合作原則下英文笑話的生成機制分析英語教學專業(yè)

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1、摘 要 隨著語言學在世界范圍內(nèi)的發(fā)展，人們對于語言學的研究更加深入，許多國內(nèi)外著名語言學家對此做出極大貢獻。語言學的重要之處也體現(xiàn)在交流中，從語用角度來看，笑話作為一種特殊的信息交流方式，受到越來越多的語言研究者的重視。本文以格萊斯的合作原則為理論基礎分析英文笑話產(chǎn)生的生成機制。旨在揭示通過違反合作原則生成幽默效果的機理。在英文笑話中，人們故意違反合作原則，聽者通過其中的會話含義來感知它。本文研究運用會話合作原則理論分析不同英文笑話違背合作原則后的深層意義，以更好地理解笑話并達到幽默的目的。 根據(jù)格萊斯的合作原則為理論框架，本文選取近年來流行的英文笑話作為研究對象，對英文笑話產(chǎn)生的幽默效果

2、進行探討和分析。通過定性定量和案例分析的方法分析各個笑話是如何通過違反合作原則而生成的。研究得出，在合作原則的四條準則中，英語笑話經(jīng)常使用數(shù)量準則（42.22％）和方式準則（28.89％），其次是關系準則（16.67％）和質量準則（12.22％）。合作原則的違背是語言藝術。笑話使用這種方法產(chǎn)生一種奇特的效果，使對話更有趣。英文笑話的生成機理就是通過違反合作原則使其在對話中出現(xiàn)不合作現(xiàn)象，在對話中產(chǎn)生深層含義，產(chǎn)生幽默。因此我們可以得出結論，大多數(shù)笑話都違反了合作原則，從而達到意料之外和幽默的目的并且令人心情愉悅的效果。 關鍵詞: 英文笑話；幽默；合作原則；違反 燕山大學本科生畢業(yè)論文 摘

3、要 Abstract With the development of linguistics in the world, people have more in-depth study of linguistics. Many famous linguists at home and abroad have made great contributions to this. The importance of linguistics is also reflected in communication. From the perspective of pragmatics, jokes a

4、s a special way of information exchange, is valued by more and more language researchers. This thesis examines the humor of English jokes by using Cooperative Principle(CP) of Grice. It aims to point out that the violation of Cooperative Principle can produce the humor. In those English jokes, peopl

5、e deliberately violate the cooperative principle, the listener perceive it with conversational implicature in communication. This research analyses the deep meaning of different English jokes in violation of cooperative principle by using the theory of conversational cooperative principle in pragmat

6、ics. Thus people can understand the jokes better and achieve the goal of humor.? Based on H.P. Grice’s cooperative principle as the theoretical frame, this paper choose the English jokes which is popular in recent years as the research object to discuss and analyse the magical effect of English jok

7、es. It uses quantitative and qualitative method and case analysis to analyze how jokes are caused by violating CP. It is found from my study that in the four maxims of cooperative principle, the English jokes tend to use the Maxim of Quantity(42.22%) and the Maxim of Manner(28.89%) frequently, follo

8、wed by the Maxim of Relation(16.67%) and the Maxim of Quality(12.22%). The violation of cooperative principle is art of language. The jokes use this method to produce a magical effect to make the conversation more interesting. The generative mechanism of English jokes is to violate the CP and cause

9、them to appear deep meaning in the dialogue and generate humor. Therefore, we can conclude that most of jokes are in violation of the cooperative principle to make people laugh and feel unexpected in order to achieve the goal of humor.? Keywords: English jokes; humor; cooperative principle; violati

10、on Chapter1 Introduction Chapter 1 makes a brief introduction to the background, objectives, significance and structure of this study. 1.1 Background of the study As we all know, humor has always been a part of our daily life and communication, and jokes are one of the most vivid aspects of humo

11、r. A joke is a phrase, a short story, or a conversation that can make the speaker and listener feel funny or have a sense of humor.? Joke is different from ordinary conversation. It often violate the cooperative principle to satisfy their unique social and entertainment functions. The main function

12、 of jokes is to make people laugh and let people feel feel frightened and joyful after facing unexpected words and actions and results. The unique function of joke determines that the jokes is different from daily ordinary conversation. It is characterized by frequent violations of some of these max

