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1、第第 4 講講 介介詞詞 1. I always wanted to do the job which Id been trained _. (2011浙江卷) A. on B. for C. by D. of【答案及解析答案及解析】1. B本題考點(diǎn)為介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配。句意為“我總想從事我一直以來(lái)為此被訓(xùn)練的工作?!边€原定語(yǔ)從句部分,應(yīng)該是“Id been trained for the job”。 train作動(dòng)詞意為“訓(xùn)練”,介詞for表目的。 2. I guess weve already talked about this before but Ill ask you again ju
2、st _. (2010浙江卷) A. by nature B. in return C. in case D. by chance【答案及解析答案及解析】2. C考查介詞短語(yǔ)的辨析。句意為“我覺(jué)得我們以前已經(jīng)談?wù)撨^(guò)這件事情了,但是以防萬(wàn)一,我還是再問(wèn)你一次吧。”by nature天生地,天然地;in return作為回報(bào);in case以防萬(wàn)一;by chance偶然地,碰巧。介詞又叫前置詞,是一種虛詞。介詞分為三種:簡(jiǎn)單介詞,如at, in, on, beside, to, for等;短語(yǔ)介詞,即由兩個(gè)以上的詞組成的短語(yǔ),如in front of, because of, instead o
3、f等;二重介詞,如until after, from behind等。介詞的種類 介詞不能獨(dú)立在句中作成分,介詞后必須與名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,表示人、物、事件等與其他人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。1作定語(yǔ):The book _on_the_table is mine. 2作狀語(yǔ):We have breakfast at_seven._(表時(shí)間)They were late for meeting because_of the heavy rain. (表原因)They started the machine by_pressing the button. (表方式) 介
4、詞的句法功能 3作表語(yǔ):My dictionary is in_the_bag. 4作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):I found him in_the_office. 介詞的句法功能 1表示時(shí)間的at, in, on, by at表示片刻的時(shí)間,如:at 8 oclock,常用詞組有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas等。in表示一段時(shí)間,如:in the morning/ afternoon/ evening, in Octo
5、ber, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on總是跟日子有關(guān),如: on Monday, on Christmas morning, on May Day, on a warm morning等。主要介詞區(qū)別 1. _ the morning of June 27, the team reached the top of the mountain. A. by B. At C. in D. On 2.We need to pay this electricity bill _ January 31st. A. In B. by C
6、. during D. within2表示時(shí)間的since和fromsince表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間的過(guò)程,常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。from表示從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始,一般多與現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)連用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from_today. We have not seen each other since_1995. 主要介詞區(qū)別3. between和 among一般說(shuō)來(lái),between表示兩者之間,among用于三者或三者以上的中間。如:You are to sit between your father and me. He is alwa
7、ys happy among his classmate 主要介詞區(qū)別4表示“用”的in, by,with和 onwith用于有形的工具,或身體某些器官等的方面,其后的名詞多被冠詞或物主代詞等修飾。而in常用于表示材料、方式、方法、度量、單位、語(yǔ)言、聲音等。by后接名詞且名詞前常沒(méi)有修飾詞,名詞用原形。如:He is writing a letter with_a_pen. He wrote the letter in_pencil._We measured it in_pounds / by the pound. (按磅計(jì)算)Tell me the story in_English / wi
8、th the English language. by hand靠手工by ship乘船by air乘飛機(jī)主要介詞區(qū)別by hand靠手工= with our hands by ship乘船 =on a shipby air乘飛機(jī)=on this/a planeby radio = on the radio“用這種方式”: in this way/manner , by means of /by this means with this method5as和 likeas作“作為”、“以地位或身份”解。如:Let me speak to you as a father. (事實(shí)是父親)like
9、作“像一樣”解。如:Let me speak to you like a father. (事實(shí)上不是父親)。6in front of 和in the front ofin front of before,是“在前面”的意思(不在某物內(nèi));in the front of則是“在前部”的意思(在某物內(nèi))。如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard. The boy sat in the front of the car. 主要介詞區(qū)別 1. 表示時(shí)間的in和after 兩者都表示“在(某個(gè)時(shí)間)之后”,區(qū)別在于in表示“在(一段時(shí)間)之后”,而aft
10、er則表示“在(某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn))之后”,in短語(yǔ)和將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用,after短語(yǔ)和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用。如: Well be back in three days. After seven the rain began to fall. 注意:after有時(shí)也可以表示在一段時(shí)間之后(常用在過(guò)去時(shí)里)。如: After two months he returned. 2. 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范圍內(nèi),on指與什么毗鄰,to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外。如: Changchun is in the northeast of China. Mongolia is on_the no
11、rth of China. Japan is to the east of China. 3. 表示“穿過(guò)”的through和across through表示從內(nèi)部通過(guò);across則表示從一端至另一端在表面上的通過(guò)。如: Water flows through the pipe. The old man walked across the street. 4. besides, except, but, except for besides指“除了還有,再加上”。如:All went out besides me. except指“除了,減去什么”。如:All went out except
12、 me. but與except意思近似,表示“除了外”,經(jīng)常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑問(wèn)詞后面。如: I never saw him reading anything_but the newspaper. except for表示“除以外”,跟except的區(qū)別在于其后跟的詞與前面所提到的不是同一類別。如: His diary is good except_for a few spelling mistakes. 5. for與of用于不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It isadj. of sb. to do sth. sb. beadj.
