自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué) 第六章課件

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1、英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic field詞義關(guān)系和語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)詞義關(guān)系和語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)sense relations 語(yǔ)義關(guān)系語(yǔ)義關(guān)系vA word which is related to other words is related to them in sense, hence sense relations.一個(gè)與其他單詞關(guān)聯(lián)的詞是在語(yǔ)義一個(gè)與其他單詞關(guān)聯(lián)的詞是在語(yǔ)義上與他們相關(guān)的，上與他們相關(guān)的， 因而有了語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。因而有了語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。 vThe subject that have long held the interest and

2、 attention of semanticists are polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymy and hyponymy. 早已引起語(yǔ)義學(xué)家興早已引起語(yǔ)義學(xué)家興趣和注意力的主題有趣和注意力的主題有多義關(guān)系、多義關(guān)系、 同形同音異同形同音異義關(guān)系、義關(guān)系、 同義關(guān)系、反義關(guān)系和上下義關(guān)系同義關(guān)系、反義關(guān)系和上下義關(guān)系。 6.1 Polysemy 多義關(guān)系多義關(guān)系vWhen a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. 當(dāng)一個(gè)詞最初被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的當(dāng)一個(gè)詞最初被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的時(shí)候，一律是單語(yǔ)義詞。時(shí)候，一律是單語(yǔ)義詞。

3、 6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy 兩種兩種多義關(guān)系的研究方法多義關(guān)系的研究方法vThe problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach. 同一詞的各種意義之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)同一詞的各種意義之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)的問(wèn)題可以從歷時(shí)方法和共時(shí)方法兩個(gè)角度的問(wèn)題可以從歷時(shí)方法和共時(shí)方法兩個(gè)角度來(lái)研究。來(lái)研究。vDiachron

4、ic approach 歷時(shí)方法歷時(shí)方法vFrom the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.從歷時(shí)從歷時(shí)的角度來(lái)看，多義關(guān)系是一個(gè)詞的語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展變化的結(jié)果。的角度來(lái)看，多義關(guān)系是一個(gè)詞的語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展變化的結(jié)果。v At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one mean

5、ing. This first meaning is the primary meaning. 一個(gè)詞在創(chuàng)造之初只有一個(gè)一個(gè)詞在創(chuàng)造之初只有一個(gè) 意義，意義，這個(gè)意義稱為這個(gè)意義稱為原始意義原始意義。vWith the advance of time and the development of language, it took on more and more meanings. These later meanings are called derived meanings as they are all derived from the primary meaning. 隨著時(shí)間的推隨

6、著時(shí)間的推移和語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展，該詞逐漸取得了愈來(lái)越多的意思。這些后移和語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展，該詞逐漸取得了愈來(lái)越多的意思。這些后 來(lái)獲得的意義叫來(lái)獲得的意義叫派生意義派生意義，因此他們都是從原始意義中派生，因此他們都是從原始意義中派生出來(lái)的。出來(lái)的。vSynchronic approach共時(shí)方法共時(shí)方法vSynchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time, say，Modern English. 從共

7、時(shí)的角度來(lái)看，多義關(guān)系可以認(rèn)為是一從共時(shí)的角度來(lái)看，多義關(guān)系可以認(rèn)為是一個(gè)詞的各種意義在某一歷史時(shí)期（比如現(xiàn)代個(gè)詞的各種意義在某一歷史時(shí)期（比如現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)時(shí)期）的共存。英語(yǔ)時(shí)期）的共存。vIn this way, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the central meaning. 從這個(gè)角度來(lái)看，一個(gè)詞從這個(gè)角度來(lái)看，一個(gè)詞的基本意義就是詞義的核心，叫核心義。的基本意義就是詞義的核心，叫核心義。 6.1.2 Two Processes of Development 多義詞的兩種發(fā)展過(guò)程多義詞的兩種

8、發(fā)展過(guò)程vThe development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as radiation and concatenation. 詞義從單義像多義發(fā)展遵循兩種模式：詞義從單義像多義發(fā)展遵循兩種模式：輻射輻射型和連鎖型型和連鎖型。 v1) Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings p

