2018版高考英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)語法專題講析專題四 介詞及介詞短語

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1、專題四 介詞及介詞短語 考點一 常見介詞的用法 常用介詞如in,on,for,with,against,of,beyond,out of,across等含義較多,應(yīng)全面把握。 1.a(chǎn)gainst有“違背,違逆;反對;對……不利;倚;靠;碰撞;預(yù)防;襯托”之意。 [2014湖南]Vacations help us perform better at work,improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression. 假期幫助我們在工作中表現(xiàn)得更好,提高我們的睡眠質(zhì)量和緩解憂愁。 2.beyond可表示范圍,限度,意為

2、“超出,為……所不及”。 常用短語:beyond words/description/imagination/belief/ones reach/ones control,意為“無法用語言形容/無法用語言描述/想象不出來/無法相信/夠不著/無法控制”。 [2014浙江]“I came to thank you,”she said,surprising me beyond speech. “我是來感謝你的?!彼f。(聽到這)讓我驚訝地說不出話來。 3.by可表示程度或增減的幅度,還可作“按;以……計;依據(jù)”講。 As far as I know,workers are generall

3、y paid by the month. 據(jù)我所知,工人們的工資通常按月來付。 4.for有“就……而言;從……來看;達(dá),計;為……”之意。 ①The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education. 我們大多數(shù)人最關(guān)心的是大眾教育的質(zhì)量問題。 ②[2016四川]The mother continued to care for the young panda for more than two years. 這位母親持續(xù)照顧熊貓幼崽兩年多。 5.off有“在離……不遠(yuǎn)處;在沿海的海面”之意。

4、[2014重慶]She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road. 她在轉(zhuǎn)彎處開得如此快,以至于車差點偏離公路。 6.a(chǎn)cross有“橫跨”之意。 Do you think this shirt is too tight across the shoulders? 你覺得這件襯衫在肩膀這個地方是不是太緊了? 7.on/upon有“剛……就;一……就”之意,后接名詞或動詞-ing形式。 [2014山東]Upon graduation,Charlotte returned to Montreal an

5、d set up a private clinic. 夏洛特一畢業(yè)就回到了蒙特利爾,開了一個私人診所。 8.over可表示時間,意為“在……期間;直到……結(jié)束”。 ①Talks with the teachers union over the weekend have averted a strike. 周末與教師工會舉行的談判避免了一場罷工。 ②Over coffee,she lit a cigarette,her eyes daring him to comment. 喝咖啡時,她點燃了一支煙,用挑釁的眼神看著他,諒他也不敢吭聲。 9.within可表示范圍、程度,意為“在…

6、…之內(nèi)”。 The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims. 政府正盡其所能地幫助那些受害者。 10.of表示在……范圍內(nèi)。 ①The ceasefire resolution calls for the release of all prisoners of war. 停火決議要求釋放所有戰(zhàn)俘。 ②[2015福建]A common memory they all have of their schooldays is the school uniform. 他們對于他們學(xué)生時代的共

7、同記憶是校服。 考點二 介詞的固定搭配 考查介詞短語辨析,往往要借助具體語境,另外,還要掌握常用的介詞短語及其意義。 ①[2016天津]Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice to her opinion on the subject. 在討論剛開始時,瑪麗一言不發(fā),但最后她就這個主題發(fā)表了自己的觀點。 ②[2016天津]I hate it when she calls me at work—Im always too busy to carry on a c

8、onversation with her. 我不喜歡她在我工作時給我打電話——我總是太忙,不能和她進(jìn)行會話。 ③[2015浙江]Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes to animals both on land and sea? 你聽說過成為海陸兩棲動物的棲息地的樹嗎? ④[2015安徽]They believe that there are transport developments around the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better. 他們

9、相信交通的發(fā)展就要到來了,這將會帶來很多更好的變化。 ⑤[2015福建]Human life is regarded as part of nature and,as such,the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature. 人類生活被認(rèn)為是大自然的一部分,嚴(yán)格說來,我們生存的唯一方式是與大自然和睦相處。 1.與介詞in搭配的常用短語 in a way在某種程度上 in no way沒門 in the way擋住道路 in vain徒勞 in general 通常,大體上 in detail