13、ims. The two parties to a conversation in a joke often take an uncooperative attitude in understanding the meaning of the conversation, deliberately misinterpreting the other person’s meaning, or guiding the other person to infer the wrong meaning, and then adding a sentence to cancel the meaning. T

14、hat is why the jokes make sense. The Cooperative Principle was?proposed?by?American?language?philosopher?Grice,?who?believes?that?inthe?process?of?communication,?the?two?sides?seem?to?intentionally?or?unintentionally?follow?a?certain principle, in order to cooperate with the completion of communica

15、tion tasks?effectively.?Make?yourconversational?contribution?such?as?is?required?at?the?stage?at?which?it?occurs,?by?the?acceptedpurpose?or?direction?of?the?talk?exchange?in?which?you?are?engaged.?The?Cooperative Principle has four maxims, including The Maxim of Quantity, The Maxim of Quality, The M

16、axim of Relation, and The Maxim of Manner. 1.2 Objectives of the study? This research will analyse the English jokes of recent years from the perspective of pragmatics and help the listener better understand the deep meaning of jokes. The English jokes deliberately violate the Cooperative Principl

17、e to achieve its purpose of humor and make the conversation interest. Hopefully, it will provide answers to the following questions: In what situation people will violate CP to make jokes? How do the English jokes achieve its purpose by violating CP? Which maxim is violated most in forming Engli

18、sh jokes? 1.3 Significance of the research The violation of Cooperative Principle has been a popular topic in recent year. Many scholars research it from different aspect such as daily communication, business advertisement and humor. The reason why I research joke is that joke is the most obvious

19、way of humor. The violation of Cooperative Principle is an art of speaking. I think the research will not only help people to have excellent conversations but also form harmonious interpersonal relationships. This study can help people to understand the characteristics of humorous language and prom

20、ote the communicative competence through analyzing the process of humor by violating four principles. When people meet a joke, they can understand why it is a joke and how it becomes a joke. 1.4 Structure of the thesis This paper is composed of four chapters. Chapter 1 makes a general introductio

21、n to the background and the aim of the study as well as the out line of the study. Chapter 2 provides a brief review of the previous work in relevant filed, including a brief introduction of contributions made by numerous researchers to Cooperative Principle’s study, the analysis of its application.

22、 Chapter 3 introduces the research design of this study, including theoretical framework--Cooperative Principle, data collection, research method and research steps. Chapter 4 concludes the study with a discussion on major findings, limitation of the this thesis and some suggestions for the further

23、study.? Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review This part will give the literature review about the previous achievements and previous researches related to the study in this thesis. 2.1 A review of the studies on Cooperative Principle The Cooperative Principle was proposed by Americ

24、an linguist H. P. Grice(1967), who believes that in the process of communication, the two sides seem to intentionally or unintentionally follow a certain principle, in order to cooperate with the completion of communication tasks effectively. Make your conversational contribution such as is required

25、 at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. The Cooperative Principle has four maxims, including The Maxim of Quantity, The Maxim of Quality, The Maxim of Relation, and The Maxim of Manner. In Grice’s Logic and Conversation (1

26、975), speakers should follow the four maxims in Cooperative Principle to achieve the success of communication. If they violate the maxims, then the implicature appears. It is called Conversational Implicature.? Grice’s Cooperative Principle had made a significant contribution to the field of pragma

27、tics. First, his analysis of the meaning of discourse has played an important role. The implication is usually that the listener believes the speaker will not violate the Cooperative Principle. Under such circumstances, the principles provide us with a norm in which we can express more opinions than

28、 the literal meaning. Second, the Cooperative Principle shows that people need a series of principles and norms when communicating. It is no doubt that the principles of pragmatics now is extended by Grice’s theory. Based on Grice’s theory, Leech(1983) proposed the Politeness Principle. Brown and Le

29、vinson(1983)summed?up?the?reason?why?people?violated?the?Cooperative?Principle?is?that?they?want?to achieve their own goals, which is also out of the politeness consideration. In other words, in order to achieve a better communicative result, in some special occasion, the Cooperative Principle will

30、be violated. In 1980, the Cooperative Principle was first introduced to China by Hu(1980). He first mentioned the Cooperative Principle and its related theories in a pragmatic report. The above is the study of the Cooperative Principle.? 2.2 A review of previous related studies abroad? The most fa