9、roceed out of it in every direction like rayes. 輻射型以原始意義為中心，輻射型以原始意義為中心， 從原從原始意義發(fā)展而來(lái)的次要意義就像射線那樣四始意義發(fā)展而來(lái)的次要意義就像射線那樣四處散去，處散去， vThe meanings are independent of one another ,but can all be traced back to the central meaning. 意義之間互不關(guān)聯(lián)，但都意義之間互不關(guān)聯(lián)，但都可追溯到核心意義。可追溯到核心意義。 v Concatenation, meaning linking toget

10、her, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until.in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. 連鎖型連鎖型 連鎖型連鎖型 即連接在一起，連鎖型是詞義即連接在一

11、起，連鎖型是詞義發(fā)生關(guān)聯(lián)變化的過(guò)程。在種個(gè)過(guò)程中，一個(gè)發(fā)生關(guān)聯(lián)變化的過(guò)程。在種個(gè)過(guò)程中，一個(gè)詞的詞義逐漸從原始意義連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)化，以致在詞的詞義逐漸從原始意義連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)化，以致在很多情境況下，后起的意義項(xiàng)與原始意義已很多情境況下，后起的意義項(xiàng)與原始意義已沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系。沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系。 v Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meani

12、ng is related only to the preceding one like chains. 不像輻射中每不像輻射中每一個(gè)派生意義直接地與主要的意義相關(guān)，連一個(gè)派生意義直接地與主要的意義相關(guān)，連鎖型描述的是這樣一種發(fā)展過(guò)程，其中每一鎖型描述的是這樣一種發(fā)展過(guò)程，其中每一個(gè)后來(lái)的意義僅與前一種意義相關(guān)聯(lián)，就如個(gè)后來(lái)的意義僅與前一種意義相關(guān)聯(lián)，就如同鏈條一樣。同鏈條一樣。 vRadiation and Concatenation are closely related being different stages of the development leading to polyse

13、my. 輻射型和連鎖型有著密切的聯(lián)系，輻射型和連鎖型有著密切的聯(lián)系， 他們分別他們分別是詞義像多義發(fā)展的不同階段。是詞義像多義發(fā)展的不同階段。 vGenerally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other. 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)， 輻輻射型在連鎖型之前。射型在連鎖型之前。 在許多情況下，這兩大在許多情況下，這兩大類互相影響，互相補(bǔ)充。類互相影響，互相補(bǔ)充。 6.2 Homonymy 同形同音異義關(guān)系同形同音異義關(guān)系vHom

14、onyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 同形同音異義詞一般定義為在讀音和同形同音異義詞一般定義為在讀音和拼寫上或者只是在讀音或拼寫上相同而詞義不同的拼寫上或者只是在讀音或拼寫上相同而詞義不同的詞。詞。 vBased on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes: per

15、fect homonyms, homographs and homophones. 根據(jù)相似的程度，根據(jù)相似的程度，同形同音異義詞又可分為同形同音異義詞又可分為 3 類：類：完全同形同音異義完全同形同音異義詞、同形異音異義詞和同音異形異義詞詞、同形異音異義詞和同音異形異義詞。 vPerfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.完完全同形同音異義詞是拼寫和讀音相同但詞義不同的全同形同音異義詞是拼寫和讀音相同但詞義不同的詞。詞。 vHomographs are wor

16、ds identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning同同形異音異義詞是拼寫相同但讀音和詞義不同，形異音異義詞是拼寫相同但讀音和詞義不同，vHomophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.同音異形同音異形異義詞是讀音相同但拼寫和詞義不同的詞。異

17、義詞是讀音相同但拼寫和詞義不同的詞。6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms同形同音同形同音異義詞的起源異義詞的起源v There are various sources of homonyms: change in sound and spelling, borrowing, etc. 同形同音異義詞的起源有多種：讀音的同形同音異義詞的起源有多種：讀音的變化、拼寫的變化、借詞等。變化、拼寫的變化、借詞等。 v1）Change in sound and spelling. Some homonyms are native by origin, derived from differe