13、 to do sth. 當(dāng)形容詞說(shuō)明不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征時(shí),用of。常見(jiàn)的此類形容詞有:kind, good, nice, clever, stupid, foolish, considerate, polite, impolite, cruel等。(2) It isadj. for sb. to do sth. 當(dāng)形容詞說(shuō)明不定式的性質(zhì)時(shí)用for。常見(jiàn)的此類形容詞有:possible, impossible, important, necessary等。如:It is quite important for us to protect our environment. Beyond用法
14、精講用法精講 beyond一詞用法和含義較為復(fù)雜,很容易產(chǎn)生理解上的障一詞用法和含義較為復(fù)雜,很容易產(chǎn)生理解上的障礙,造成寫作翻譯上的失誤或影響閱讀理解。以下是關(guān)于礙,造成寫作翻譯上的失誤或影響閱讀理解。以下是關(guān)于beyond的一些用法:的一些用法: 一、一、beyond作介詞用時(shí),使用最廣,常用于下列幾種情況:作介詞用時(shí),使用最廣,常用于下列幾種情況:1.表示位置,意思是表示位置,意思是“在在的那一邊;在的那一邊;在之外;在更遠(yuǎn)之外;在更遠(yuǎn)處處”。例如:。例如:Beyondtheriverstoodapowerstation Theseaisbeyondthathill What lies
15、beyond the mountains? 2.表示時(shí)間,其意為表示時(shí)間,其意為“遲于;遲于;晚于;超過(guò)晚于;超過(guò)”。例如:。例如:Someshopskeepopenbeyondmidnight. Heneverseesbeyondthepresent他從未看到將來(lái)。他從未看到將來(lái)。 This work is beyond my grasp. Dont stay there beyond midnight. 3.表示范圍、水平、限度、能力等,意思是表示范圍、水平、限度、能力等,意思是“超出;超出;多于;為多于;為所不能及所不能及”。在句中常作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或。在句中常作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。狀語(yǔ)。Yo
16、urworkisbeyondallpraise The fruit is beyond my reach. His bad behavior is beyond a joke. Understanding this article is beyond my capacity. Shewasreallytouchedbeyondwords Men can travel to the moon and beyond. Is there life beyond the grave? (喻喻)在陰間還有生在陰間還有生命嗎命嗎? 4.用在否定和疑問(wèn)句中,意思是用在否定和疑問(wèn)句中,意思是“除除之外之外”。
17、例。例如:如:IknownothingbeyondwhathetoldmeIsthereanythingmoreyoucansaybeyondthat? 5.beyond有時(shí)還可表示年齡或數(shù)量,意思是有時(shí)還可表示年齡或數(shù)量,意思是“超過(guò)超過(guò). Hedidntbelieveinpeoplelivingbeyond100. Atthemeetingtherewerenotbeyond20people 二、二、beyond也常作副詞用,主要有下面兩種用法:也常作副詞用,主要有下面兩種用法:1.指時(shí)空或正在進(jìn)行中的活動(dòng),意思是指時(shí)空或正在進(jìn)行中的活動(dòng),意思是“在遠(yuǎn)處;向在遠(yuǎn)處;向遠(yuǎn)處;更遠(yuǎn)處遠(yuǎn)處;更遠(yuǎn)
18、處”。例如:。例如: IfwecrossthemountainswemayfindpeoplelivinginthevalleybeyondIllgowithyoutothebridge,butnotastepbeyond 2.表示外加,意思是表示外加,意思是“此外;以外此外;以外”。例如:。例如: Hetoldmenothingbeyond 三、習(xí)慣用語(yǔ):三、習(xí)慣用語(yǔ): It is beyond me.口口我能力所不及我能力所不及; 我不能理解。我不能理解。 beyond sb.為某人所不能理解為某人所不能理解 beyond oneself精神錯(cuò)亂精神錯(cuò)亂; 忘形忘形; 失態(tài)失態(tài) 四、四、B
19、eyond構(gòu)成的常見(jiàn)短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的常見(jiàn)短語(yǔ) beyond ones power 超出某人的能力超出某人的能力 beyond ones reach 在某人夠不著的地方在某人夠不著的地方 beyond praise 夸不勝夸夸不勝夸 beyond example 沒(méi)有先例沒(méi)有先例 beyond compare 無(wú)與倫比無(wú)與倫比 beyongd midnight 過(guò)了半夜過(guò)了半夜 beyond belief 難以置信難以置信 beyond recognition 難以識(shí)別難以識(shí)別 beyond (the) sea(s) 在在/往海外往海外 beyond ones wildest dreams 大大出乎某人的預(yù)料大大出乎某人的預(yù)料 beyond 15% 超出超出15% from beyond the seas 來(lái)自海外來(lái)自海外 peak beyond peak (of) 重重重重 beyond the mountain 在山的那一邊在山的那一邊,遠(yuǎn)方遠(yuǎn)方, 彼方彼方 B D C D A at beyond via In on by for against D A C C B D D D A A 返回返回