動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài) (3)

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1、 專題八 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài) 【知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)】 （一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常以動(dòng)詞原形表示，但當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)第三人稱形式。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要有以下幾種用法： 1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的行為或狀態(tài)，常與usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等時(shí)間狀語連用： He always sleeps with the windows open. 2、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示主語的性格、特征、能力等：He works hard. 3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理，也用在格言中：The sun ris

2、es in the east. 4、在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中表將來的動(dòng)作：The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 5、表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來動(dòng)作，通常限于表示”運(yùn)動(dòng)”的動(dòng)詞，如：go, come, leave, start等：he train starts at 10 o’clock in the morning. （二）一般過去時(shí) 一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時(shí)間連用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常和o

3、ften, always等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用 1、表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常有明確的時(shí)間狀語，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。 2、表示過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常與often，usually，seldom等表示頻度的副詞連用：When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there. 3、在條件、時(shí)間狀語從句中，常用一般過去時(shí)代替過去將來時(shí)： They said they woul

4、d let us know if they heard any news about him. 4、表示虛擬語氣 這一用法只適用于某些特定的句型，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼姆钦鎸?shí)、主觀意圖或愿望。 If only I had a better memory.要是我的記憶力好一點(diǎn)就好了。 If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨，比賽就會(huì)延期舉行。 （三）一般將來時(shí) 1、一般將來時(shí)表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。

5、一般將來時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。 2、一般將來時(shí)的其他表達(dá)法 （1）“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表將來 ①這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算、計(jì)劃、決定要做的事或肯定要發(fā)生的事。 They are going to meet outside the school gate. ②還可表示說話人根據(jù)已有的事實(shí)或跡象，認(rèn)為某事即將發(fā)生、肯定會(huì)發(fā)生或可能出現(xiàn)的情況。I think I’m going to die. Look at the cloud. It’s going to rain. ③這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示“肯定、預(yù)測，注定會(huì)”。在這種情況下可以和“think, hope,

6、 want, believe, like”等表示靜態(tài)的動(dòng)詞連用： He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper. （2）“be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表將來 “be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或據(jù)安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它不與表示時(shí)間的副詞或其他時(shí)間狀語連用。The English evening is about to start.英語晚會(huì)即將開始。 （3）“be to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示約定的、計(jì)劃中的或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)要求要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作通常是人的意志所能

7、控制的，或用于征求意見： There’s to be a slide show this afternoon.　　You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock. （4）用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)來表示將來 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，還有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用：I’m leaving for Tibet

8、on Sunday. （5）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示根據(jù)規(guī)定預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生、安排或計(jì)劃好的將來的動(dòng)作。這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。 The plane starts at 8 o’clock in the morning.飛機(jī)上午8點(diǎn)起飛。 （四）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be（is/am/are）+ v-ing”構(gòu)成。它的用法如下： 1、表示說話人說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，它不涉及該動(dòng)作的發(fā)生和結(jié)果，譯成漢語“正在”，這一用法常

9、和表示此刻的時(shí)間狀語連用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。 2、表示現(xiàn)階段但并非眼下正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作常與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用，如these days , this week等。 3、表示將來的動(dòng)作,表示某個(gè)按最近的計(jì)劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或即將開始或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常用的這類詞go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，以區(qū)別此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。He is com

10、ing to see you tomorrow.他明天要來看你。 4、表達(dá)褒貶等感情色彩。和always, forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行性。表達(dá)厭煩、憤怒、抱怨、贊揚(yáng)等情感。 He is constantly leaving his things about.他時(shí)常亂丟東西。（表責(zé)怪） He is always working hard.他總是學(xué)習(xí)很用功。（表贊賞） They’re forever quarrelling about somet

11、hing.他們老是為某件事爭吵。(不滿) 5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的語氣 I’m wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚來一會(huì)兒。 （五）過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常由“助動(dòng)詞be的過去時(shí)was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。用法如下： 1、表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在或過去某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)作發(fā)生的特定時(shí)間常用一個(gè)短語或時(shí)間狀語從句來表明。 When I entered the room, she was sitting

12、at her desk. 2、用來描寫故事發(fā)生的背景 　在口語或記敘文中，可以用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的持續(xù)動(dòng)作作為背景，以此引出由一般過去時(shí)表示的新動(dòng)作：It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank. 3、代替過去將來時(shí) 用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 4、表達(dá)褒貶等感情色彩 過去

13、進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等連用，表示說話人的主觀感情，如贊揚(yáng)、不滿、厭煩等。He was always trying out new ideas. （六）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have/has+過去分詞”構(gòu)成?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法如下： 1、表示發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)到說話時(shí)剛剛完成或結(jié)束，通常使用不具有延續(xù)意義的動(dòng)詞，arrive, become, begin, break等。這種用法可帶有迄今意義的時(shí)間狀語，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可帶有包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在