18、nt earlier forms in Old English. The change in sound and spelling gradually made them identical in modern English.語(yǔ)音和拼音的語(yǔ)音和拼音的變化。有些同形同音異義詞來(lái)源于本族語(yǔ)詞，派生變化。有些同形同音異義詞來(lái)源于本族語(yǔ)詞，派生自古代英語(yǔ)中的不同早期的形式。語(yǔ)音和拼寫方面自古代英語(yǔ)中的不同早期的形式。語(yǔ)音和拼寫方面的變化使得它們?cè)诂F(xiàn)在英語(yǔ)中逐漸變得相同起來(lái)。的變化使得它們?cè)诂F(xiàn)在英語(yǔ)中逐漸變得相同起來(lái)。v2）Borrowing. As a result of heavy borrowi

19、ng from other languages, many words of foreign origin coincide in sound and/or spelling with those of native origin or with those of other foreign origin.借用。由于從其他語(yǔ)言中大量借用，借用。由于從其他語(yǔ)言中大量借用，很多源自外語(yǔ)中的詞的語(yǔ)音和很多源自外語(yǔ)中的詞的語(yǔ)音和/ 或拼音與源自或拼音與源自本族語(yǔ)的詞，或與源自其他外語(yǔ)中的詞趨于本族語(yǔ)的詞，或與源自其他外語(yǔ)中的詞趨于一致。一致。 v3）Shortening. Many shortened

20、 forms of words happen to be identical with other words in spelling or sound.縮略法。很多縮略法。很多縮略詞的形式正好與其他詞的拼寫或語(yǔ)音雷縮略詞的形式正好與其他詞的拼寫或語(yǔ)音雷同。同。 6.2.3 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants 同形同音異義詞和同形同音異義詞和多義詞的區(qū)別多義詞的區(qū)別vThe fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the fo

21、rmer refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. 同形同音異義詞與同形同音異義詞與多義詞的基本區(qū)別在于：前者指在形式上偶爾相同多義詞的基本區(qū)別在于：前者指在形式上偶爾相同但并不是一個(gè)詞的詞，而后者有幾個(gè)區(qū)但并不是一個(gè)詞的詞，而后者有幾個(gè)區(qū) 別義項(xiàng)的同別義項(xiàng)的同一個(gè)詞。一個(gè)詞。 6.2.3Differetiation of Homonyms fro

22、m polysemants同形同音異義詞核多義詞的區(qū)別同形同音異義詞核多義詞的區(qū)別vOne important criterion is to see their etymology. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.一個(gè)重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是看它們的詞源。而多義詞一個(gè)重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是看它們的詞源。而多義詞是一個(gè)來(lái)源，只是在詞義是一個(gè)來(lái)源，只是在詞

23、義 發(fā)展過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生了不同的意義。發(fā)展過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生了不同的意義。 The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree; On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.第二個(gè)

24、重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是語(yǔ)義是否相關(guān)。多義詞第二個(gè)重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是語(yǔ)義是否相關(guān)。多義詞的詞義與原始意義多少都有關(guān)聯(lián)，而同形同音異義的詞義是的詞義與原始意義多少都有關(guān)聯(lián)，而同形同音異義的詞義是互不相關(guān)的。互不相關(guān)的。 In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries. 在字典中多義在字典中多義詞列在一個(gè)詞條之下，而同形同音異義詞則列入不同的詞條。詞列在一個(gè)詞條之下，而同形同音異義詞則列入不同的詞條。6.2.4 Rhet

25、oric Features of Homonyms同同形同音異義詞的修辭特點(diǎn)形同音異義詞的修辭特點(diǎn)vAs homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule. 因?yàn)橥瓮舢惲x詞在讀音或者拼因?yàn)橥瓮舢惲x詞在讀音或者拼寫上是相同的（同音異形異義詞尤其如此），寫上是相同的（同音異形異義詞尤其如此），所以人們常用這類詞以產(chǎn)生

26、雙關(guān)的修辭效果，所以人們常用這類詞以產(chǎn)生雙關(guān)的修辭效果，起到幽默、諷刺等作用起到幽默、諷刺等作用 。6.3 Synonymy同義關(guān)系同義關(guān)系vSynonymy is one of the characteristic features of the vocabulary of natural languages. 同義關(guān)系是自然語(yǔ)言詞匯的一個(gè)同義關(guān)系是自然語(yǔ)言詞匯的一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)。重要特點(diǎn)。vEnglish as a highly developed language is known for its copious stock of synonyms. 英語(yǔ)是一門高度發(fā)達(dá)的語(yǔ)言，英語(yǔ)是一門高度

