decisions of life or death.13The researchers conducted the study by_.Ausing a massive online quiz worldwideBcomparing different cultures and customsCdividing the respondents into three groupsDperforming a series of controlled experiments14According to the study, in which country are drivers more likely to hit a pedestrian crossing the road illegally?ANigeria BColombiaCFinland DIndonesia15Barbara Wege would probably agree that _.ASelf-driving cars will greatly improve the traffic environmentBAccidents caused by self-driving cars might receive more attentionCProblems involving self-driving cars might shake the public trust in societyDCar makers neednt take the risk of solving self-driving car ethical dilemmas【答案】12-15BACB【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講了當(dāng)一名司機(jī)猛踩剎車以避免撞到非法穿越馬路的行人時，她是在做一個道德上的決定，將風(fēng)險從行人轉(zhuǎn)移到車內(nèi)的人。自動駕駛汽車可能很快就不得不做出這樣的道德的判斷了。12B推理判斷題。根據(jù)題目定位到第一段but settling on a universal moral code for the vehicles could be a tough task,suggests a survey. 看到下一段講了這個survey，第三段揭示了研究結(jié)果：nations could be divided into three groups，第四段also identified in a country，通過nations，country可知實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果按照不同國家劃分，可見是文化差異different cultures，故選B。13A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二行online quiz可知A正確；B選項(xiàng)作者只是展示不同文化的moral choices，未提及比較；C選項(xiàng)根據(jù)第三段開頭analyzed these answers, they found that nations could be divided into three groups說明divided是研究結(jié)果得出的，而非conduct the study使用的方法；D選項(xiàng)文章未提及experiment，research是通過analyzed these answers得出的，故選A。14C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題目定位到第四段第三行Finland and Japan, more often chose to hit people who stepped into traffic illegally可知根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，芬蘭的司機(jī)更有可能撞上非法穿越馬路的行人，故選C。15B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)人名定位到最后兩段，最后一段Surveyscan help to begin public discussions about these unavoidable accidents可知Barbara Wege可能會同意無人駕駛汽車引發(fā)的事故可能會受到更多關(guān)注，B正確；A選項(xiàng)倒數(shù)第二段只提到cause fewer accidents, proportionally不等于greatlyimprove；C選項(xiàng)最后一段that might develop trust可知C錯誤；D選項(xiàng)car makers neednt take risk文章完全沒有提及，故選B。C【2017·江蘇卷】A new commodity brings about a highly profitable，fast­growing industry, urging antitrust (反壟斷) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants (巨頭) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new­born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.But there is cause for concern. The Internet has made data abundant, all­present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a “Gods eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is requiredand as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger (兼并)，for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets (資產(chǎn)) when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new­born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new­born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data and give more to those who supply them. Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users consent.Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy. But if governments don't want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon. 16.Why is there a call to break up giants?A.They have controlled the data market.B.They collect enormous private data.C.They no longer provide free services.D.They dismissed some new­born giants.17.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?A.Data giants technology is very expensive.B.Googles idea is popular among data firms.C.Data can strengthen giants controlling position.D.Data can be turned into new services or products. 18.By paying attention to firms data assets, antitrust regulators could _.A.kill a new threatB.avoid the size trapC.favour bigger firmsD.charge higher prices19.What is the purpose of loosening the giants control of data?A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure.B.Governments could relieve their financial pressure.C.Consumers could better protect their privacy.D.Small companies could get more opportunities.【答案】16-19 A C B D【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要論述了數(shù)據(jù)信息壟斷企業(yè)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致的后果以及反壟斷的措施、對反對數(shù)據(jù)壟斷的未來展望。16. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第三句“Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants (巨頭) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age.”和第二段第一句“Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.”可知，人們呼吁打破壟斷的原因是數(shù)據(jù)信息壟斷機(jī)構(gòu)控制了數(shù)據(jù)市場，故選A項(xiàng)。注意B項(xiàng)中的private data，文中并沒有提到私人數(shù)據(jù)，此題易誤選B項(xiàng)。17. C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第四、五句“But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services:translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies.Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power.”可知，數(shù)據(jù)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為新的服務(wù)和商品，被賣給其他公司；因特網(wǎng)公司對數(shù)據(jù)的控制給了它們巨大的權(quán)力。據(jù)此可以判斷，數(shù)據(jù)可以增強(qiáng)壟斷公司的控制地位，故選C項(xiàng)。18. B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第二、三句“When considering a merger (兼并)，for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets (資產(chǎn)) when assessing the impact of deals.”可知，傳統(tǒng)意義上的反壟斷組織用公司的大小來決定何時介入，而現(xiàn)在評估時則要考慮公司的數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)規(guī)模。據(jù)此可知，關(guān)注數(shù)據(jù)評估，旨在避免陷入傳統(tǒng)的“以公司大小”評估的陷阱，故選B項(xiàng)。19. D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中的“The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new­born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new­born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.”以及對第六段的理解可知，反壟斷部門應(yīng)該采取行動，使幾大因特網(wǎng)巨頭放松對數(shù)據(jù)的控制，使新生的小公司得到更多的發(fā)展機(jī)會，故選D項(xiàng)。D【2017·天津卷】I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient socie