10、詳細(xì)地 in turn 輪流 in return 作為回報 in need 需要 in time 遲早;及時 2.與out of搭配的常用短語 out of date/time 過時/過期 out of question 毫無疑問 out of the question 不可能 out of shape 變形 out of fashion 不流行 out of order 出了故障 out of reach 遙不可及 3.“in+名詞+of”常用搭配 in honor of 為紀(jì)念…… in charge of 負(fù)責(zé);掌管 in terms of 依據(jù);就……而

11、言 in praise of 贊揚 in favor of 支持;贊同 in need of 需要 4.與介詞at搭配的常用短語 at no time 決不 at a time 一次/每次 at one time 一度/曾經(jīng) at times 不時地/有時 at ones request 應(yīng)某人的要求 at a loss 不知所措 5.其他??级陶Z on behalf of 代表 by chance/accident 偶然 after all 畢竟;別忘了 regardless of 不管,不顧 on the whole 總的說來 on the contrar

12、y 相反 ◆介詞與語法填空 在語法填空中,介詞是必考內(nèi)容,常考表示方位、時間、地點、方式、原因、計量、材料等以及習(xí)慣用語中的介詞。 [典題試做1] 在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~ 1.[2016全國Ⅰ]But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,when I was the first... 2.[2016全國Ⅱ]Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are

13、 later in the day. 3.[2016全國Ⅲ]Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India,for example,most people traditionally eat ________ their hands. 答案:1.to 2.on 3.with [應(yīng)對策略1] 如果句子中不缺少主語或表語,動詞后又不缺少賓語,則在名詞或代詞前一定是填介詞。其次,還要注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。 ◆介詞與短文改錯 短文改錯中對于介詞的考查常會涉及介詞誤用、缺少介詞或介詞多余的情況。 [典題試做2] 單句改錯(每

14、小題1處錯誤) 1.[2016全國Ⅰ]My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.________ 2.[2016全國Ⅲ]Now I am leaving home to college.________ 3.[2016四川]Dad cleaned the house,and then went on shopping.________ 4.[2015全國Ⅰ]Unfortunately,on the development of industrialization,the envi

15、ronment has been polluted.________ 5.[2015四川]Please help with me and give me some advice.________ 6.[2015全國Ⅱ]One day,little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.________ 7.[2015浙江]My old classroom was interesting because three sides o

16、f the classroom were made from glass.________ 8.[2015陜西]My soccer coach retired in last week.________ 答案:1.dreams后加of 2.to→for 3.去掉on 4.on→with 5.去掉with 6.on→in 7.from→of 8.去掉in [應(yīng)對策略2] (1)如果句子中不缺少主語或表語,動詞后又不缺少賓語,則在名詞或代詞前一定是缺少介詞。 (2)注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。 (3)不該用介詞的短語中用了介詞,如next year常寫成in the next ye

17、ar。 (4)某些及物動詞短語中介詞缺失,如look (at),listen (to),take care (of)等。 (5)有些及物動詞多加了介詞,如enter the room常寫成enter into the room,return my book常寫成return back/to my book等。 (6)注意分清連詞、副詞和介詞之間的區(qū)別和句法功能。 ◆書面表達(dá)中介詞易錯點聚焦 1.句尾介詞往往由于受到漢語的影響而缺少 2.因不熟悉介詞及介詞短語語法功能和不同搭配而造成語句混亂、搭配不當(dāng)?shù)儒e誤 (誤)I often come to school take bu

18、s,but sometimes I come by my fathers car. (正)I often come to school by bus,but sometimes I come in my fathers car. 3.英漢差異造成的介詞錯用 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1.[2017山東下學(xué)期綜合測試]When he was 30,back in 1953,he was working________a research assistant in the university. 2.[2017四川資陽一診]“Speed up.70 km/h isnt

