（通用版）2019中考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 名詞講義

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1、名詞 學(xué)員姓名： 年 級(jí)： 輔導(dǎo)科目：英語(yǔ) 學(xué)科教師： 授課日期 授課時(shí)段 授課主題 名詞 教學(xué)內(nèi)容 課前回顧 知識(shí)梳理 知識(shí)點(diǎn)1：名詞 1. 名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù) 　 可數(shù)名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數(shù)來計(jì)量，它有單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。不可數(shù)名詞指所表示的事物不能用數(shù)來計(jì)量。物質(zhì)名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目，來統(tǒng)計(jì)，都成為不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來表示數(shù)量，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。要表示“一個(gè)……”這一概念，就須加a piece of這一類短語(yǔ)。要注意許多名詞在漢語(yǔ)里看來是可數(shù)名詞，在英語(yǔ)

2、里卻不可數(shù)。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。 2. 名詞的復(fù)數(shù) 名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)口訣 2.1規(guī)則變化 名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)，直接加 —s 占多數(shù)； s， x， z， ch， sh 來結(jié)尾，直接加上 —es； 詞尾是 f 或 fe，加 —s 之前先變 ve； 輔母 + y 在詞尾，把 y 變 i 再加 —es； 詞尾字母若是 o，常用三個(gè)已足夠， 要加 —es 請(qǐng)記好，hero， tomato， potato。 2.2不規(guī)則變化 男人女人 a 變 e，鵝足牙 oo 變 ee； 老鼠虱婆也好記，ous 變 ic； 孩子

3、加上 ren，魚鹿綿羊不用變。 【注】 2.2.1.英語(yǔ)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)的區(qū)別，單數(shù)表示“一”，復(fù)數(shù)表示“多于一。”名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)，多數(shù)是規(guī)則的變，直接加—s，例如：book → books， girl → girls。 但以 —s， —ss， —z， —x，—ch， —sh 結(jié)尾的名詞，變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)加 —es， 例如：bus → buses， class→classes buzz →buzzes， box → boxes， watch → watches， brush →brushes 以o結(jié)尾的名詞，是加s構(gòu)成的復(fù)數(shù)：kilo→kilos， piano→pianos， r

4、adio→radios， photo→photos， zoo→zoos 2.2.2. —f(e) 結(jié)尾的名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)歌訣： ①樹葉半數(shù)自已黃，妻子拿刀去割糧，架后竄出一只狼，就像強(qiáng)盜逃命忙。 ②妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷嚇得發(fā)了慌，躲在架 后保己命，半片樹葉遮目光。 如：leaf(樹葉，葉子)，half (一半)，self (自已)，wife (妻子)，knife (刀子)，shelf (架子)，wolf (狼)， thief (竊賊，強(qiáng)盜) 和 life(生命)，這些名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，都要改 —f (e) 為 v，再加 —es。 2.2.3. —f 結(jié)尾的名詞直接加 —s

5、變復(fù)數(shù)歌訣：海灣邊、屋頂上，首領(lǐng)奴仆兩相望；誰(shuí)說他們無信仰，證據(jù)寫在手帕上。例如：gulf，roof， chief， serf， belief， proof，handkerchief，這些名詞變復(fù)數(shù)直接加 —s。 注：scarf(圍巾；披風(fēng)) 可以先改 f 為 ve 再加—s，也可直接加 —s。 2.2.4. 輔音字母 + y 結(jié)尾的名詞，把 y 變 i 加 —es。例如：baby →babies， country → countries， family → families； 而—y 前是元音時(shí)，—y 不變，直接加 —s。例如：day → days， boy → boys 2

6、.2.5. 以 —o 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，多數(shù)直接加 —s。例如：radio → radios， piano → pianos， kangaroo → kangaroos；有的須加—es，可以通過一句口訣來記憶：黑人英雄愛吃西紅柿和土豆。即：Negro→ Negroes， hero → heroes， tomato → tomatoes， potato → potatoes； 有的以 o 結(jié)尾的名詞既可加 —s 也可加—es。例如：volcano (火山) → volcanos / volcanoes 等。 2.2.6. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化需要特別記憶。例如：man → men，

7、 woman →women， goose → geese， foot → feet， tooth → teeth ，mouse → mice， louse (虱子) → lice， child → children， fish → fish， deer (鹿) → deer， sheep → sheep 等。 2.2.7. 表示“某國(guó)人”的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式變化可通過歌訣記憶： 中日不變英法變，其余 —s加后面。 例如：1)Chinese → Chinese， Japanese →Japanese； 2)Englishman → Englishmen， Englishwoman →Engl

8、ishwomen， Frenchman → Frenchmen， Frenchwoman →Frenchwomen； 3)American → Americans， Russian →Russians， Arab → Arabs， German → Germans 等。 2.2.8.不可數(shù)名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。有些不可數(shù)名詞可借助單位詞表示一定的數(shù)量。例如：a cup of tea 一杯茶， two pieces of paper 兩張紙， an item of news 一則新聞 2.2.9.復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式： editor—in—chief→edito

9、rs—in—chief Daughter—in—law→daughters—in—law grown—up→grown—ups Woman teacher→women teachers man driver→men drivers 2.2.10．注意一下幾個(gè)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問題 1）物質(zhì)名詞一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但有些物質(zhì)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式來表示不同的類別，如fish(魚肉)→fishes（各種魚），fruit（水果）→fruits（各種水果） steel（鋼鐵/材）→steels（各種鋼材） 2）有些抽象名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同的含義： Arm（手臂）→arms（軍火），

