2022年高考英語 沖刺講義五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

2022年高考英語 沖刺講義五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)1. 常用?？嫉膭?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和用法：（以do為例）名稱構(gòu)成用法一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do/does,( 連系動(dòng)詞is/am/are )1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。2.主句是一般將來時(shí),時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.3.在以here,there開頭的句子里，go,e等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。There goes the bell.鈴響了。There es the bus.汽車來了。Here she es.她來了。一般過去時(shí)did,( 連系動(dòng)詞was/were)表達(dá)特定的過去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is/am/are doing1.表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2.表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。My father is ing to see me this Saturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來看我。3.代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動(dòng)。The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.長江江水滾滾向東流。The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were doing1.表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（這一過去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示動(dòng)作在另一過去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行They were still working when I left.3.用在兩個(gè)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示過去將來動(dòng)作He said she was arriving the next day.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has/have done1.表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，說話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作。I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.2.表示從過去開始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語連用。He has learned English for six years.They have worked here since they left college.3.表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have/has gone to”。 Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.4.短暫動(dòng)詞（即瞬間動(dòng)詞），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,e,arrive,die,marry, finish,plete,begin,start,break out等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。不能說：He has joined the army for three years.要翻譯“他已參軍已經(jīng)三年了。”可采用“ago法”He joined the army three years ago.“延續(xù)法”He has been in the army for three years.“since法”It is/has been three years since he joined the army.過去完成時(shí)had done1.表示在過去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up till this morning.2.表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)來表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.將來完成時(shí)will/shall have done用來表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻（前）將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短語，when,before引起的時(shí)間狀語連用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)has/have been doing用來表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（還要繼續(xù)下去）的動(dòng)作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been doing表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去時(shí)刻才完成，還將繼續(xù)下去。一般將來時(shí)will/shall dois/am/are going to dois/am/are（about）to do一般將來時(shí)表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀況（詳見下面2.一般將來時(shí)的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較）過去將來時(shí)would/should dowas/were going to dowas/were（about）to do1.相對(duì)于過去某一時(shí)刻而言即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)He told me he would go to Beijing.他告訴我他將去北京。I was told that he was going to return home.有人告訴我他準(zhǔn)備回家。2. would do(表示過去的習(xí)慣)總是,總會(huì),常常He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接連好幾個(gè)小時(shí)默默地坐著。2.一般將來時(shí)的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較將來時(shí)用 法例 句1be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 2be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.3be to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見Were to meet at the school gate at noon.4一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.3.容易混淆的時(shí)態(tài)比較項(xiàng) 目區(qū) 別例 句一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或造成的結(jié)果We havent heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _ to her?A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened說明：說話者強(qiáng)調(diào)Jane 目前的狀況.Mr. Lee, who _ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has workedB. had workedC. workedD. works (只說明他過去當(dāng)過木匠不涉及到現(xiàn)在) 一般過去時(shí)只表達(dá)過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Hello, I _ you were in London. How long _ here?A. dont know; were you B. hadnt known; are youC. havent known; are D. didnt know; have you been說明：didnt know 強(qiáng)調(diào)見面前不知道I read the novel last month. (只說明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。（知道那本書的內(nèi)容）著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)Hi, Tracy, you look tired. I am tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 說明：強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作I dont really work here. I _ until the new secretary _.A. just help out; es B. have just helped out; will eC. am just helping out; es D. will just help out; has e說明：指目前一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, until 引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句,動(dòng)詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 Hey, look where you are going! Oh, Im terribly sorry. _. A. Im not noticing. B. I wasnt noticing. C. I havent noticed. D. I dont notice.說明：對(duì)話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對(duì)方時(shí)正在做的事情.一般過去時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較一般過去時(shí)只表達(dá)過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Tom_ into the house when no one _.A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed說明：slip和notice 為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此B、C為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，slipped指過去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作（他溜進(jìn)去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒有人注意）。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.He _ a book about China last year, but I dont know if he _ it.A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finishedC. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish說明：正確選項(xiàng)為B. 從I dont know if he has finished it.推斷，他去年一直在寫。II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu) 成常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu) 成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are done6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being done2一般過去時(shí)was/were done7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been done3一般將來時(shí)shall/will be done8過去完成時(shí)had been done4過去將來時(shí)should/would be done9將來完成時(shí)will/would have been done5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being done10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/may be done注意事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)be going to, used to,have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示：It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said that It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed that It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句型1.常見句式是：主語（受動(dòng)者）be過去分詞（by施動(dòng)者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.2.主語get過去分詞其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by施動(dòng)者”3.帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。She lent me a bike.®被動(dòng)：I was lent a bike(by her). A bike was lent to me(by her).4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過去分詞：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5.雙重被動(dòng)式：主語被動(dòng)式謂語不定式的被動(dòng)式其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The murderer was ordered to be shot.下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義1.不及物動(dòng)詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見動(dòng)詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。 These books sell well.這些書好賣。The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。 Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長久。The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。2.一些連系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式形容詞。常見動(dòng)look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的幾種情況1.I teach myself French.不可變?yōu)镸yself is taught French.因?yàn)榉瓷泶~不可作主語。2.We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped by us.因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語。3.He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him.因?yàn)橄髄ose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought這類動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。4.She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)門he sports meet was taken part in by her.因?yàn)橄髏ake part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。含有短語動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中介詞不能丟Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.特別注意以下句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.下面詞或短語沒有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等