19、 fast enough.You are holding up traffic,”ordered another voice from the seat next________me. 3.[2017山東青島自主學(xué)習(xí)]The game was played________two teams. 4.[2017河南中原名校4月模擬]I sat on the side of the stage,________my script open on a music stand in front of me. 5.[2017安徽安慶重點中學(xué)模擬]Even though our eyes are cl

20、osed,they move rapidly from side________side. 答案:1.as 解析:句意:早在1953年,當(dāng)時他30歲,他就在那所大學(xué)當(dāng)了一名研究助理。work as從事……工作。 2.to 解析:句意:“加快速度。每小時70千米還不夠快。你正在造成交通阻塞?!睆奈遗赃呑荒抢锇l(fā)出的另一個聲音命令道。next to挨著。 3.between 解析:句意:比賽在兩支隊伍間進(jìn)行。between在兩者之間。 4.with 解析:句意:我坐在舞臺的一側(cè),我的劇本打開著,放在我前面的樂譜架上。with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。 5.to 解析:句意:盡管我們眼睛緊閉,但它

21、們(眼球)從一側(cè)到另一側(cè)迅速轉(zhuǎn)動。from...to...從……到……為固定搭配。 Ⅱ.單句改錯 1.[2017安徽合肥八中段考]Im very glad to hear about you are going to visit me next Friday.________ 2.[2017安徽合肥八中段考]I will take you together to a hot-pot restaurant for dinner and well talk with our plan for the weekend over dinner.________ 3.[2017湖南衡陽八中二模]

22、People have different opinions of money.________ 4.[2017湖南衡陽八中二模]We cannot exchange money into friendship or love.________ 5.[2017江西南昌高三聯(lián)考]Some of them are even particular with food.________ 答案:1.去掉about或about→that 解析:句意:很高興聽說你下周五要來看我。此處hear為及物動詞,直接帶賓語從句,此時賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。 2.with→about 解析:句意:我將

23、帶你一起去火鍋店吃晚餐,然后我們一邊吃晚餐一邊討論周末計劃。根據(jù)賓語our plan可知,指討論的內(nèi)容,talk后應(yīng)用about。 3.of→about/on 解析:指對某事的觀點、看法時,opinion后面接介詞on/about。 4.into→for 解析:exchange sth. for...“交換,兌換”。 5.with→about/over 解析:be particular about/over“講究;對……挑剔”。 Ⅲ.語法填空 A(介詞及介詞短語專練) I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1._____

24、___a balloon tied to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was,they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2.________ them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished each other.I was sad because they were 3.________their own,without any children or f

25、riends.After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it,and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4.________me.Finally,I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so.The elderly couple were surprised and speechle

26、ss when told a total stranger had paid 5.________them.All of us were nearly 6.________tears:the couple,the manager,the waitresses and me. Two months later I got a call 7.________a newspaper telling me my simple act of kindness was reported.I wasnt expecting anything 8.________return,but I became fa

27、mous 9.________that act of kindness.What would and could happen 10.________us if we always practice such acts of kindness on family,friends,neighbors and strangers? 答案:1.with 2.for 3.on 4.to 5.for 6.in 7.from 8.in 9.for 10.to B [2017四川廣元中學(xué)高三段考] Just as I began a new job in New York,I had to lear

28、n another important job:father.I was a businessman.At the office I had three new 1.________(project),and at home I had a young son who was growing fast and 2.________(need) me.I was puzzled and didnt know how to deal with the relationship between job and family until one day,during my business trip

29、in Chicago,I came 3.________an old family friend Dan,4.________was once a patient of my father.He told me something about my father.5.________was my father that helped him go through depression.When Dan knew he got depression,he was very upset and wanted 6.________(give) up,but my father,his doctor,

30、encouraged him to go on 7.________(fight) against depression.My father said to him,“You have 8.________wonderful life and three fine children.Take some time with them.Its family that we live for—not just ourselves.Think of that 9.________you will know lifes worth the fight.” His words touched me,and I 10.________(sudden) realized that family are the most important in the world.I should spend more time staying with them. 答案:1.projects 2.needed 3.across 4.who 5.It 6.to give 7.fighting 8.a 9.and 10.suddenly

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