31、mous previous research should data back to Grice’s Logic and Conversation (1975), speakers should follow the four maxims in Cooperative Principle to achieve the success of communication. If they violate the maxims, then the implicature appears. It is called Conversational Implicature. Many scholars

32、apply the Cooperative Principle into the analyses about humor. The Cooperative Principle explains that communicators deliberately violate the norms in order to obtain the meaning of special implicature, but does not explain the reason why the parties to do this. Therefore, Leech proposed the Politen

33、ess Principle. It points out the criteria of politeness and impoliteness.? Leech proposed that the Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle could be combined to explain people’s communicative behaviors.? Kotthoff (2006) favors retaining the Gricean Cooperative Principle and his maxims fo

34、r the analysis of humor and try to link the Gricean pragmatic of cooperation to performance analysis. In this paper, she applies pragmatic theories to two examples of emergent conversational humor not belonging to well-known conversational humor genres and consequently hard to classify using convers

35、ational folk taxonomies. Using these examples, the author shows what a pragmatic of performance can and should contribute to explaining how interlocutors co-construct humor and process various layer of meaning. She explains what Grice and his followers contribute to the analysis of humor.? Smilauer

36、ova (2012) analyzes the humor strategies employed by the characters of Phoebe and Chandler in the TV Sitcom Friends. She selected for analysis such humorous situations which emerge from the violation of Grice’s Cooperative Principle, analyzing the exemplary instance set in their contexts. In this pr

37、ocess of analysis, she followed two lines: The linguistic line assessed the means of creating humor, more specifically which maxim was violated in order to elicit laughter. The literal-psychological line tried to describe the personalities of the two characters, analyzed their motivations and goals

38、and elaborated on their development throughout the show. What he found out was very close to the findings of Leech, who states that the Cooperative Principle “does not stand up to the evidence of real language use” (Leech 1983: 80).? 2.3 A review of previous related studies at home Chen (2015) arg

39、ues that people find that there is something worth laughing in the literature and movies in English and the people whose mother tongue is English make jokes and humorous comments in their daily life frequently. The humor has been studied in different aspects in the past years. After the appearance o

40、f Grice’s Cooperative Principle, the humor was analyzed in a better way. In Chen’s paper, he argues that most humor comes from the violation of the Cooperative Principle from the pragmatic view. He mentioned that the special features of English humor. Due to the special linguistic cultural tradition

41、s and values, the humor in English tends to reflect its own particularities in terms of content, social functions and occasions.? Base on Grice’s Cooperative Principle, Wang (2015) takes the classic dialogue in jokes, essays and films as examples, focusing on the humorous effects of intentional vio

42、lation of the Cooperative Principle. Her analysis shows that by violating the Cooperative Principle, the speakers can create unexpected humorous effects. In addition, the author had a deeper understanding and appreciation of verbal humor through the study of these materials. The author argues that t

43、he speaker’s violation of Cooperative Principle is only a superficial phenomenon and can only be regarded as one or more criteria that violate the Cooperative Principle in a literal way, but a deeper level still abide by the Cooperative Principle.? Yang (2017) believes that the lines of any film an

44、d television work, especially sitcoms, have been carefully designed and used as valid materials for discourse analysis. From a linguistic point of view, the author tries to analyze how the lines of classic sitcoms create a special sense of humor by violate Grice’s Cooperative Principle and Leech’s P

45、oliteness Principle. She found that the violation of the Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle is a common way used by people to create humorous effects. The study is helpful to improve communicative competence both in intercultural communication and daily communication. Wang (2014) analyze

46、s the verbal humorous in Zhao Benshan’s sketch with the Cooperative Principle and Relevance Theory. The humor is generated by violating the four principles of the Cooperative Principle, or the contrast between the maximum and the optional correlation in Relevance Theory. Through analysis of the effe

47、cts in Cooperative Principle and the Relevance Theory in humor, the author try to combine these two principles to expect people to understand humor better. Zhou (2014) believes that jokes are different from daily conversation, and they often violate the Cooperative Principle to satisfy their unique

48、communicative and entertainment functions. The main function of jokes is to make people laugh and make them feel surprised and pleasant after knowing the unexpected results. Its characteristic is different from the general violation of Cooperative Principle. In the conversation of jokes, both sides

49、take an attitude of non-cooperation in the understanding of the meaning or deliberately misinterpret the meaning or guide each other to infer the wrong meaning, then add a sentence to cancel this meaning. Wang (2011) show the detail analysis of violation of Cooperative Principle and its effects on h

