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1、Cuju(蹴鞠),Cujuisanancientballgamewithsimilaritiestoassociationfootball.ItisseenbysomeincludingFIFA（國際足球聯(lián)盟）tobetheforerunnerofmodernfootballdespitetherebeingnohistoricalconnectionbetweenthesports.ThegameoriginatedinChina,andwasalsoplayedinKorea,JapanandVietnam.,蹴,鞠,kick,ball,History,Cujuisbelievedtoha
2、veoriginatedinChinabeforetheWarringStatesPeriod(475-221BC).Accordingtohistoricalrecords,CujuwasaverypopulargameinLinzi(intodaysShandongProvinceinEastChina),thecapitaloftheQiStateduringtheWarringStatesPeriod（戰(zhàn)國）morethan2,300yearsago.,IntheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-24AD),cujuwasconsideredbothaformofente
3、rtainmentandatypeofmilitarytraining.Allprefecturalgovernorshadstandardcujufieldsfortrainingtroops.HistoricalrecordssaythatduringthewaragainsttheHuns（匈奴）,soldierssetupsportsfieldsalongthemarchingroutes.Thistraininglastedformanygenerations,andthegamewasalwaysplayedduringtroopinspections.Favoredbyemper
4、ors,noblesandscholars,cujuspopularitygraduallyspreadfromthearmytotheroyalcourtsandupperclasses.,DrawingsofancientcujugamesintheWesternHanDynastyhavebeenfoundonstoneandbrickpaintingsandevenonseals,indicatingthatithadmanyforms,somesimilartopresent-dayfootballmatches,othersresemblingdances.Theworldsfir
5、stdiehardcujufanwasrecordedbyadoctorinLinziduringtheWesternHanperiod,whosepatientrefusedtomissanycujugamesanddiedsuddenlyfromover-exertionandsweating.,CujuflourishedduringtheSongDynasty(960-1279)duetosocialandeconomicdevelopment,extendingitspopularitytoeveryclassinsociety-fromtheemperortoordinarycit
6、izens.Atthattime,professionalcujuplayerswerequitepopular,theearliestfootballclubsorguildswerefounded,booksonthegamewerepublished,andthesportbegantotakeonacommercialedge.,ButChinesetraditionalideasencouragedcalm,peace,andtolerance,(“和”“中庸”）soancientsportsinChinaweredifferentfromtheirmoreexcitingandco
7、mpetitiveversionsinthewest.Thegamegraduallydeclinedinpopularityinthemid-QingDynasty(1644-1911).,Historicallythereweretwomainstylesofcuju:ZhuQiuandBaiDa.“ZhuQiu”（間接對抗）wascommonlyperformedatcourtfeastscelebratingtheemperorsbirthdayorduringdiplomaticevents.Acompetitivecujumatchofthistypenormallyconsist
8、edoftwoteamswith12-16playersoneachside.“BaiDa“(白打）becamedominantduringtheSongDynasty,astylethatattachedmuchimportancetodevelopingpersonalskills.Scoringgoalsbecameobsoletewhenusingthismethodwiththeplayingfieldenclosedusingthreadandplayerstakingturnstokicktheballwithinthesesetlimits.Thenumberoffoulsmadebytheplayersdecidedthewinner.,Cujuclub,Inthe10thcentury,aCujuclubQiYunShe(齊云社）developedinChina;everyyeartherewasanationalchampionshipShanYueZhengSai(山岳正賽)organisedbyQiYunShe,Thanksforyourattention!,
蹴鞠-英文介紹.ppt