10、glass（玻璃）→glasses（眼鏡）， Cloth（布）→clothes（衣服）， water（水）→waters（水域，海洋等） Force（力量）→forces（軍隊(duì)）， game（游戲）→games（運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）， paper（紙張）→papers（報(bào)紙）， people（人，人們）→peoples（民族），manner（方式）→manners（禮貌）， time（時(shí)間）→times（時(shí)代）， spirit（精神）→spirits（心情）， sand（沙）→sands（沙漠）， interest(興趣) →interests（利益）， work（工作

11、）→works（著作）， coffee（咖啡）→coffees（幾杯咖啡） 3. 物質(zhì)名詞(不可數(shù)名詞)量的表示方法 3.1用much，a little，a lot of等表示 3.2用容器表示 a bowl of rice，a glass of water，a cup of tea，a piece of， orange，two glasses of milk，two pieces of paper 4. 名詞的所有格 4.1 名詞所有格的構(gòu)成法 A.單數(shù)名詞詞尾加’ s，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾若沒有s，也要加’ s。 the worker's bike，the Childr

12、en’ s ball B.表示幾個(gè)人共有一樣?xùn)|西，只需在最后一個(gè)人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，則需在各個(gè)名字后’ s。如： This is Lucy and Licy’ s room. These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms. C. 如果是通過在詞尾加—s構(gòu)成的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，只加’。如: the students’ books，the girls’ blouses 4.2名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的，我們就用’s結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無生命的，我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系.如: the legs of t

13、he desk，the door of the room 但在表示名詞所有格時(shí)，’ s結(jié)構(gòu)也?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成of結(jié)構(gòu)。有些表示時(shí)間，距離、國(guó)家、城市等無生命的東西的名詞，也可以加’s來構(gòu)成所有格.如: ten minutes' walk，today's newspaper 隨堂練習(xí)： 1.According to a recent survey, more and more _______ prefer to shop on line. A. person B. people C. man D. Woman 2.On the top of t

14、he _______ you can have a bird's eyes view of the whole city.(build) 3.The police will try to find out the ________ of the traffic accident.(true) 4.Mr. Ren, a Chinese________, began to study global climate change more than a decade ago.(science) 5. Teenagers should learn to protect ______ from a

15、ll kinds of danger. A. they B. them C. their D. themselves 6. Could you please get me some _______ ? I’m hungry. A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg 7. I don’t know why a successful person often has many . (enemy) 8. May I use your laptop? I left

16、 at home this morning. (my) 9. Mark isn’t feeling well now as she had too much _______ just now. A. potato B. noodle C. bread D. biscuit 10. It is reported that three bank have happened lately in the city. (robbery) 11. He had to make a between staying

17、 with his parents and going abroad. (choose) 12. There were so many in the street today because it was a national holiday. A student B. traffic C. policeman D. people 13. Ben went on a trip to the mountains last week and took many there. (photo) 14. The students had a

18、 in the English class yesterday. (discuss) 15. In the Guinness Book of Records, there are some amazing stories about . (memorize) 16. The president will give a on the morning of the National Day. (speak) 17. Professor Lee gave us much on how to live a low carbon life in bi

19、g cities. A. tip B. suggestion C. advice D. idea 18. After six in prison, the famous music producer and director was set free. (month) 19. With the of economy, our life is getting better and better, (develop) 答案： 1—5 B building truth scientist D 6—10 C enemies mi

20、ne C robberies 11—15 choice D photos discussion memory 16—19 speech C months development 專題過關(guān) 20. Tom's mother works in our school. She is a of English. (teach) 21. Never give up trying, and will finally come to you. (succeed) 22. Most are red when ripe ($3&), b

21、ut some kinds are yellow. (tomato) 23. If you don't like the products, feel free to make a to the manager. (complain) 24. Keeping pet dogs can help people learn more about life and . (die) 25. Detective Ken is now working on a that took place yesterday. (rob) 26. I imagine y

22、ou’re tired from the journey. The underlined part means_______. A. guess B. plan C. wonder D. hope 27. He turned off the light and the room was in complete . (dark) 28. You must judge a person by his not by what he says. (act) 29. Steve Jobs’ made

23、 the fans of Apple from all over the world very sad. (die) 30. His hobby is to collect from different countries. (coin) 31. This shop sells all kinds of __________ from different countries. (watch) 32. Jane felt nervous when she made her first __________ in front the whole school. (sp

24、eak) 33. I telephoned Jane just now, but she wasn’t in. I has to leave her a(n) _______. A. advice B. information C. message D. paper 34. Big Ben is a famous _______in London. A. statue B. museum C. park D. clock 35. Walking in the space is one of the _

25、____ of our time. (wonder) 36. People in England prefer to buy many in the supermarket at weekends. A. bread B. meat C. rice D. potatoes 37. The 3rd China’s Got Talent offers the child a chance to show his special _______. (able) 38. Williams gave his students a

26、wonderful ________on Manners last Wednesday.(speak) 39. -----Would you like some______? -----OH, YES, just a little A. milk B. apple C. pears D. oranges 40. President hujingtao made a ________on TV last Wednesday to welcome the new year. (speak) 41. My father has worked as an

27、 _________ in the factory for several years. (engine) 42. Do you know who will make a________ on the history of the USA this afternoon? (speak) 43. As we all know the best way to learn English is to practise more. The underlined part means “_____” A. idea B. advice C. thing D.

28、 method 44. Life is simple. You make_______, and you don’t look back. (choice) 45. Almost everyone agreed that the New Year party was a great_______. (succeed) 46. Our headmaster will make a to the parents on the School Open Day. (speak) 47. After discussing for a whole day, they finall

29、y reached a to solve the problem. (conclude) 20—25 teacher success tomatoes complaint death robbery 26—30 A darkness action death coins 31—35 watches speech C D wonders 36—40 D ability(abilities) speech A speech 41—47 engineer speech D choices success speech conclusion 課堂小結(jié) 課后復(fù)習(xí) 8