27、發(fā)達(dá)的語(yǔ)言，同義詞數(shù)量很多。同義詞數(shù)量很多。 6.3.1 Definition of Synonyms 同義詞的定義同義詞的定義vSynonyms can be defined as word different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. 同義詞可定義為在讀音和拼寫上不同但在意同義詞可定義為在讀音和拼寫上不同但在意義卻很相似或完全一樣的詞。義卻很相似或完全一樣的詞。vSynonyms might be defined as one of two or more word

28、s in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning（WNDS）. 同同義詞也可以定義為英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上具有相同或幾義詞也可以定義為英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上具有相同或幾乎相同的基本意義的詞。乎相同的基本意義的詞。v In other words, synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as in part of speech.換句話說(shuō)，同義換句話說(shuō)，同義詞在外延和詞類上具有相似性。詞在外延和詞類上具有相似性。

29、 vA verb cannot have an adjective as its synonym, neither can adverb take a noun as its synonym. 一個(gè)動(dòng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不能把一個(gè)形容詞當(dāng)做同義詞，一個(gè)副詞也不能把一個(gè)名詞不能把一個(gè)形容詞當(dāng)做同義詞，一個(gè)副詞也不能把一個(gè)名詞當(dāng)作同義詞。詞當(dāng)作同義詞。 6.3.2 Types of Synonym同義詞的分類同義詞的分類vSynonyms can be classified into two major groups: absolute synonyms and relative synonyms. 同義詞可

30、同義詞可分為兩大類：絕對(duì)同義詞和相對(duì)同義詞。分為兩大類：絕對(duì)同義詞和相對(duì)同義詞。 v Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings. 絕對(duì)同義詞也稱為完全同義詞，意義完全相絕對(duì)同義詞也稱為完全同義詞，意義完全相同的詞，也就是說(shuō)，語(yǔ)法意

31、義、詞匯意義（包括概念意義和同的詞，也就是說(shuō)，語(yǔ)法意義、詞匯意義（包括概念意義和關(guān)聯(lián)意義）都完全相同。關(guān)聯(lián)意義）都完全相同。vIt is observed that absolute synonyms are rare in natural languages and some people even hold that such synonyms are non-existent. Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary. 有人注有人注意到，絕對(duì)同義詞在語(yǔ)言中是極少的，有人甚至以為絕對(duì)同意到，絕對(duì)同義

32、詞在語(yǔ)言中是極少的，有人甚至以為絕對(duì)同義詞是不存在的。在一些極為專業(yè)的術(shù)語(yǔ)中有一些絕對(duì)同義義詞是不存在的。在一些極為專業(yè)的術(shù)語(yǔ)中有一些絕對(duì)同義詞。詞。 vRelative synonyms also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. 相對(duì)同義詞也叫近義相對(duì)同義詞也叫近義詞，是在外延上相近或幾乎相同但意義有細(xì)詞，是在外延上相近或幾乎相同但

33、意義有細(xì)微區(qū)別或有程度上區(qū)別的詞。微區(qū)別或有程度上區(qū)別的詞。 6.3.3 Sources of Synonym同義詞的來(lái)源同義詞的來(lái)源vSources of Synonyms: 同義詞的來(lái)源：同義詞的來(lái)源： v1）Borrowing. Modern English is extremely rich in synonyms, which come from different sources. 1）借詞?，F(xiàn)代英）借詞。現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)豐富的同義詞有許多不同的來(lái)源。語(yǔ)豐富的同義詞有許多不同的來(lái)源。 v2）Dialects and regional English, 方言和方言和區(qū)域詞區(qū)域詞 v3） Fi

34、gurative and euphemistic use of words, 比喻詞和委婉語(yǔ)比喻詞和委婉語(yǔ)v 4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 與習(xí)語(yǔ)的巧合與習(xí)語(yǔ)的巧合6.3.4 Discrimination of Synonyms 同義詞的區(qū)別同義詞的區(qū)別 vThe differences between synonyms boil down to three areas: denotation, connotation, and application. 同義詞的同義詞的區(qū)別主要?dú)w結(jié)為區(qū)別主要?dú)w結(jié)為 3 個(gè)方面：外延、內(nèi)涵和應(yīng)用。個(gè)方面：外延