14、內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。I have already posted the photos. 2、表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也許還將繼續(xù)下去。這種用法通常用于具有延續(xù)意義的動(dòng)詞，如live, stay, work等，并帶有表示時(shí)間段的狀語或迄今意義的時(shí)間的狀語，如for, since等。They have lived in Beijing since 2002. 注意：表示短暫的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能用于這種用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能說：She has

15、come to our school for 2 years. 3、表示到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常與often, always 等連用 He has been late for class every morning this week.這個(gè)星期他每天早晨都遲到。 My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向騎車上班 4、用于時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中，表示將來要完成的動(dòng)作或一個(gè)動(dòng)作先于另一個(gè)動(dòng)作。 He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他會(huì)回來的。 5

16、、用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that從句”中 在這種從句中，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞為is/will be時(shí)，that-從句的動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，that 可以省略。主句中的主語還可用this, this evening等; 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的first也可用其他序數(shù)詞：This is the first time I have been here.　It’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public 6、“It (This) is the best ( worst, most intere

17、sting等) + 名詞+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句要求用現(xiàn)在完成：This is the best film I’ve ever seen. This is the most interesting novel he has ever written. 7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示反問的語氣（與when連用）或感情色彩 - Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利?庫珀是誰呀？ - Haven’t you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你還沒見過他？我看見你和他在開會(huì)時(shí)握手了。 8、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般

18、過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)都表示完成的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般過去時(shí)則表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系，它可以和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。 I have seen the film.我看過這部電影。（我了解這部電影的內(nèi)容） I saw the film last week.我上星期看了這個(gè)電影。（只說明上星期看了這個(gè)電影，不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況） He has lived here sinc

19、e 1972.1972年以來他一直住在這里。（他現(xiàn)在還住在這里） He lived here in 1972.1972年他們住在這里。（不涉及到現(xiàn)在是否還住在這里） （七）過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。用法如下： 1、過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”。表示過去某一時(shí)間可用by, before等構(gòu)成的短語，也可用when, before，after，until等引導(dǎo)的從句或通過上下文表示。 When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.當(dāng)

20、我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開始了。 2、表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到過去的這一時(shí)間，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，常和for, since構(gòu)成的短語或引導(dǎo)的從句連用。 3、用于表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件從句或as if從句中表示與過去事實(shí)相反 If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it. 4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等過去時(shí)動(dòng)詞

21、的后面，表示在這些動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事情。 My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告訴我，他已通過了考試。 5、用在 “It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中，that引導(dǎo)的定語從句要用過去完成時(shí)。This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)，表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的設(shè)想、意

22、圖或希望等，含有某種惋惜。 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor. 7、過去完成時(shí)常用結(jié)構(gòu)有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副詞的句子里。 She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他剛睡下鈴就響了。 No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他們剛剛離開大樓，一顆炸彈就爆炸了。 （八）過

23、去將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí)一般由 “助動(dòng)詞would(第二、三人稱)/should(第一人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。不論什么人稱，美國英語皆可用would。用法如下： 1、表示對(duì)過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)而言將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語從句中。 I thought they would come to help me. He said he would wait for us at the bus stop. 2、表示過去的某種習(xí)慣行為 He would sit for hours doing nothing.過去他常常坐幾個(gè)鐘頭什么事也不做。 He would come to see us

24、on Sundays.過去星期天他經(jīng)常來看望我們。 3、過去將來時(shí)的其它表達(dá)法 （1）was/were going to ①表示過去的打算和意圖：He was going to start work the following week.（打算） ②表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算和意圖：He was going to come last night, but it rained. (沒實(shí)現(xiàn)) I thought the film was going to be interesting.（結(jié)果不是） （2）was/were to+動(dòng)詞原形 這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常指過去的計(jì)劃安排或注定要發(fā)生的事情。如果計(jì)

25、劃的動(dòng)作沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，要用動(dòng)詞的完成式。 At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.( 注定要發(fā)生的事情)那時(shí)他不知道辭職將會(huì)成為他生活的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。 She said she was to take up the position. (表示打算)他說他打算上任。 She said she was to have taken up the position. ( 計(jì)劃但未能實(shí)現(xiàn)) 他說他本打算上任。 （3）was / were about to＋動(dòng)

26、詞原形 was / were about to＋動(dòng)詞原形，表示過去即將發(fā)生的事。 The meeting was about to be held the following day.會(huì)議打算第二天開。 （4）表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞 (如go，come，leave，start等)的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示按照過去的計(jì)劃安排將在過去將來發(fā)生的事情。I didn’t know you were coming.我不知道你會(huì)來。 （九）其他時(shí)態(tài) 1、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；2、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)；3、將來完成時(shí)；4、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 【高考試題】 1.—Have you known Dr. Jackson for a

27、 long time? —Yes, since she ______ the Chinese Society. A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined 2. We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we ______ each other for years. A. knew B. had known C. have known D. know 3. He _____ footba

28、ll regularly for many years when he was young. A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played 4. My parents _____ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live 5. According t

29、o the literary review, Shakespeare his charities live through their language in his plays. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes 6. At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport ________ that it will going a lot jobs to the area. A. is

30、 B. are C. will be D. were 7. --Do you want a lift home? ---It’s very kind of you, but I have to work late in the office. I overslept this morning because my morning clock ______. A. doesn’t go off B. won’t gone C. wasn’t going off D. didn’t go on 8. Scientists

31、have many theories about how the universe ____ into being Ks5u A. came B. was coming C. had come D. would come Ks5u 9. When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we __ up , her voice had been full of life. A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D.