50、umor. In different contexts, people may misunderstand others or be misunderstood by others intentionally or unintentionally. Due to these factors, people can feel the sense of humor in our daily life. Humor is a necessary part for people’s life. It is also necessary for people to recognize and resea

51、rch these factors as well as functions to help people communicate with a higher efficiency and quality.? Based on Grice’s conversational implicature, Zhang (2010) analyzes the joke in English conversation and analyzes the humor generated by the violation of Cooperative Principle by introducing four

52、 criteria of the Cooperative Principle. She introduced the humor is a kind of discourse, action or expression that can make people laugh. However, humor always appears in discourse because people’s communicative activities are mainly rely on discourse. This paper helps people to analyze and understa

53、nd the characteristics of humorous language and promote the communicative competence through analyzing the process of humor by violating four principles. Long’s (2010) essay analyzes humor from a knowledge of pragmatics--Cooperative Principle and shows how the humorous effects achieved?due?to?the?vi

54、olation?ofcertain?maxims?of?the?Cooperative?Principle.?It?also?provides a lot of examples to show how to achieve humorous effects by applying Grice’s Cooperative Principle. The creation of humor and violation of Cooperative Principle have close relationship. Violating Cooperative Principle in the su

55、rface may create humor. A better understanding about humor will be achieve under an analysis of Cooperative Principle.? Liu (2009) analyzes that the Cooperative Principle is an important theory in the history of the development of pragmatics. It tells us that the speakers’ discourse not only can ex

56、press the meaning of the words, but also can express the implication of the words. The violation of Cooperative Principle in daily conversation enrich the form of expression. The understanding of the linguistic phenomenon of English humor helps us to enrich our language,culture and social knowledge,

57、 so that we can understand and apply the language more effectively in real life. Zhang and Fan (2009) make a dynamic analysis of the process of producing jokes from the perspective of pragmatic. It can be seen from the analysis that the pragmatic factors such as the deixis and the precondition of th

58、e Cooperative Principle constitute the important mechanism of jokes. Understanding these pragmatic factors and their mechanism of action on English humorous language not only has the theoretical value of humorous language research, but also guides people to improve their communicative method and eff

59、iciency in real life. Lin (2002) argues that discourse that can create humorous effect is a joke, so that the joke can be a long or short sentence. The intentional or unintentional violation of the Cooperative Principle often leads to humor. In addition, the Relevance Theory can explain the humor of

60、 joke. The new information contained in the discourse of speaker is not suitable for the listener’s context, or the weak relevance result to the humor.? 2.4 Space of the study All the mentioned studies leave great treasure for the later generations to explore the communication. While the problem i

61、s that these studies only employs Cooperative Principle mechanically when they analyzes the jokes without promoting or improvement and lack of new joke materials as the discourses in recent years. Most of the studies only covered the function of Cooperative Principle, and some covered more theories.

62、 But some of the materials of the previous studies were not new. By comparison, this paper adopts all the process of the Cooperative Principle in detail, and its materials are relatively new. In addition, this paper will give the features of the jokes, give suggestions about how to understand an int

63、eresting joke and why the violation of the Cooperative Principle could better explain and analyze the jokes. Then the limitation of the previous studies will be solved.? Chapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 3 Research Design A detailed introduction to the research design of this paper will be show

64、n in this chapter. 3.1 Theoretical framework The Theoretical framework of this paper is based on Cooperative Principle. The Cooperative Principle was proposed by American language philosopher Grice, who believes that in the process of communication, the two sides seem to intentionally or unintent

65、ionally follow a certain principle, in order to cooperate with the completion of communication tasks effectively. Make your conversational contribution such as?is?required?at?the?stage?at?which?it?occurs,?by?the?acceptedpurpose?or?direction?of?the?talk?exchange?in?which?you?are?engaged. 3.1.1?Gener

66、al introduction to Cooperative Principle The Cooperative Principle was put forward by the famous English?philosopher?Grice?in?a?speech?atHarvard?University?in?1967.?He?believes?that?in?the?process?of?communication, the two sides seem to intentionally or unintentionally follow a certain principle, in order to cooperate with the completion of communication tasks effectively. In 1980, the Cooperative Principle was first introduced to China by Hu(1980). He first mentioned the Cooperative Principle