35、、內(nèi)涵和應(yīng)用。v1） Difference in denotation. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity of meaning. Some words have a wider range of meaning than others. 外延上的區(qū)別。同義詞在意義的外延上的區(qū)別。同義詞在意義的范圍和強(qiáng)弱程度有區(qū)別。有的詞的意義范圍大于其同義詞。范圍和強(qiáng)弱程度有區(qū)別。有的詞的意義范圍大于其同義詞。 v2）Difference in connotation. By connotation we mean the stylistic an

36、d emotive colouring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. 內(nèi)涵上的區(qū)別。這里的內(nèi)涵意思是說(shuō)詞的文內(nèi)涵上的區(qū)別。這里的內(nèi)涵意思是說(shuō)詞的文體意義和感情色彩。有些同義詞在外延上相同，但在文體上不太體意義和感情色彩。有些同義詞在外延上相同，但在文體上不太相同。相同。 v3)Difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but different in u

37、sage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns.應(yīng)用上的差異：許多同義詞的用法不相同。它們用于不同搭配或應(yīng)用上的差異：許多同義詞的用法不相同。它們用于不同搭配或不同句型中不同句型中 6.4 Antonymy 反義關(guān)系反義關(guān)系v6.4.1 Types of Antonyms 反義詞的類型反義詞的類型vAntonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as wor

38、ds which are opposite in meaning. 反義詞討論詞義相反的現(xiàn)象。反義詞可定義為反義詞討論詞義相反的現(xiàn)象。反義詞可定義為意義相反的詞。意義相反的詞。v 1)Contradictory terms.矛盾反義詞矛盾反義詞 These Antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion o

39、f one is the denial of the other. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be. 這類反義詞是真正意義上的反義詞。語(yǔ)義這類反義詞是真正意義上的反義詞。語(yǔ)義之間互不包容，肯定一方就是否定另一方，之間互不包容，肯定一方就是否定另一方， 沒(méi)有其他可能沒(méi)有其他可能性。換句話說(shuō)，如果一對(duì)反義詞中的一個(gè)是真，另一個(gè)就不性。換句話說(shuō)，如果一對(duì)反義詞中的一個(gè)是真，另一個(gè)就不能是真。能是真。v2)Contrary terms.對(duì)立反義詞對(duì)立反義詞。 Antonyms of this ty

40、pe are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other. 這類反義詞可視為在兩極之間的尺度上相互這類反義詞可視為在兩極之間的尺度上相互關(guān)系的詞。關(guān)系的詞。 這兩極可劃分等級(jí)，一極相對(duì)于另一極而存在。這兩極可劃分等級(jí)，一極相對(duì)于另一極而存在。v3)Relative terms. 關(guān)系反義詞關(guān)系反義詞 This third type consists

41、of relational opposites. The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. 第三類反義詞是表示相互關(guān)系的。第三類反義詞是表示相互關(guān)系的。這組詞表示相互社會(huì)關(guān)系，一個(gè)詞不能脫離另一個(gè)詞的依托這組詞表示相互社會(huì)關(guān)系，一個(gè)詞不能脫離另一個(gè)詞的依托而存在。而存在。 This type also includes reverse terms, which comprise ad

42、jectives and adverbs signifying a quality, or verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse the quality, action or state of the other。這類反義詞還包括。這類反義詞還包括相反的術(shù)語(yǔ)，由表示特性的形容詞和副詞以及表示性質(zhì)、動(dòng)相反的術(shù)語(yǔ)，由表示特性的形容詞和副詞以及表示性質(zhì)、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和名詞構(gòu)成。作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和名詞構(gòu)成。 6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms 反義詞特點(diǎn)反義詞特點(diǎn) v1)

43、 Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.一些反義詞是按語(yǔ)義相反的情況進(jìn)行劃分的。一些反義詞是按語(yǔ)義相反的情況進(jìn)行劃分的。v2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.具有多個(gè)意義的詞可以有多個(gè)反具有多個(gè)意義的詞可以有多個(gè)反義詞。義詞。v3)Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 反義詞在語(yǔ)義反義詞在語(yǔ)義包容上存在差異。包容上存在差異。v4) Contrary terms ar