32、 would hang Ks5u 10. John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather ____ with them to school. Ks5u A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take Ks5 【專題突破】 1. So far this year we ____ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. A. saw B. see

33、 C. had seen D. have seen 2. Scientists think that the continents ______ always where they ______ today. A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were 3. They ______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _____ on it as no good

34、results have come out so far. A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working C. have worked; were still working D. have worked; are still working 4. The country life he was used to _______ greatly since 1992. A. change B. has changed C. chan

35、ging D. have changed 5.--________David and Vicky ________married? --For about three years. A. How long were; being B. How long have; got C. How long have; been D. How long did; get 6. When the old man ______ to walk back to his house, the sun ______ itself behind the mounta

36、in. A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid 7. If their marketing plans succeed, they ____ their sales by 20 percent. A. will increase B. have been increasing C. have increased D. would be

37、increasing 8. No decision about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed. A. will be made B. is made C. is being made D. has been made 9. —Have you read a book called Waiting for Anya? —Who ________it? A. writes B. has written C. wrote D. had written 10

38、. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _______ and see him. A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come 【強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練】 I. Multiple choice: 1. We _____ with you for the time being. A. will stay B. will be staying C. would stay D. have stayed 2. —Wh

39、o sings best in your class? —Mary _____. A. is B. does C. do D. sings 3. — Tom, did Mr. Li join you in your discussion? — No, he _____, but he happened to have fallen ill. A. would like to B. will C. was to have D. was going to join 4. — Did he no

40、tice you enter the room? — I don’t think so. He _____ to the radio with his eyes shut. A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened 5. It was not long before the water _____ cold. A. is feeling B. feels C. felt D. was feeling 6. I _____

41、 as soon as you come back. A. went B. have gone C. am going D. shall go 7. The scientist _____ Canada and he will give us a talk when he _____ back. A. has gone to/comes B. has been to/will come C. has gone to/will come D. has been to/comes 8. He fo

42、und his book this morning, but now he _____ his pen. A. loses B. is missing C. has lost D. lost 9. She ____ to her hometown several times. A. has been B. has gone C. went D. is going 10. It _____ Jane and Mary who helped me the other day. A. is

43、 B. was C. are D. were 11. I _____ to bed when the telephone rang. A. have been B. went C. am going D. was going 12. Jane _____ some washing this time yesterday. A. is doing B. had done C. was doing D. did 13. When I got to the school, the

44、first class _____. A. had begun B. began C. is beginning D. has begun 14. Mother promised she _____ me an English-Chinese dictionary. A. is buying B. will buy C. would buy D. has bought 15. She objects to _____ loud music _____ while she reads newspapers. A.

45、 have/play B. have/played C. having/played D. have/playing 16. If it _____, we will go to visit the zoo. A. not rains B. doesn’t rain C. won’t rain D. isn’t going to rain 17. Our English teacher _____ all the exercise books last Friday evening. A. has corrected

46、 B. will correct C. had corrected D. corrected 18. She _____ to the office than she got down to writing the report. A. has no sooner got B. had hardly got C. no sooner got D. had no sooner got 19. There _____ an English evening party next Saturday. A. is going to be B. will

47、 have C. is to have D. is going to have 20. It is getting late. It’s time we _____. A. go B. went C. are going D. must go 21. Continue heating until steam _____. A. has appeared B. appear C. appeared D. will appear 22. Don’t get that i

48、nk on the shirt, for it _____. A. doesn’t wash out B. won’t be washing out C. isn’t washing out D. won’t wash out 23. I haven’t seen her _____. A. two weeks ago B. since two weeks C. for two weeks D. before two weeks 24. My brother _____ the Youth League since 1990. A. join

49、ed B. has been in C. has joined D. had joined 25. —Where is Peter? —He _____ to Shanghai. A. went B. had gone C. has been D. has gone 26. I knew I could not finish the homework _____. A. by the time he had come B. before he came C. until he has come

50、 D. when he comes 27. He _____ English for ten years by the time he takes the examination. A. will have been studying B. would have been studying C. will study D. studied 28. The bus came after I _____ for about half an hour. A. had been waiting B. have been waiting C. have waited

51、 D. was waiting 29. I saw that he _____ at seven o’clock last night. A. still worked B. is still working C. was still working D. had been working 30. I didn’t go to see the film because I _____ it. A. saw B. have seen C. had seen D. am seeing 7