44、e gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 對(duì)立反義詞是等級(jí)反義詞，依據(jù)強(qiáng)度程度而變對(duì)立反義詞是等級(jí)反義詞，依據(jù)強(qiáng)度程度而變化，所以每一個(gè)詞有其自身相對(duì)應(yīng)的反義詞?；悦恳粋€(gè)詞有其自身相對(duì)應(yīng)的反義詞。 Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite. 有些詞

45、可能有兩種不同類型的反義詞，一個(gè)是否有些詞可能有兩種不同類型的反義詞，一個(gè)是否定的，而另一個(gè)是對(duì)立的。定的，而另一個(gè)是對(duì)立的。 6.4.3 The Use of Antonyms 反義詞的使用反義詞的使用 vAntonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the meanings of words. 反義詞具有多種不同的實(shí)際用途，而且在定義反義詞具有多種不同的實(shí)際用途，而且在定義詞的意義時(shí)早已被證明是很有用、很有價(jià)值的。詞的意義時(shí)早已被證明是很有用、很有價(jià)值的。

46、vAntonyms are useful in enabling us to express economically the opposite of a particular thought, often for the sake of contrast. Many idioms are formed with antonyms. They look neat and pleasant, and sound rhythmic. 反義詞在幫助我們簡(jiǎn)練地表達(dá)某一特定反義詞在幫助我們簡(jiǎn)練地表達(dá)某一特定思想的對(duì)立面中十分有用，這經(jīng)常是因?yàn)閷?duì)比的需要。很多思想的對(duì)立面中十分有用，這經(jīng)常是因?yàn)閷?duì)比的需要

47、。很多成語(yǔ)是由反義詞形成的。這些詞看上去十分整齊、賞心悅目，成語(yǔ)是由反義詞形成的。這些詞看上去十分整齊、賞心悅目，且聽起來(lái)韻律均勻。且聽起來(lái)韻律均勻。vAntonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together.為了強(qiáng)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，反義詞常通過(guò)將對(duì)立的思想拼合在一起來(lái)形成對(duì)偶。調(diào)，反義詞常通過(guò)將對(duì)立的思想拼合在一起來(lái)形成對(duì)偶。6.4.2 Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系上下義關(guān)系v Hyponymy deals with the relationship of s

48、emantic inclusion. 上下義關(guān)系涉及語(yǔ)義包容的上下義關(guān)系涉及語(yǔ)義包容的關(guān)系。關(guān)系。 vThat is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. These specific words are known as hyponyms( subordinate). The general words are Superordinate. 也就是說(shuō)，一個(gè)更具體的詞的意義被包含在另外一也就是說(shuō)，一個(gè)更具體的詞的意義被包含在另外一個(gè)更一般的的詞的意義個(gè)更一般的

49、的詞的意義 之中。這些具體的詞被稱為之中。這些具體的詞被稱為下義詞。一般的詞稱為上義詞，鰨目魚下義詞。一般的詞稱為上義詞，鰨目魚vHyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordiates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as super-ordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. 上下義關(guān)系能根據(jù)樹形圖上下義關(guān)系能根據(jù)樹形圖來(lái)進(jìn)行描述，其中高層

50、次的上義詞位于低層次的下來(lái)進(jìn)行描述，其中高層次的上義詞位于低層次的下義詞之上。義詞之上。 但它們作為上義或下義的地位是與其他但它們作為上義或下義的地位是與其他詞相對(duì)而言的。詞相對(duì)而言的。v Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness. 了解下義詞及其上義詞的語(yǔ)義特征了解下義詞及其上義詞的語(yǔ)義特征能幫助我們獲得生動(dòng)，精確，詳盡的效果。能幫助我們獲得生動(dòng)，精確，詳盡的效果。 6.6 S

51、emantic Field 語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)vThe massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as philosophy or emotions, others smaller, such as kinship or colour. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. 像英語(yǔ)這樣巨大的詞庫(kù)可以想象為像英語(yǔ)這樣巨大的詞庫(kù)可以想象為是由許多意義域所組成的。如是由許多意義域所組成的。如 哲學(xué)哲學(xué)或或情感情感 ，其，其他的可能小，如他的可能小，如親緣親緣或或色彩色彩。以這種方式來(lái)看待。以這種方式來(lái)看待語(yǔ)義是場(chǎng)理論的基礎(chǔ)。語(yǔ)義是場(chǎng)理論的基礎(chǔ)。